5 research outputs found
Sabrani radovi Václava Macheka
No full text(Sebrané spisy Václava Machka 1 i 2. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2011, 1172 + 1124 str.
Health promotion through self-care and community participation: elements of a proposed programme in the developing countries.
No full textBACKGROUND: The concepts of health promotion, self-care and community participation emerged during 1970s, primarily out of concerns about the limitation of professional health system. Since then there have been rapid growth in these areas in the developed world, and there is evidence of effectiveness of such interventions. These areas are still in infancy in the developing countries. There is a window of opportunity for promoting self care and community participation for health promotion. DISCUSSION: A broad outline is proposed for designing a health promotion programme in developing countries, following key strategies of the Ottawa Charter for health promotion and principles of self care and community participation. Supportive policies may be framed. Self care clearinghouses may be set up at provincial level to co-ordinate the programme activities in consultation with district and national teams. Self care may be promoted in the schools and workplaces. For developing personal skills of individuals, self care information, generated through a participatory process, may be disseminated using a wide range of print and audio-visual tools and information technology based tools. One such potential tool may be a personally held self care manual and health record, to be designed jointly by the community and professionals. Its first part may contain basic self care information and the second part may contain outlines of different personally-held health records to be used to record important health and disease related events of an individual. Periodic monitoring and evaluation of the programme may be done. Studies from different parts of the world indicate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of self care interventions. The proposed outline has potential for health promotion and cost reduction of health services in the developing countries, and may be adapted in different situations. SUMMARY: Self care, community participation and health promotion are emerging but dominant areas in the developed countries. Elements of a programme for health promotion in the developing countries following key principles of self care and community participation are proposed. Demonstration programmes may be initiated to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of this programme before large scale implementation
Slavic *tъrgъ, Old Church Slavonic trъgъ. Their origin and distribution in postclassical times
No full textSlavic *tъrgъ, Old Church Slavonic trъgъ. Their origin and distribution in postclassical times
Slavic *tъrgъ, Old Church Slavonic trъgъ, preserved in the modern Slavic languages as well, has had an impressive distribution in both vocabulary and place‑names, to note just Bulg. Tărgovište (also an important archaeological site), Rom. Târgoviște, also spelled Tîrgoviște (the political centre of Wallachia for some time, approx. 80 kms north-west from Bucharest) and as far as Finnish Turku (gen. Turun). See also the discussion regarding the Polish place-name Toruń. The origin has been debated, but it cannot be analysed independently from ancient Illyrian town of Tergitio, later Tergeste, the precursors of modern Slovene Trst, Italian Trieste. The ultimate origin has been looked for even in remote areas like Sumer, e.g. Václav Machek, who quotes Assyro-Babylonian tamgaru ‘trader’, in fact following a suggestion of the orientalist Bedřich Hrozný, the decipherer of Hittite (he published the study in August 1915). The author assumes that the origin of the word must be accepted as ‘Balkanic’ or, in a perhaps better phrasing, as a common Illyrian and Thracian ‘technical term’ referring to trade and commerce. Its spread from south to north is entirely normal, following the spread of economic relations from the Roman, then the Byzantine world northwards at a date difficult to determine, but definitely prior to the Slavic expansion, i.e. before the 6th century C.E. It is unlikely that we have to do here an Oriental term. If indeed that were so, the term should have spread first to Classical Greek, then should have migrated northwards at an earlier date. It is rather likely that we have here a ‘Mediterranean’, perhaps even a Pre-Indo-European term, in Machek’s terminology, ‘praevropský původ’ (of Old European origin).
Słowiański *tъrgъ, staro-cerkiewno-słowiański trъgъ. Pochodzenie i dystrybucja w epoce nowożytnej
Słowiański *tъrgъ, scs. trъgъ to nazwa zachowana także we współczesnych językach słowiańskich. Ma wiele derywatów zarówno wśród nazw apelatywnych, jak i nazw własnych, by wymienić choćby bułg. Tărgovište (także ważne stanowisko archeologiczne), rum. Târgoviște, zapisywane także jako Tîrgoviște (przez pewien czas polityczne centrum Muntenii, ok. 80 km na północny zachód od Bukaresztu) czy fin. Turku (gen. Turun), czy też dyskusje na temat pochodzenia polskiej nazwy Toruń.
Pochodzenie targu było wielokrotnie przedmiotem dyskusji, jednak nazwy nie można analizować niezależnie od starożytnej nazwy iliryjskiego miasta Tergitio, późniejsze Tergeste, poprzednik współczesnego słoweńskiego Trst i włoskiego Trieste. Václav Machek rozpatrywał nawet tak archaiczne pochodzenie jak sumeryjskie, przywołując asyryjsko-babilońskie tamgaru ‘handlowiec’, idąc za sugestią orientalisty Bedřicha Hrozného, który odczytał pismo hetyckie (1915). Autor ten stwierdza, że pochodzenie rozpatrywanego słowa trzeba uznać za bałkańskie lub raczej wspólne iliryjsko-trackie jako termin techniczny związany z handlem. Jego rozpowszechnienie z południa na północ jest całkowicie zrozumiałe, jeśli wziąć pod uwagę północny zasięg stosunków ekonomicznych Imperium Rzymskiego, a później Bizancjum, w czasach trudnych do sprecyzowania, jednak zdecydowanie wcześniejszych od słowiańskiej ekspansji, tj. sprzed VI w. n. e. Pochodzenie orientalne jest mało prawdopodobne. Jeżeli jednak brać je pod uwagę, to należy przyjąć, że wcześniej słowo to pojawiło się w klasycznej grece, a następnie, w dość wczesnym okresie, z niej rozpowszechniło się w kierunku północnym. Bardziej prawdopodobne wydaje się pochodzenie śródziemnomorskie, a być może nawet przedindoeuropejskie, według Macheka praevropský původ
Perioperative patient outcomes in the African Surgical Outcomes Study: a 7-day prospective observational cohort study
No full textEdible insects as a source of alternative protein. A review
No full textThe current state and research priorities in the field of using insects as foods and their components are examined. At present, entomophagy is practiced in Africa, South America and Asia. It is shown that the growing world population, which is increasingly limited in resources upon the rising demand for animal protein, has stimulated the interest to new food sources that can include insects as future alternative sources of animal protein. In the forming global model based on the growing share of renewable energy sources, entomophagy fits in as a renewable source of food energy. Over the last decade, the potential of edible insects as a new ingredient has been studied. It is noted that edible insects can be produced with less environmental impact compared to cattle. Insects have a huge potential at all life cycle stages as a source of nutritional and active substances and are a rich source of animal protein, contain essential amino acids, minerals (K, Na, Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and P), vitamins (В-group, А, D, Е, К and С) and unsaturated fatty acids. Assimilability of insect protein is 76–98%. Insect carbohydrates are represented mainly by chitin contained in a range from 2.7 mg to 49.8 mg/kg of fresh matter. There are data that different insect species can have immune stimulating, sugar reducing, antioxidant and anti-genotoxic activities, as well as the positive effect in cardiovascular and nervous disorders. In the western countries, different methods of insect processing were developed. The review summarizes advantages and risks of eating insects and legal practices of their consumption. Possible ways and strategies of stimulating edible insect consumption are analyzed taking into account that the majority of population in western countries reject the idea of eating insects. The review of performed studies notes the necessity to eliminate emotional and psychological barriers on the way of accepting edible insect consumption
