25 research outputs found
Caecilii Metelli and Sulla. Allies or Rivals?
No full textCelem autora artykułu było zbadanie relacji, jakie łączyły L. Korneliusza Sullę z Cecyliuszami Metellusami, jednym z najwybitniejszych rzymskich rodów arystokratycznych w okresie Republiki.
Początek współpracy Sulli z Metellusami datować można na lata dziewięćdziesiąte I wieku przed Chr. Metellusowie wspierali wówczas karierę polityczną Sulli, widząc w nim przeciwwagę dla wpływów Gajusza Mariusza w państwie. Formalnym poświadczeniem rodzącego się sojuszu stało się małżeństwo Sulli z Cecylią Metellą.
W okresie pierwszej wojny domowej (88-82 przed Chr.) Caecilii Metelli stanęli po stronie Sulli. Szczególnie mocno widoczne było to w trakcie działań wojennych w Italii w latach 83-82 przed Chr. Duży udział w zwycięstwie Sulli miał zwłaszcza Metellus Pius, który nie tylko odniósł szereg sukcesów militarnych, ale także wsparł Sullę autorytetem, co wpłynęło na wzrost popularności Sulli. Najwięcej kontrowersji budzą stosunki Caecilii Metelli z Sullą w okresie dyktatury i tuż po jej zakończeniu. Wydaje się, że relacje dotychczasowych sojuszników ulegały wówczas stopniowemu ochłodzeniu. Odnowienie Republiki przez Sullę spowodowało powrót do rozgrywek politycznych w Rzymie, a factio Metellusów grała w nich główną rolę. W skonsolidowanym dotąd obozie sullańskim zaczęła powstawać opozycja wobec Sulli, a Metellusowie stali się jej istotną częścią. Stopniowo wpływali oni na osłabianie władzy Sulli, który, być może zniechęcony coraz skuteczniejszą opozycją, wycofał się z polityki i z Rzymu.The aim of the author of the article was to examine the relations between L. Cornelius Sulla and Caecilii Metelli, one of the most eminent Roman aristocratic families in the Roman Republic.
The beginning of cooperation between Sulla and the Metelli dates back to the nineties of the 1st Century BC. At the time, the Metelli supported Sulla’s political career, seeing him as a counterweight to the influence of Gaius Marius in the state. The marriage of Sulla and Caecilia Metella was the formal confirmation of the nascent alliance.
During the First Civil War (88-82 BC) the Metelli took the side of Sulla. It was particularly visible during the war in Italy in the years 83-82 BC. Metellus Pius, in particular, had a large share in Sulla's victory. He not only had a number of military successes, but also supported Sulla with authority, which increased his popularity.
The most controversial is the relationship between Caecilii Metelli and Sula during the dictatorship and just after its end. It seems that the relations of the existing allies then gradually cooled down. The revival of the Republic by Sulla resulted in a return to political strifes in Rome, and the Metellan factio played a major role in them. In the previously consolidated Sulla camp, opposition to Sulla began to arise, and the Metelli became an important part of it. They gradually influenced the weakening of Sulla's power, and Sulla, perhaps discouraged by the increasingly effective opposition, withdrew from politics and from Rome
Truly Batch Model-Free Inverse Reinforcement Learning about Multiple Intentions
No full textWe consider Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) about multiple intentions, ie the problem of estimating the unknown reward functions optimized by a group of experts that demonstrate optimal behaviors. Most of the existing algorithms either require access to a model of the environment or need to repeatedly compute the optimal policies for the hypothesized rewards. However, these requirements are rarely met in real-world applications, in which interacting with the environment can be expensive or even dangerous. In this paper, we address the IRL about multiple intentions in a fully model-free and batch setting. We first cast the single IRL problem as a constrained likelihood maximization and then we use this formulation to cluster agents based on the likelihood of the assignment. In this way, we can efficiently solve, without interactions with the environment, both the IRL and the clustering problem. Finally, we evaluate the proposed methodology on simulated domains and on a real-world social-network application
À propos du Corpus Aurelianum : à la recherche des leçons du Codex Metelli perdu
No full textThe Corpus Aurelianum, constituted by the Origo gentis Romanae, the Liber de Vins illustribus urbis Romae, both anonymous works, and by Aurelius Victor's Liber de Caesaribus, has come down to us through two fifteenth-century manuscripts preserved at Oxford and Brussels. But there existed at the end of the sixteenth century a third markedly more ancient manuscript, the codex Metelli. For a few decades, the question of the relationship between those manuscripts has been set but has received no unanimous answer. Relying on a new collation of the two manuscripts and an examination of the three partial or complete editions of the corpus published by Andrew Schott in 1577, 1579 and 1609, the author has been able to collect a great many lessons, certain or likely, from the codex Metelli. A new stemma is put forward which shows that this codex is not the medieval archetype of the corpus, characterised by the interpolation of extracts from the Historia Miscella, but a copy of it another copy being at the origin of the two preserved manuscripts.Le corpus Aurelianum, constitué par l'Origo gentis Romanae, le Liber de vins illustribus urbis Romae, œuvres anonymes, ainsi que par le Liber de Caesaribus d'Aurélius Victor, nous a été transmis par deux manuscrits du 15e siècle conservés à Oxford et à Bruxelles. Mais il existait encore, à la fin du 16e siècle, un troisième manuscrit sensiblement plus ancien, le codex Metelli. Depuis quelques décennies, la question des rapports existant entre ces manuscrits est posée, mais n'a pas donné lieu à une réponse unanime.
En s'appuyant sur une collation nouvelle des deux manuscrits et un examen des trois éditions partielles ou complètes du corpus publiées par André Schott en 1577, 1579 et 1609, l'auteur a pu relever de très nombreuses leçons inédites, certaines ou probables, du codex Metelli. Un stemma nouveau est proposé, qui montre que ce codex n'est pas l'archétype médiéval du corpus, caractérisé par l'interpolation d'extraits de l'Historia Miscella, mais en est une copie, une autre copie étant à l'origine des deux manuscrits conservés.Festy Michel. À propos du Corpus Aurelianum : à la recherche des leçons du Codex Metelli perdu . In: Pallas, 41/1994. pp. 91-136
Agnieszka Dziuba, Clodia Metelli. A Literary Portrayal of a Patrician Woman, Lublin 2016, pp. 320 [Review]
No full textThe recent book by Agnieszka Dziuba will be appreciated by both the ancient historians and the classical scholars in Poland for, as a monograph of a Roman woman, it has no antecedent. The study concerns Clodia’s background (“Clodia in historiography”), her portrayal by Cicero in the speech In Defense of M. Caelius Rufus, and her depiction in Catullus’ poetry. In the latter case, the author had to assume that in some of the poems Lesbia can be identified with Clodia Metelli. Despite some minor misrepresentations and misprints, the book is a sound analysis of the literary texts featuring the eponymous character. In addition, it offers a lively picture of the role women played in the Roman aristocratic society
C reactive protein in patients with chronic renal diseases
No full textBase-line serum levels of plasma C-reactive protein (CAP} are predictive of future myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac det in apparently healthy subjects, suggesting the hypothesis that chronic inflammation might be important in. the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. CRP production is mediated by several inflammatory mediators: interleukin 6 (IL-6) is currently felt to be the major cytokine influencing the. acute phase response: CRP and other acute phase proteins are elevated in dialysis patients and cardiovascular diseases represent the single largest cause of mortality in chronic renal failure patients. Little information is available, however regarding CRP and IL-6 plasma lever in pre-dialysis renal failure. Plasma CRP was determined by a modification of the laser nephelometry technique; IL-6 by immunoassay (RD hysteria); and fibrinogen, serum albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, hematocrit, white blood cell count, erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) and urinary protein levels by standard laboratory techniques. Results were obtained in 102 chronic pre-dialysis patients whose mean age was 53 +/- 5.8 years with a mean creatinine clearance (C-Cr) of 52 +/- 37 mL/min). CRP was greater than 5 mg/L in 25% of the global population. CRP and IL-6 were 4.0 +/- 4.6 mg/L and 5.8 +/- 5.6 pg/mL, respectively and were not significantly correlated (r = 0.11, p = n.s.). CRP and IL-6 were however related with renal function (CRP versus C-Cr r = -0.40 p < 0.001; IL-6 versus C-Cr r = -0.45; p < 0.001). When patients were divided in two groups according to renal function, CRP resulted 7.4 +/- 6.3 mg/L in the group of patients with a Car lower than 20 mL/min (n = 32) and 2.76 +/- 4.35 in the group of patients with a C-Cr higher than 20 mL/min (n = 70) (p < 0.0001). CRP and IL-6 were positively related with ESR (r = 0.32 and 0.46 respectively). Serum albumin levels were not significantly different in the two groups of patients (3.2 +/- 0.4 versus 3.0 +/- 0.5 g/dL). CRP and serum albumin were not significantly related (r = 0.17). CRP and IL-6 correlated positively with ESR (r = 0.32 and 0.46 respectively). In pre-dialysis patients we have demonstrated an increase in both CRP and IL-6 that occurs as renal function decreases. These data provided evidence of the activation - even in the predialysis phase of renal failure - of mechanisms known to contribute to the enhanced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of the uremic syndrome
Poetry, Prosecution and the Author Function
No full textThis chapter draws on Foucault’s ‘author function’ to expose the ways in which the beginnings of Latin literature were predicated on interactions with Roman law. Foucault stipulates two principal conditions for the cultural emergence of the author, both broadly juridical in nature: penal appropriation and ownership of texts. For Foucault and others, these conditions only pertained more or less when modern copyright laws began to come into play in Europe. But penal appropriation and textual ownership were a central factor in the emergence of Latin literature in third-century BCE Rome. Poetic authorship in Latin emerged late, when juridical discourse was already well established. As I argue here, the resulting dynamic between law and literature crystallizes the Foucauldian author function in fundamental ways. The stipulation against mala carmina in the XII Tables and the concept of literary ‘theft’ — naturalized from Alexandria into Roman legal language — suggest that Foucault’s conditions were a legible part of the cultural landscape of Republican Rome. As later readers saw it in particular, from the legendary curbing of Fescennina licentia to Gnaeus Naevius’ infamous clash with the Metelli, Roman poetic authorship fundamentally emerged in the shadow of the law
Transparency and imaginary colors
No full textUnlike the Metelli monochrome transparencies, when overlays and their backgrounds have chromatic content, the inferred surface colors may not always be physically realizable, and are in some sense “imaginary.” In these cases, the inferred chromatic transmittance or reflectance of the overlay lies outside the RGB spectral boundaries. Using the classical Metelli configuration, we demonstrate this illusion and briefly explore some of its attributes. Some observer differences in perceiving transparencies are also highlighted. These results show that the perception of transparency is much more complex than conventionally envisioned
