5 research outputs found
Formation and modification of the mantle wedge: from the ocean to the confinent
No full text今年度は特にアダカイトの関与によって形成されたと思われる捕獲岩の研究が進展した.スペイン,タジャンテおよび唐津高島で得られた,かんらん石と反応して生成された斜方輝石に富む捕獲岩(あるいは脈)を詳細に検討した.単斜輝石の微量元素組成やREEパターンはアダク島(アリューシャン)のアダカイト中の斑晶のそれちとほぼ一致することが判明した.従って,これらの単斜輝石はアダカイト的なメルトと平衡であり,関与したメルトの性質が判明した.これらの斜方輝石に富むパイロクシナイトはアダカイトやマントル・ウェッジ中の通路を表していると思われる.アダカイトの化学組成変化はかんらん石の消費+斜方輝石の晶出により基本的にコントロールされていることが明かとなった.また,タジャンテのかんらん岩中のフェルシック脈の周囲に形成されているオルソパイロクシナイが明かとなった.また,タジャンテのかんらん岩中のフェルシック脈の周囲に形成されているオルソパイロクシナイト中にはNbに富むルチルが存在しており,全体としてLILEに比べてHFSEに富むことが判明した.これにより,上記の反応はスラブメルトにHFSEの負の異常を与える可能性があることが判明した.このような斜方輝石に富む岩石は,産状や輝石の組成からフルイドとかんらん岩の反応によって生成されたと考えられる斜方輝石(カムチャツカ弧,アバチャ火山のものなど)と区別される.アセトル・ウェッジはスラブメルトやスラブ起源のフルイドによりシリカに富むことが明確となった.また,スラブとマントル・ウェッジの反応のアナログとして注目される三郡変成岩中の落合-北房かんらん岩の全岩の微量元素組成を検討した結果,RbやCsなどが変成岩からかんらん岩に付加していることがわかった.またこれらの元素はNaトレモライトに含まれることがわかった.Orthopyroxene-rich xenoliths from Tallante, Spain, and Takashima, SW Japan, have been investigated. They were farmed by a reaction between the slab melt(adakite melt) and the mantle peridotite. Their dinopyroxene is similar in trace-element characteristics and REE pattern to clinopyroxene phenocrystin adakite from Adak Island of the Aeutian arc. This may indicate that an adakitic melt was involved information of the opx-rich pyroxenite xenoliths from Tallante and Takashima. They possibly derived from the conduit of adakitic melt within the mantle wedge. The chemical compositional trend of adakite is, therefore, basically controlled by precipitation of orthopyroxene at the expense of olivine. The orthopyroxenite from Tallante contains some HFSE-rich minerals such as Nb-rich rutile, and is enriched with HFSE relative to LILE. This means that the reaction above can yield negative spikes of HFSE to the fractionating slab-derived melt. The orthopyroxene in such pyroxenites, interpereted here to be a slab-melt/peridotite reaction product, is distinctively different from the oryhopyroxene that is interpreted to be fluid/peridotite reaction product, described from Avahc and Iraya volcanoes. We have stated a geochemical analysis of metamorphosed/metasomatized peridotite of the Ochiai-Hokubo comprex, emplaced into the Sangun highP/low T schist, as an analogue to mantle-wedge peridotite interacting with slab. The peridotite is clearly enriched with Rb and Cs in addition to H2O, and these dements are concentrated in metasomatically formed Na-trermolite.研究課題/領域番号:13440161, 研究期間(年度):2001-2003research repor
A Study on Auxiliary Particlization of Predicate in Korean Language
No full text이 논문에서는 국어의 변화 양상 가운데 하나인 용언 구성의 보조사화에 대한 기제 및 원리 등을 살펴보고 이를 바탕으로 대상 항목들의 역사적 변천 과정을 밝혀 보조사로서의 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다.
본고는 크게 다섯 장으로 구성되어 있는데, 그 구성은 다음과 같다.
Ⅰ장에서는 본 연구의 목적을 언급하고 관련된 국내의 기존 연구들을 검토함으로써 본 연구의 필요성을 확인하였으며 이를 통해 연구 대상을 설정하였다.
Ⅱ장에서는 보조사가 사전에서 처리되는 방식을 점검하고 일반적으로 보이게 되는 통사·의미적 특성을 통해 보조사의 개념을 규정하였다. 본고의 입장에 따르면 보조사란 고유의 의미를 가지는 조사의 하위 유형으로서 특정한 격을 표시하지 않으며 생략될 경우 문장의 의미가 변화하게 되고 일반적으로 체언뿐 아니라 용언의 활용형이나 부사의 아래에도 결합하는 등 분포상의 자유로움을 보이는 것으로 정의된다. 또 보조사가 격조사나 ‘이-’ 활용형과 같은 다른 문법범주와 어떻게 구별될 수 있는지 살펴보고 다양한 사례를 통해 보조사를 판단할 수 있는 기준을 귀납함으로써 보조사의 범위를 설정하였다.
Ⅲ장에서는 연구 대상 항목들의 보조사화 양상을 살피기 이전에 먼저 전반적인 문법화 이론이나 원리 및 기제에 대해 정리하되, 특히 Ⅳ장에서 다루게 될 항목들의 보조사화와 관련되는 것을 중점적으로 논의하였다. 보조사화를 어휘형태소나 통사 단위 결합체가 보조사로 변화하는 모든 과정과 결과를 포함하는 개념이라고 할 때 변화에 대한 어느 정도의 예측 가능성을 염두에 둘 수밖에 없으므로 이에 일관되게 작용하는 원리나 기제를 세울 수 있다면 변화의 단계적 모습에 대한 예측성은 보다 높은 정확성이나 체계성을 가질 수 있을 것이다. 보조사화와 관련된 원리로는 고빈도와 추상화, 분기, 잔존, 연속성과 단일 방향성을 들었고 기제로는 은유, 재분석, 융합, 유추를 들었는데, 이들이 비록 보조사화에 특유한 원리나 기제는 아니더라도 국어에 보조사화 현상이 존재하고 그 개별적인 현상들에 일정한 경향성이 있음은 부인할 수 없으므로 이를 설명해 주는 방법으로서도 의미가 있다고 판단하였다.
Ⅳ장은 본고의 가장 핵심적인 부분으로 본 연구의 대상이 되는 항목들을 동사 구성, 형용사 구성, 계사 구성으로 분류하고 본격적으로 각 항목들의 보조사로서의 가능성과 문법화 정도를 확인하였다. 대상 항목 가운데 ‘가지고, 말고, 치고’는 동사 구성, ‘같이’는 형용사 구성, ‘이라고, 이라면, 이라야, 인가, 인즉’은 계사 구성에 속하는 것으로 이들의 보조사로서의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 먼저 대상 항목들의 용법을 살피고 그 가운데 보조사로서의 쓰임으로 보이는 용법을 중심으로 그 통사·의미적 특성을 파악하였다. 이를 위해 앞서 설정한 보조사 판단 기준을 바탕으로 구체적인 예를 들어 논의하였는데, 보조사 판단 기준에 부합되는 정도를 통해 각 항목들의 보조사화 정도를 짐작해 볼 수 있었다. 특히 보조사를 판단하는 필수적 기준 가운데 분포와 관련된 내용에 관련해서는 대상 항목마다 큰 차이를 보였는데 이는 보조사화의 진전 상태에 따라 달라지는 것이라고 판단하였다. 또한 문헌을 통해 역사적 변화 과정 및 양상을 살핌으로써 보조사화의 단계적 모습을 점검하고 보조사로서의 지위를 다시 한 번 확인하였다.
Ⅴ장은 결론으로서 이상의 논의를 요약하고 각 항목들의 보조사로서의 가능성과 함께 국어 용언 구성의 보조사화에 관련한 일련의 변화 단계나 기제 등을 아울러 정리하였다. 또한 본 연구가 지니는 한계와 보다 심도 있는 국어 용언 구성의 보조사화 연구를 위한 남은 과제를 언급하였다.
본 연구는 용언 구성에서 보조사로 발달한 것으로 보이는 형태의 변화 과정을 밝힘으로써 각 형태들에 대해 보조사로서의 가능성을 확인하고 그 문법화 정도를 살피는 것을 목적으로 한다. 기존의 연구들에서 보조사와 관련하여 견해가 나뉘어 온 항목들을 연구 대상으로 삼아 이에 초점을 맞춰 연구를 진행하였는데, 모든 항목들이 보조사로서의 통사·의미적 특성을 보이고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 용언 구성의 보조사화에 적용되는 문법화의 원리 및 기제를 정리하고, 논쟁이 되어 온 항목들의 보조사로서의 지위에 대해 논의하였으며 나아가 보조사로 발달할 수 있는 가능성이 예측되는 조건들에는 어떠한 것들이 있는지도 함께 살폈다는 점에서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다.;The aim of this study is to define the mechanisms and principles of 'auxiliary particlization' of predicates, which is one of the grammatical changes of Korean language, as well as to confirm the possibilities as auxiliary particles by investigating the processes of auxiliary particlization.
Chapter Ⅰ presents the goal of this study. By examining preceding works concerning the auxiliary particlization of predicates, the necessity of this study was confirmed and objects of this study were provided.
In chapter Ⅱ, the concept of 'auxiliary particle' was provided by confirming syntactic and semantic properties of auxiliary particles. An auxiliary particle is defined as a subarea of a postpositional particle, that has its own meanings. Auxiliary particles do not mark any cases and have relatively free distributions. In this chapter, the range of auxiliary particles was also set up through the distinction criteria of auxiliary particles.
Chapter Ⅲ described the mechanisms and principles of grammaticalization in relation to auxiliary particlization in particular. When we defined auxiliary particlization as the process and result of the changes of lexical morphemes or syntactic units into auxiliary particles, the phrasal aspects of the changes are predictable through the principles and mechanisms with more accuracy. Principles and mechanisms of auxiliary particlization are as follows. Princeples: abstraction, divergence, persistence, cline and unidirectionality. Mechanisms: metaphor, reanalysis, fusion and analogy. Even though these principles and mechanisms are not specific to auxiliary particlization, these are meaningful as a method for describing auxiliary particlization.
The aspects of auxiliary particlization of predicates were investigated in chapter Ⅳ, which is the core part of this work. Objects of this study were divided into forms consisting of verbs, adjectives and copulas. To illustrate, objects that are in the category of verb include gajigo(가지고), malgo(말고), chigo(치고), adjectives include gachi(같이), and copulas include irago(이라고), iramyeon(이라면), iraya(이라야), inga(인가), injeuk(인즉). For confirming the possibilities of these objects as auxiliary particles, the syntactic and semantic properties of the objects were discussed based on the uses for auxiliary particles. Besides, we can conjecture the degree of auxiliary particlization of those objects by examining the coincidences with the distinction criteria of auxiliary particles. Especially a big difference in distributions as auxiliary particles between the objects was found. According to this paper, such difference is based on the degree of auxiliary particlization. The processes of the grammatical changes were verified by referring to bibliographies.
Chapter Ⅴ presents the conclusion of this study, which summarizes the discussions made throughout this study while making important implications and calls for more in-depth studies on auxiliary particlization.
This study aimed to confirm the possibilities and degrees of auxiliary particlization by investigating the processes of the grammatical changes. This thesis argues that all objects investigated in this study can be defined as auxiliary particles. Hence, the significance of this study can be found in the respect of organizing the principles, mechanisms of auxiliary particlization, and discussing the status of objects as auxiliary particles. Furthermore, this thesis makes a significant contribution to the field in that the author tried to supply the conditions for predicting auxiliary particlization.Ⅰ. 서론 1
A. 연구 목적 1
B. 선행 연구 검토 3
1. 보조사의 명칭 및 개념에 관한 연구 3
2. 보조사 목록 설정에 관한 연구 5
3. 보조사화에 관한 연구 7
C. 연구 대상 12
Ⅱ. 보조사 개념과 범위 15
A. 보조사의 개념 15
1. 보조사의 사전 처리 15
2. 보조사의 통사의미적 특성 17
가. 격의 무표지성 17
나. 분포 제약 20
다. 생략 제약 22
라. 의미적 기능 23
B. 보조사의 범위 24
1. 다른 문법범주와의 구별 24
가. 격조사 25
나. '이-' 활용형 30
2. 보조사 판단 기준 34
Ⅲ. 보조사화의 원리 및 기제 39
A. 문법화와 보조사화 39
1. 문법화 연구사 39
2. 통시적 문법화와 공시적 문법화 41
3. 어휘화와 문법화 44
B. 보조사화의 원리 49
1. 고빈도와 추상화 50
2. 분기 54
3. 잔존 56
4. 연속성과 단일 방향성 59
C. 보조사화의 기제 61
1. 은유 62
2. 재분석 64
3. 융합과 유추 66
Ⅳ. 용언의 보조사화 양상 70
A. 동사 구성의 보조사화 70
1. 가지고 73
가. '가지고'의 용법 73
나. '-아/어가지고'의 통사·의미적 특성 75
다. 'NP가지고'의 통사·의미적 특성 80
라. '가지고'의 변화 양상 85
마. 보조사로서의 '가지고' 89
2. 말고 91
가. '말고'의 용법 91
나. 'NP말고'의 통사·의미적 특성 94
다. '말고'의 변화 양상 98
라. 보조사로서의 '말고' 101
3. 치고 104
가. 동사 '치다'의 통사·의미적 특성 104
나. '치고'의 통사·의미적 특성 107
다. '치고'의 변화 양상 112
라. 보조사로서의 '치고' 115
4. 소결: '-고' 계열 보조사 117
B. 형용사 구성의 보조사화 121
1. 같이 121
가. '같이'의 용법 121
나. 'NP같이'의 통사·의미적 특성 125
다. '같이'의 변화 양상 128
라. 보조사로서의 '같이' 133
C. 계사 구성의 보조사화 135
1. 이라고 136
가. '이라고'의 용법 136
나. '이라고③'의 통사·의미적 특성 138
다. '이라고'의 변화 양상 141
라. 보조사로서의 '이라고' 145
2. 이라면 149
가. '이라면'의 용법 149
나. '이라면②'의 통사·의미적 특성 151
다. '이라면'의 변화 양상 155
라. 보조사로서의 '이라면' 156
3. 이라야 158
가. '이라야'의 용법 158
나. '이라야②'의 통사·의미적 특성 160
다. '이라야'의 변화 양상 164
라. 보조사로서의 '이라야' 167
4. 인가 172
가. '인가'의 용법 172
나. '인가②'의 통사·의미적 특징 173
다. '인가'의 변화 양상 177
라. 보조사로서의 '인가' 179
5. 인즉 180
가. '인즉'의 용법 180
나. '인즉②'의 통사·의미적 특성 181
다. '인즉'의 변화 양상 185
라. 보조사로서의 '인즉' 188
6. 소결: '이-' 계열 보조사 189
Ⅴ. 결론 194
참고문헌 199
ABSTRACT 20
4
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Tbrrv* cannot I*- a _-rt_tt-r cuilnut
than Ibat ■ii'tinj' r**4Wtwr> Ihc lowly
tmfls of tho toptmA violi-i -and thu lra»
15 feet high, wllh lis stern thick sa m
wan'" wrist and Its braraheS 0 feel
toU|f- Yet the IdosasuniB liavu Itti- smut.
Catsrsctnt-istic udur. Cassia, loo, Uw
flitwrr Tariti.-r's halrst orofi, tonu at flt'
ItDg iutixalucll.nl tu tb- triolet hsrvral,
oot-arrirsx, •tatl-t-ti-nur-rUi*-*, it Nut .'tuber and J)t**. tula-r, while tin- ponds
sbsdow of Hi.- littli-r is tint sMtn umli-r
Uxn.livt* 1)11 Hi.. ta-HtUiiiiiK uf Kt-J.ru-
sx>'- fiolll IMltaTS un- iilitalut-il tiy tlln
r.hiirnrti-riitttii i-tltlMinatt1* HJitr-lu—pure,
iunliin.OJ. Urd ta'lUK jj1ih-.i1 ou aliia-ia of
glass anal nncrrd wilh tktmm la'taJ*.
Kurt y nr fifty, uf Ibe Iraya an. tbrn pil.nl
on cat- BJiotlH-r, till the lard ia i-liarj-M.
With lltt.tr j* rruiiir., tlm 0:~Vi-ni Ut-llirC
t'ltaiiKt-tl frtim OU lo 40 litutM byfoni Ulii
pottistltj U ruiim.li-rvd Miftlt.-ii-allT at-t'iit-
■ni.—Utiuiul- nt' Juurnul.
for in tbe individual history of each
product. It is in thc last degree
unscientific sad lacking in common
sense to disregard thc conditions
in each case and conceive a remote
indeterminable, ittfangiblc, imagin-
ary single cause for all changes
in alt prices, and to propose lor all
a single remedy.
* *. *
The attempt to identify the so-
called "cause of silver" with the
"cause of labor" requires a skill iu
intellectual legerdemain io which
this "campaign of education" j
seems lo be especially prolific.
The assumption tbat there is a!
"poor man's dollar" and a "rich
man's dollar" rest on an impossible
foundation.
lu, nlirrn pa-r out Will
mi tltrtt-ol. ami thai. I
! DIM tirtoir thr la.1
at ui u.lwl i -
Sa pa.]
>t a_Mt_
«:»
... C. C. MOtHEtt, Proprietor.. ,
itiiiiurtt.il and Domes-Ie Olgan,, ToImcco anil t-ltntvkei-s Artldra
Root Beer and mala.
mXAOyr mmA-tA rratiiolaioo X___m_.
Laundry work wiled lor mad cktirerrd.
at,11 br arMrtllhartto; tbat tbe
icmalalitf oar.ball ol Ibr taisa aa al'
Bt.iir.lt «ill br [i.-al.lr oa Slier lh
.m.lsvIs Jaauar>raca. antl alll l»r dcliu
mi the laai Manila} in April nrat thru
at ata o'tlut-k p m. audlhsl ttnlaaa Iiaid .
Irtcrclu, hit- j-rr ctiit Will li" a.ltfnl l.» Ihr
All ISSSB tn*r
in-.1 .sift, ni aa
panMr.
mr. mr. T*t*l
Tar Cutaxtu .- rwloAIta.
OAcr Nt.iltrr Mall Ht-S-lt.
Palo Alto Transfer Co.
_. A. -.laitUM, 1-rui.ttulor.
»\.....\t.i: PBOMPTLV DELIVERED.
-...-vial AtUatasa to Faraaa*
WANT ADS. *
[Snii.-i-a nailer tills liesd sill be. ia-
nrriHl nr-i'drilinii toths ((illonitiK rstn:
l-'i v.. liner or less Mb vents llrtt insemoi),
b .-fitts par Ihia (ur asvU sulawquiint
Inset lion. 1
IF YOU DOST FISD
WltSt V'.ii a ant
HfcliK
why nol
AUVK.HT1SK roll ITT
i.tit airnur. epptrutr
— INTER NATION* L BIUETALISU
Prof Geo. E. Howard.
* * * "If the existing deadlock on the question of tbe remon-
I'ti/.iiiim of silver is to be broken
at all in the near future, it must
I;:.- broken, I am convinced, hy Ihe
i tide petit! cut action -of the United
States or some other great power.
I-or the good of society the deadlock ought to Ik broken: hence 1
am willing to take such risks—not
very grenl when all tbe available
facts are calmly" considered—os
tlie experiment involves.
I am in fuvor of the free coinage
of silver because it «ems probable
thai it would result in a more
stable currency in the United
Stales, and ultimately throughout
the "gieat commercial nations of
liurope."
YOl'Mi kiusI-. I.ir .al.-; a tew carrier
1'itrsonM also. Aiitlrrss I'oalolHMt U.s
20ft, I'alo Alto. lO-S-H-p
IHUKttEY very liltIv used cheap tn-
.|iiirt-r at ui!'..,- Palo Allu Tittatn.
S-_ij._t.p
Dr. Ewald Flugel.
"Tbe idea that Atnericu alone,
belt ever so great, powerful and!
prosperous, could force upon the
commercial nations of Kurope a -
new standard against their will:
seems to me provincial mid iimus-'.
ing (not lo use u stronger term);
seriuusly taken it seems an Indication, of a lamentable lack of insight j
into the Mate of affairs, in Kurope, t— ___, _,_.. _.
r *; Tueatdsya and Sslurdny
From MB rranclsco
Inltlul Trip Nov. 7
CHEAT. Horse. 1-tia-try and hatrncaa.
Ilnrae ton. wt-11 in sili|-lt- tiaritr-*-ur
unih-raatlulc. 11. B, Lstlir<*|t. Addi*
sun iivfiiiii- near Wabttar ■treei, Psto
AllO. lr-ltMta|l
WILL BE
r Resumed in November
BUS1N£SS lot on fiii-.i-ii.iiy avenue,
■.'.jiliJU tu rv-j,. •trevt. Apply lo E.
A. S'iniri,-. ear** ol Stir-re ■__.'..
Crtufct-r liiiHtliNt-, San FrSDrfatro,
Cal. 9-iH-ii
CHURCH DIRECTORY
r*Ri*avTataj*.IAtt.
Ret W. D. Klch.lt*. 1-aitw.
flSSCKlDf Mlndl) t n.uta. ta
•aatter Sear*,' .Z""l___'_____-__- \i_\m_m
V. t*. avC. K. Mtttlar _ 6:>ia> at
rttjo atrliaf. Thmaltj! imini ;ov a
■aVIMaBlttT KPIsCVsa..
a«r. H. H. Alrr*»d«.|-*»lo..
t-rraiblai taattdsy ■mm „ .....u.,u a. ■
Clin* lttrrttDi iniiii u,
Huadar scbour. oraas. a*
atr. K * r-r.l. Sr.to,
r*>rr aaJ ariticr «*ch naaJaj. n —a
oitl attapj-rt i.t Saadajr liaaa.
• ruaoDf each SaaSSf , , fJTf
r. m. c. *.
B. H. I'almci. Srattsrr.
r a.Hi:, room* open day aad CrcalBf.
RAILWAY TIME TABLE.
Jurat 7, 1S06-
and into the nature of interna-;
fioual commerce.
fT a saeriBctt lorvailt, S lots in block
I 4... I'aato Alio. Iti.iuin* Ja>. T.
1 O'Keele, Ketlwootl City. 9--MI
OAMEHA tor sale. Good .N... :■: iii.n.
>>«■, Model IrSM, in Mod repair.
A'lll sell for _&. Ira|aire st ta-tn
I
1
,.-«_ ___ a ,i . .l i Mondays und Thursdays
once .rt Athens »t the. From New Orleans
timeofahnancial ensu Lwticn. ofi initial Trip Nor. 9
course, sll the bills were to be,
., . .,, . _ Hr-.l.ijl.ul l al.luiai. au.1 rl.r-trrrl
paid in gold) and I remember a »»i -t...*..ir |,iai,nni i... i ..inn ......
J. , , , ..• .. ! -.lutitlolht dalr uamrd. ,huult1 trqi In
menu ol mine rccciviue his salary i thr imimmoi uci th-ii ihr .t.um n.|>c
- ,,-.,«■ . artanMrd lot SUNSET l.lillTIIH viltioul
from llie Ctreek Government in iiou-ii."*! a iiii-acir,,. thr«a>imcDt*L
... 1 iHijmUl StiiiMI Root.-, iii a 1-i.l1n.au vet lb tiled
COpperS, WlllCll Were UrOUirllt IO lta.n,,lpitUltsl*lr»;-tltr. ,.|..vl,ltJallbtvoT
. . * , , n ^o,t,(.,.l ai..! In.urj lhat ran br .u.«r,lrd lot
htm tn sackj on thc ba-'ks ol— tar inn « ntir*,thf«*i«i*-i,u*f«tti
. . , , . foalaa. that tall, bail lairl. lo tSr t.oirt lot
donkeys! Let us beware lhat the' I*"*1 i.'b" »"* •>"» )■- .-.cs-.r yt-u
price of donkeys does not rise in.
thc future!.. - ALL KINDS OF
In IS73 LDVTJ »--_*ta-lark-l.l paltl Ills
first and only visit to LtatftlcsU. and
Lord Bath aaid afterward that be was
"Uu. dnUtsri (tbo word, wrltcat tlm
.oaitou In a »ut-*t|Ut'tit let tit, was tho
'ut.-i sili'tii'i Ktitat in' tivvr bad Iii his
hont-r. Htrliiotlly t'vi-rspoki-. " Uiitluiilil
edly laOrd Bt ar.inall.-lit i-tnild bo tin "4
afltvabte trlwit In I In- huiuur, bait ba
-Ba-a-dtd a-ipart-tltlj- alluiulu* ■■( . ,ati>ftt.i»l
ourapaatotisblp tor of statu.- rod * Im-Jt
was worth tlm . n..rt. Hy all titt-(unit-,
be waa K-ri'H tn Ilia ■■! toi:ft nrtilty, null
- althwEh-tW-wast krwiwri ri*>-l*^yoaialr^-l-~— thk finant; n„\i ; -.
a vul-blti and pnrslsunt tallti-r It was ... •___, _tA___,e c__.. tr___.'_.A_. r •_. _■_■_"_•
Itaprassibl** tt. watil, his nAinxllk. Itn- JW' «>■ »»*«• Librarian H. C AawAx |
in.it.ility in il.- i.i-u..' ..t nmiii,,.,!,,. -n- "Althoujtli I tit. not approve of "Protection to American labor
tiii|twHfarr.i.i,aiaaw.a»d».|dia,,ai.-ak-[:,t.vor_1 a,iicles in the national and intluMi
\tat. Wilboul fii'lllijt Ibat -ult-iit iunt|U- ., ... a'is" "as.
tits* waa tm.rt. natural lo b.ut Hmii Det»CiallC platform, IHltably the
•]a«-h ami Hi., lurtiiiui ui* lU'iiiu... Aud covert threat lo tamper with the
tlml tw'ttw lu Imyt. Us.u Lis_^W Supreme Court of the United
fun ui... ut din-", wlui li.ttinl IriirdL, ,. , .
Bath's ri'iMiu k mt ib« saisaeaj of his dls- States, my sympathies in thc pres-
tuiKuuHi"! Kf.**> **-_«!. Kichnnllhijl..! van presidential campstign are
tDlc^lleyr**.) "1 _eli«i*e."jw «ld, Uii. Brvan "
"that Ulkir-t was always tMC« ut Um ■ *"" wr* w>«-
caT an t-rTuii fur l>mrat'li. aii.l, ]nd-*i*at,
bs tua-i' told in.' as ti.iu-ti. -i.'111'uiji-
Staltraat,' bu kalll, .mxu fi.ni'ti ilni til
talk a gnat, iii-nl. Lul luiiurt- itiii-nil.tl
ma to bo a silent matt.' U—l.'ttui, uij«i-
is_rf Bsa/imr.
OLD |iii|iitk lor salo ii> buntllei
of 100, al 20 (-tints pvr tiunrtlti nl
tin- Ttnaraotlice.
Bl.i if K IS and SSare ■ubdivlded in lots
Wsll'i'_ait.i:*0_lMlr-i. For terms
and money MiinK, write to Psal
Gslles, liskri-stii'1,1. 0*1.. otrner. tt
THREE iin(urnis|i,..t rooaii tniltatili*
(or littlit lititi-'i,.■I'-iiiii. Central
locsiiort. Iti.jiur.- st Kindenrsrtrn
W.viTli.l.rrl. 10-Sll-p
BAN FRANCISCO
LEAVE
tl 40*11. in
R 15 "
9 474 "
10-SO "
11 30 ■'
•I 30p.ro.r)yrr
3 30-"
4 30* ■•
CM "
0 30 "'■
11 -161 "
AkRIVR
6 36 a. n
BOB' '•
8 48* "
9 47 "
10 40" '* Flysij
I 30 p. tn.
PALO ALTO
LEAVE ABklVK
■8 08 a. tn.
B 4H w
9 97 "
11 I2V -'
3W *
540 '
east'
7 is, ■
44»» '
5 48* '
633 *
■ j.nitv..Ttv,..,t Humliiy. {jSuntlsyonly
tSsiur.lari.nly. Flyrr stops only st
Menlo Park, goinar north st 9 41 s. m.
and iroin^ troulb st 3 _*9 p. in.
;Wood-Por Salei
DELIVERED
at tlie Loaesl Cash 1'rior
T. 1. WHEEUR
ua aiirrt. Itrt. Ilotttd antl GrwaulaK A*
DETACHED house ol IS room*, furnished. On Hi.- Klanfonl University Kfiiitii'. (iootl stalilinif. I'..—
aaaaion ran he (tad K-|riemlN-r 111.
Furtlivr I'aniculara apply lo Cliss. K.
IIiuI_va.arL-l.itt-.-t, *jtant,.itl L'nivi-r-itv.
7-24-tl
is the slogan of all
real friends of labor and industry.
But, evetl if the great issues— j
money mid protection—played no*- IT » KTQaAAt V fff\
pan in this campaign. 1 foil tosee' nAiYoUlY CX _J\J
bow the educated and intelligent
WANTED.
SCANDINAVIAN sirlwiHlit-N position
\ to .I.. I'fin'i .il hr>iir*ti Murk. Apiily at
9 Franklin House. IO-2&-3I-P
Ftair tartita going ***>_tw-ud wterrd a
tnta near thu ll.ink iif Ktij-luml Tin rt.
wt'.M c.uty tltni. vim'iiiii N-atx a p ml.*
man ituttuuly mv m slluw tlm fourth
lady lositirtiwii. Aii.'lili'rlji.v.r.lri-* .1
niiui aiitini; .'I.-" Ui tbe rloor begao lo
t-oanptairi ih..t il.,. \,__* waa t.n t--r,>**ilf.i
atatl fa»(tnil tbn i^KMluclttr with 111 u»
laired l-i-raarka
Ttw ti.n.lurli.r, bavhtg n.Mn-ti^l all
favrtM fnau il..-.. Iiwiila, w-iii in \._,.\.
afltr Un* outsltli* I^Utst'llKt'tal. S.-i-nin
this, tho tiriitiilili-r Ki'i nut of tho bus I.t
obtain till' iitl l.'ia lu* a ja.iin lu.ui for
lit., pur.*-.- i.f ri'liint ink tin- Hurl..-nil.
rav-rragi-T. r-v-a-Otly bo n-lonnxl wltft
aa ulTlr. r of il,.- law. TL.- .. .i<-!_t.|.
cart'folly t -.:. n I. -1 tin- jia«» iij.-. r. Ri,t| , I,
Ciitrtd to ml' rlitv. as Um numbtr was
not In .-ni <-,. nt tlmt iillinvf.i.
Th" man, in'-miik' thia, iN-nnuiti v.i v
kiturj, suit, RoltUlfl Int.. tin- bus, i'_ll.d
oat i
"I'm lh.- iliirt.-i.tt.. iinist«t,l,.; |'u
the ibirtit iitii!"
•'In that caar," qntHly r-i 1i,,l Hi,
mo at aiil r, "yuti utiat grt oul, as Un-
bats is li.vtiM .1 In carry only la in-ulf. ■•
And, .in apltH nf iho mitn's n-itiou-
slratii'.-s. ho WSS rtlui.Vt-ii. uuld llin
roars uf UnftbtiT fnmi Un. m In r |uw-u
ftr*_*—Lutiil...i Siainljrtl.
Tbwv i* a prt-tty llltln m.ty told In
tha Ihmilrs. Atlvrrti-T tuoi'i-rtntiK uu
•Ottt nf tilt- im-*t lit iin-litl. artiu ,,f !„,„
tlini said MlrWolli'r ISriitt. t-aihtrliMi
a ttw
a iiumWF of wttrlt* whlrh at
out- tion- wrrr* In itrr-at rruttatat, atal una
Of wbiefa, -llnhttaj Hnu-f." *«_a i- '
e*s_tty .-ot.l..lM,t hy Bbralrt. Iu l„T
•s-iUtr yt-ars %_._<■ y.u» m Irnjtttiit vtsltur
al AUsitsf.-hl, antl nn oaw of tl,,-.,-1.c„
■lotia, u-r.it*. iliu aulbor-hjp ,.t th.<
••Wawrlfy Nim-la*' bstt been publicly
amwpd. .lit- tj«t-a-.Dtrd Sir Walter wllh
as-aaJi eai-srln*. of btnuwlf. with a,
mtd i_xy tills tauatlti ttrrr lb.- far**
T REDWOOD CITY- TV
men of thc country could vote to I II
uphold the astounding platform I -AND PALO ALTO |J
erected by the Democrats
Chicago with its planLn threate;
ing thc Supreme Court, opposing «_,
civii service reform and ctlttailing
the powers of the N.lional l*:«,,pjne 4 RedWOOtl LufflbeT
I".x-l*overoor Flower, of
D.mr- and Wiinlnv.s.
I aK
^Lumber
PLAIN ilrrcfrinskinic and rhiklren's
,'!„i)..- br >!,.. A. M. UrNraly at
lhe liomc of Mrs. 0, W. Moshrr
ClianninE arrnue and Wavcrlr alr,-et,
I'alnAlm. "B-SS-lm
FOUND.
jjk.u_m-W_.rn
-and ."ilannf-irlnri-rsof—
culive.
New York, described the platform
as a 'crazy-qnlt of anarchy.' It
seems to me to bear -tun.- resemblance, also, to thc hangman's
platform with a trap door in the
center; and when the trap is
sprung on November 3d perhaps
the man wlipstandu upon it will
drop to political death. Let us
hope so.
Darlington, Win.. J<..ir„„i aays
BA*i horse found in I'alo Alio. September 14. Usrnrr ran obtain same by
paring poui.-l Wa and rosi of a>l-
• iTlml.-'. U. **. .-inuUlinj-, l'tiuii.l
Maslrr. ■t-is-it
—Laths, Lime and (j-eincnt. Fie
Hoy, Grain aud Merchandise re
ceived on Storage.
Edwin B. Fox. Manager,'
W. J. Grace, a-*-i., Xlgr., Palo Alio
LOST.
BLACK N.-wr.>,it.ait dog, snmll
while n|iot on lirvast, one year old,
wrigtis about 110. Anaaers to
name -1 Rover. Mm*1 l,- reward for
relitin lt> j. >ta\.. MajjtM. »-t*>-t(
TH0RS
A I .... ,-t, , ,; il. ,. -,rr t)t« tt. P. rreajjlt Urft-t
HI. GRIN tlMD MIUSTUFFS
WOOD ai COAL
Delivered at Lowest Market Rates
General Eipresa avork
•ntj Hauling toHoltad
TiLarSDita: 01.
W. L WOODROW,
tin.,naa.r ... timt_j___,
1178011111 fit.. St., SAN JOSE.C.l
Mt.,.,., ,„i..,j..i itom ih.n.u oa<l
PHOTOCRAPHER
14 GRANT AVENUK.
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
•oily oiaj •<'_. V uoin,a.|S -i, • j o, o. . wlilorially ot . |K.,.ul.r jMi.nl mt.licia'e:
w.,!..|s',i,r ,a.-nuo.im'ft l^as j ~_r' ,*'.""T,I'I"","'*rl""'<',",,V cll""- nOrancli Studio University
m„n._.i__,_.v__.«_» \M^ixi!_^_____^_^i^^^_S_t^:^
,1 ,:.",.;,-„ Opan Weatnetstlay and Saturday
HOOD S BARKER
GARDENERS
risres laid onl ai,.! rand lor. First
Class Work at ttrason kt.lt- Prices.
a,|,!i I ' ■ Sox iji or ir.:-. t onlrr* .-..
" llShl'S I'lilinliuiaj tilntr
lITT^a^-T
WT11E.
■vt^.^CIFICainST"
CHRONICLE
Til- eHROraiCLat ml, -nt, ttM |r*.
■ntat cautoraicuc Ml as SSSStaa Has l*a
• •aat. nM^aaaniatMlttjr.aaU-anaaaaJa,-
THB CIIKOSHTI.K.- T*l*f~_>t.h- haran* ai
Jy la all Dial Is .b-., :u..\ tot- It,
on >wo ot-casions it stopitetl exL'riiciat-
ing pains and possilily my-iI us from
_. _ _ „ . . ' ... ... Ian nntitndy grave. We aoul,l not rest
Tbe Best *atr* In tttr arorfcl tor INils. [^ot^SS -ilboui 11 ,n ll.r nVnsr "
ltrn.*t,T, Sttr.-s, _ -Itvrs, Salt Kliearo. I This i***asdy oridotibtedly nvra niore
Kevrr J-tir-a. Trtlrr, Cha|i|*e-I ll»nd», ;(>*» aihl inner ing than an v olher meil-
Chilhlsiiirt, Corns, and sll Skin Krai*-! !,rine _f» *"_Ul fcwy family slaonld
ui.iis, rtn.l ptwlltvrly carrsi'ilra.or no | «*P «« the litww lor It Isaureto l*e
pay tvqiiitval. II ia v-narsntr-tl to aire BS,™? '"P,?"' "T l*ier' For *alc b-v
i-Tlifi saiisfattion or wowe lefundetl. j ' "l0 Al*° rnarniscy.
rrit-t-'ii t-t-ni* |n-r tnix. For sale l.y Pale,
Alto Pharniaev. Manrsloua Results.
I From a Istler wrrUet, t-v Krv. 3,
t.nnilfntisti, of Miiinnulslf. .Mn-li., ■.-.•-
are i-rrniltttKi to nml;.. itjin exlraci: "1
have no hssltalkni in r-foniinrntlint!;
tor. K ,t!.'» Na»' Dlstxtvary, hn tlut resulta
at-rc Aliiioit rusrn-liHi.t in llio esse ol
toy wilt.-. While T waa pastor of ihe
Docs Your Husband or Son Drink?
II your IiiikImihI or sol, is M.h.i.-.l
llie nsti ul Liquor, Morphine or TubstM'
Ii.iri-In.ui> „f nun- drum-ill. a Willi-
l.l!ai:|.!.i.,,lr. t.f liul.i T.1.1-I-. Tin
are ^uarsntaril lo cure or monmy aill be ■ for*tatt\.lturch as*Hirra 'jun^rii
Mutjded. Ta^U u*ay l-e a^rrn-errel. -„ h^^x dt,ts -..I, P,H-UOM>nia
l> inlea »*«-«»l1rs. and tire Irr* tar* of Uurra-eJin!! U Gripf*. TrrriUr Itar—
•liuiuUtii- alltmr*! nnttt volttnlsrilj j^tv- '
en uji, I'tu.-ii per package. H your
■IrtijTKiai .lues iiul keeiittietn. senil di-
r.'.'i to The Uliiu Oliemlesl Works,
Lima, Ohio, llouk of partlrulBTS and
tealintoniali (tee.
PAL.O ALTO. CAL.
M. l'ark I it.,, a,
it... aa„i, lit....
6. at. rarVln..
rmriuji inwi
Bankmg Business
Si.l.rilc.l.
Hotel La Honda
Situated ins BeaalUnl grove ol
Olf-antea JSJequoia. Intreaiird
ncroniitimlatioas.-
Camping Grounds. Beautiful
Drives. Superior Fishing and.
First Class Table
General
(■'imit'll r\i'i,aiti'r H.U?lll JttJ .Solti
tieatty •« Organs and Pianos
■I'l' I' """'.It ..-1 C*l> IMS* rift j.l *-uuJaj
All.I: ' ■■ . Bin. I. J . Srar.
La Htjiiii cal
ti-M-ml rrduction lb University students
UMCtik-atjtam.*'
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Maternal and neonatal outcomes after caesarean delivery in the African Surgical Outcomes Study: a 7-day prospective observational cohort study
No full textSummary: Background: Maternal and neonatal mortality is high in Africa, but few large, prospective studies have been done to investigate the risk factors associated with these poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods: A 7-day, international, prospective, observational cohort study was done in patients having caesarean delivery in 183 hospitals across 22 countries in Africa. The inclusion criteria were all consecutive patients (aged ≥18 years) admitted to participating centres having elective and non-elective caesarean delivery during the 7-day study cohort period. To ensure a representative sample, each hospital had to provide data for 90% of the eligible patients during the recruitment week. The primary outcome was in-hospital maternal mortality and complications, which were assessed by local investigators. The study was registered on the South African National Health Research Database, number KZ_2015RP7_22, and on ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03044899. Findings: Between February, 2016, and May, 2016, 3792 patients were recruited from hospitals across Africa. 3685 were included in the postoperative complications analysis (107 missing data) and 3684 were included in the maternal mortality analysis (108 missing data). These hospitals had a combined number of specialist surgeons, obstetricians, and anaesthetists totalling 0·7 per 100 000 population (IQR 0·2–2·0). Maternal mortality was 20 (0·5%) of 3684 patients (95% CI 0·3–0·8). Complications occurred in 633 (17·4%) of 3636 mothers (16·2–18·6), which were predominantly severe intraoperative and postoperative bleeding (136 [3·8%] of 3612 mothers). Maternal mortality was independently associated with a preoperative presentation of placenta praevia, placental abruption, ruptured uterus, antepartum haemorrhage (odds ratio 4·47 [95% CI 1·46–13·65]), and perioperative severe obstetric haemorrhage (5·87 [1·99–17·34]) or anaesthesia complications (11·47 (1·20–109·20]). Neonatal mortality was 153 (4·4%) of 3506 infants (95% CI 3·7–5·0). Interpretation: Maternal mortality after caesarean delivery in Africa is 50 times higher than that of high-income countries and is driven by peripartum haemorrhage and anaesthesia complications. Neonatal mortality is double the global average. Early identification and appropriate management of mothers at risk of peripartum haemorrhage might improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in Africa. Funding: Medical Research Council of South Africa
