1,721,015 research outputs found
La famille spirituelle des prêtres en italie septentrionale avant et après le concile de trente: Caractéristiques et transformations d'un instrument d'intégration sociale
No full textBefore the Council of Trent, in many places of Italy it was customary that children be presented at baptism by many godfathers and godmothers. Where it was possible to choose many godparents, usually a clergyman was included among them. The Council of Trent, however, decided that only one godfather and one godmother could be present at each baptism. As a result, following the Council the choice of a priest as godfather became increasingly rare. Priests had an interest of their own in establishing links of spiritual kinship, especially because they were excluded from other means of social alliance, such as marriage. This article tries to define their position in the spiritual kinship network of the community before and after the Council of Trent. Furthermore, it reflects upon what the exclusion from godparenthood meant for priests, in a moment when they were charged with new tasks and started assuming a different role in face of their flocks
Introduzione: La guerra e il militare fra eventi e strutture, "ordinario" e "straordinario"
No full textQuesto saggio introduttivo affronta in modo sintetico e problematico alcune questioni metodologiche ed ermeneutiche di rilievo per la storiografia economica sulla guerra e sul militare nell'età moderna, quali il cruciale e complesso rapporto fra eventi e strutture, fra fenomeni ordinari e ricorrenti, da un lato, e accadimenti 'straordinari', dall'altro
Godparenthood and Social Networks in an Italian Rural Community: Nonantola
No full textThe rural town of Nonantola, near the city of Modena, is home to one of the few kinds of common lands surviving to this day in northern Italy: the partecipanza agraria. Since the Middle Ages, this institution, which acquired its current characteristics after centuries of transformation, has deeply influenced the way in which the people of Nonantola interacted among themselves and with their lands. Created as a common endowment for all the inhabitants of the town, the partecipanza caused social conflict due to uncertainties about the ownership of the rights to use the land and legitimate ways to exert these rights. At the end of the sixteenth century, institutional innovations were introduced to appease the conflicting parties and to clarify the rights and their transmission. These innovations, whilst making the rights of use of the commons inheritable, also established a risk of women losing them should they marry outside the group of rights-holders. As a result, there are reasons to expect that the institutional innovation modified not only the way in which the commons were managed, but also the local system of marriage alliances
The growing number of given names as a clue to the beginning of the demographic transition in Europe
Full text linkBACKGROUND Cultural factors are usually considered to have played a crucial role in the reduction in neonatal and infant mortality during the demographic transition; however, so far historical demographers have failed to produce precise measurements of their impact. This article introduces a new measure: the number of given names. We show the existence of a connection between the number of names given to a newborn and neonatal survival in 19th-century Europe. METHODS The article makes use of information from the CHILD database, focusing on six urban parishes in northeastern Italy, 1816-1865. We carried out a continuous-time event history analysis looking at neonatal transition to death. RESULTS We show that the habit of assigning to the newborn a growing number of names spreads over time. Among the children with a single name neonatal mortality remains high and constant throughout the fifty years analyzed, while it halves among the children with two names and it decreases three times among children with three or more names. The kind of information we use is available also for other world areas, and we provide some evidence for this trend in France. CONTRIBUTION We interpret this as evidence of the spread of greater attention to children. We argue that it is possible to use the number of given names as an indicator of the spread of new practices and of the timing of their initial emergence, and as a measure of the ability of cultural factors to shape neonatal and infant mortality
Politiche annonarie, provvedimenti demografici e capitale umano nelle città assediate dell'Europa moderna
No full textIl saggio analizza il modo in cui eventi estremi, quali gli assedi, influenzavano l'operato delle autorità militari e delle autorità cittadine (specialmente nei termini di politiche 'demografiche' in senso lato e di protezione del capitale umano). Tali circostanze eccezionali consentono di indagare aspetti della 'normalità' che però resterebbero altrimenti invisibili all'osservazione storic
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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