1,720,961 research outputs found
THE TIME OF READING:THE FIRST PERCEPTION OF CHARACTERS IN NARRATIVE TEXTS
No full textWhen a character is introduced in a narrative text, his/her aspect and
personality are constructed by the reader on the basis both of information found in the
text and of inferences actively produced by the readers. The first perception of a
character is likely to change in the course of reading, as the reader encounters new
information and activates relevant inferences: this changes in the state of the mind are
components of reading pleasure.
The type of the information given by the narrator depends on his/her priorities.
Therefore, the reader receives information on the character and, at the same time, on the
narrator's priorities. In the course of his/her act of reading, the reader activates, in his
memory, material to be used in his concretization. In this way, s/he introduces new
information; what is not explicitly described may be concretized differently by different
readers. At the same time, the act of reading is very selective, removing information that
is considered irrelevant. If the reader is then asked about information which has not
been maintained in memory, s/he may be unable to recover it in full and may be forced
to draw inferences that lead to results that are different from the text's surface.
In this paper we examine the way in which six characters are introduced in
Italian novels by Gadda, Manzoni, Moravia, Svevo, Tarchetti and Vassalli. Participants
were asked to read passages from the texts where the characters were presented for the
first time and then summarize the passages and answer some questions. In our
examination of the answers, every time we find information that was not given in the
texts, we have evidence of material coming from the readers' inferences and world
knowledge. This study shows how characters can be concretized differently by different
readers, particularly in relation to gender and education
The Comparative Method and the Study of Literature
Full text linkAldo Nemesio argues in his article The Comparative Method and the Study of Literature for the comparative method as follows. Contemporary literary research is based on parameters and methods which do not appear to have evolved similar to other fields of inquiry. If the study of literature is concerned with literary behavior, for instance, the object of study cannot limit itself to a single author or to a limited number of authors and what surrounds them closely. Also, national boundaries are too narrow: what happens within the boundaries of a culture can be understood only if we relate it to what happens elsewhere. A comparative investigation tries to understand the working of those human activities that are related to writing, distributing, and reading objects which -- in ways that differ in different cultures -- are called literature. Literary studies have a longer history than most contemporary sciences: for this reason, literary studies are probably hampered by old habits and constrictions. A long-standing tradition and an established prestige is a hindrance to advantageous change. The most important task of contemporary literary scholars consists in overcoming the awe of their own traditions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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