1,721,101 research outputs found
Denunce anonime e giustizia penale tra Repubblica di Venezia e Lombardo-Veneto
Get PDFThis study focuses on the role of the institution of the anonymous denunciation from the last years of the Republic of Venice to the Lombardy-Venetia, and therefore covers the years going from the 1770s - 80s to the 1830s - 40s. It highlights the function of this institution over this long period in order to fully understand how anonymous denunciations were actually useful and useful for the political power in such different contexts. We examine the ties of power that were created between the authorities and the population, between governors and governed, through the anonymous denunciation and its role as a strategic instrument of community policing and social control, as well as through its symbolic and legal values.
From this standpoint we consider the specific power structure and the ends of justice of the governments of the Serenissima and of the Lombardy-Venetia, since these are the fundamental factors that determined the modes and use of the anonymous denunciation over time, as well as its relationship with political power. By comparing the context of the late Serenissima, a horizontal republican state model, with the imperial model in force in Lombardy-Venetia under the Austrians, our study reveals how the self-same institution can change over time, as well as the different political and legal significance it can take on as it changes, also in the context of the criminal trial.
To fully grasp the links and implications of this bond, we have investigated not only the history of the laws and institutions of the Serenissima and Lombardy-Venetia , but also other strategies of community policing employed by their governments to implement social control and administer justice, as well as the important role of the police in Lombardy-Venetia. To complete the scope of our research we have also included contributions and perspectives on the subject of social control coming from sociology, criminology, anthropology and psychology, fundamental for comprehending the importance of the anonymous denunciation in its relationship with political power.
This study also reveals the interesting ambivalence felt towards the anonymous denunciation both by the political power and the population governed. In fact, at times its use is fully accepted and even encouraged by the investigating bodies, while at other times it is criticized and rejected. In any case, in both institutional contexts we see the fundamental role it played both as an instrument of social control, formal and informal, vertical and horizontal, and as a political instrument also employed by the population to assert its prerogatives. In the end, it becomes clear that the use of the anonymous denunciation was largely based on a relationship of trust and an informal contract between the parties, which characterized the republican context of the Serenissima but was no longer applicable to the model of state or the relationship between political power and population in the Lombardy-Venetia
The One Health approach: case studies between vector and food-borne diseases
Get PDFThe One Health (OH) approach intends to develop multi-sectoral collaborations to improve the health of people, animals, and the environment, and has been claimed to be central to facing actual global health challenges. Two experiences focusing on the OH approach are presented, exploring the implementation of a OH surveillance on vector-borne and food-borne diseases.
The experience of the MediLabSecure projects has led to a survey on early warning indicators, to be used in surveillance activities against relevant vector-borne diseases. Results showed that the collection of such indicators varies greatly in the 22 non-European countries involved. For example, information on animal population density is collected in all the countries, while information on wildlife is rarely collected. In the human sector, data on disease frequency or occurrence are frequently collected, as it happens for the presence of vectors in the area, which was the most collected indicator for the vector sector. At the same time, the collection of indicators related to climate and environment has to be strengthened, given the impact of these factors on arboviruses’ presence and transmission. Moreover, besides being fundamental in the implementation of OH early warning surveillance strategies, data sharing using digitalized databases was in place only in a few cases. Nevertheless, to propose effective solutions appropriate to the context, the interpretation of the results should be guided by the understanding of the background.
Within the context of the OHEJP MATRIX, another survey was performed: the purpose was the understanding and the mapping of surveillance activities in place against four food-borne pathogens, in all the sectors involved in four whole food production chains. The survey involved European countries and showed a very heterogeneous situation between countries and pathogens. To show this heterogeneity, results have been graphically mapped and displayed. As expected, the situation with the most differences between countries was observed in the wild boar meat food chain concerning HEV, which is an emerging threat in Europe and for which surveillance activities are still not harmonized.
The two case studies described the settings for further actions. The next suggested step in the implementation of the OH approach should be pursued through additional country-based studies, to verify the most suitable target areas for the application of the OH, and prioritize the efforts
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Can systematic reviews contribute to regulatory decisions?
No full textINTRODUCTION: The new call on independent research on drugs issued in October 2016 by the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) explicitly reported that proposals based on systematic reviews were not admissible, and no justification or explanation for this choice was given. Prompted by this policy decision, here, we briefly discuss the potential usefulness of systematic reviews in responding to regulatory needs. First, systematic reviews, by collecting, analysing and critically appraising all relevant studies on a specific topic, may be used by different stakeholders as a basis for making clinical and policy recommendations, including regulatory recommendations. Second, systematic reviews may advance knowledge as primary clinical research does. Third, systematic reviews may be particularly useful to detect signals of unknown adverse effects. Fourth, systematic reviews may be used to identify knowledge gaps. PROPOSAL: Systematic reviews may simultaneously produce new findings and summarize existing knowledge, with the potential of informing regulatory decisions more pragmatically and more rapidly than other research designs. We suggest that national and international calls on independent research on drugs should not put primary clinical research against systematic reviews, as it implies a focus on the methods instead of on the questions being asked. As most calls only broadly define the research areas and the topics to be covered, we argue that it should be up to the applicant to make a proposal on which design provides the most valid and useful answer, and up to the assessors to carefully check the validity, feasibility and relevance of such a proposal
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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