111,894 research outputs found
Alaria Schrank 1788
No full textREMARKS ON ALARIA The members of Alaria in the two phylogenies based on 28S had only slight differences in topology (Figs 1, 2). At the same time, the phylogenies of 28S and cox1 limited to members of Alaria showed more pronounced differences in branch topology (Figs 2, 3). Alaria mustelae was positioned as a sister taxon to the other Alaria spp. in the second 28S analysis (Fig. 2), while in the cox1 phylogeny, A. ovalis and A. procyonis formed an unsupported clade that was placed as a sister group to the other members of Alaria (Fig. 3). The positions of A. alata + Alaria sp. 1 and A. marcianae + Alaria sp. 3 varied between the two analyses as well (Figs 2, 3). Discordance between phylogenies based on ribosomal and mitochondrial data has been well documented among other diplostomoideans (e.g. Brabec et al., 2015; Heneberg et al., 2020; Hoogendoorn et al., 2020; Achatz et al., In press). Faster mutating genes, such as cox1, are more reliable for distinguishing between closely related diplostomoidean species/species-level lineages (Table 2; Supporting Information, Table S1), but slower mutating genes, such as 28S, remain more suitable for phylogenetic inference at taxonomic levels above genus. All Alaria spp. in the present study, except for A. alata, were collected from North America. The nested phylogenetic position of A. alata clearly suggests a geographic expansion from the Nearctic into the Palaearctic (Figs 1–3). It is difficult to address questions related to host switching of Alaria spp., considering that many species have been historically reported in a diversity of mammalian hosts (e.g. see Dubois, 1968 and references therein). The accuracy of Alaria spp. identifications in previous reports is questionable considering that most publications lack DNA sequence data and many Alaria spp. are morphologically similar. Some Alaria spp., such as A. arisaemoides, are also known to have substantial morphological variation (e.g. Hall & Wigdor, 1918; Dubois, 1968). The topology of our molecular phylogeny based on the 28S of Alaria spp. (Fig. 2) is not well enough supported to confidently infer evolutionary patterns of definitive host associations; the discordance between topologies of 28S (Fig. 2) and cox1 (Fig. 3) further complicates the situation. Our specimen of Alaria sp. 3 from the cougar Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1758) is immature; hence, additional collection of well-fixed, mature specimens of Alaria sp. 3 is crucial for accurate species identification and confirmation of its definitive host. It is worth noting that our specimens of A. arisaemoides (Fig. 4B) conform closely to the original description of the species and subsequent descriptions of the species (e.g. Augustine & Uribe, 1927; Dubois, 1968). However, the cox1 sequences of our specimens are only 1.9–2.6% different from material identified as Alaria americana Hall & Wigdor, 1918 by Locke et al. (2018) (Supporting Information, Table S1). The material described by Locke et al. (2018) is somewhat different to the original description of A. americana described by Hall & Wigdor (1918). For instance, A. americana was originally described with vitellarium that does not extend anteriorly beyond the level of the ventral sucker. The vitellarium of A. americana from Locke et al. (2018) extends anteriorly to the level of the ventral sucker, similar to the condition in A. arisaemoides. In our opinion, the specimens identified as A. americana by Locke et al. (2018) are likely misidentified specimens of A. arisaemoides.Published as part of Achatz, Tyler J, Chermak, Taylor P, Martens, Jakson R, Woodyard, Ethan T, Rosser, Thomas G, Pulis, Eric E, Weinstein, Sara B, Mcallister, Chris T, Kinsella, John M & Tkach, Vasyl V, 2022, Molecular phylogeny supports invalidation of Didelphodiplostomum and Pharyngostomoides (Digenea: Diplostomidae) and reveals a Tylodelphys from mammals, pp. 124-136 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (1) on page 132, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab114, http://zenodo.org/record/703147
author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 – Supplemental material for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct
No full textSupplemental material, author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct by George Wood, Daria Roithmayr and Andrew V. Papachristos in Socius</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Prevalence of Alaria infection in companion animals in north central Oklahoma from 2006 through 2015 and detection in wildlife
No full textAbstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of Alaria infection in cats and dogs in north central Oklahoma over various periods and investigate whether wild animal species in this region were also infected.
DESIGN Combined cross-sectional study and case series.
SAMPLE Results of parasitological testing of fecal samples from 5,417 client-owned dogs and 1,246 client-owned cats (2006 through 2014); fecal samples from 837 shelter or rescue dogs and 331 shelter or rescue cats (2013 and 2014) and 268 feral cats (2015); tongue or jowl samples from cadavers of 43 wild pigs, 3 opossums, and 1 raccoon; and intestinal tract segments from cadavers of 48 cats and 5 coyotes.
PROCEDURES Various parasite recovery techniques were performed to detect various Alaria stages in samples. Recovered adult trematodes and mesocercariae were used for PCR assay and sequencing of the 28S rRNA gene.
RESULTS Prevalence of Alaria infection was significantly higher in feral cats (9.0%) than in shelter or rescue cats (0.6%) and client-owned cats (1.4%) and in shelter or rescue dogs (1.8%) than in client-owned dogs (0.2%). Mesocercariae were recovered from tissue samples from 11 (26%) wild pigs and 1 opossum. Amplicon sequences from adult trematodes and mesocercariae were 100% identical to each other and 99% homologous to GenBank sequences of Alaria alata and Alaria mustelae.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prevalence of Alaria infection in the study area has increased in dogs and cats since 1990, when infections were rare. Prevalence in wild pigs was similar to that in Eurasia, where A alata is considered an emerging zoonotic parasite.</jats:p
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
FIRST REPORT OF ALARIA ALATA IN WILD RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES) FROM EMILIAROMAGNA REGION, ITALY
No full textAlaria alata is a digenean trematode of the family Diplostomatidae, which has been reported in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from
several European countries (Loos-Frank et al., 1982, Z Parasitenkd., 67:99-113.; Möhl et al., 2009, Parasitol Res, 105:1-15). Although the
presence of A. alata in Italy has been already reported in the past (Molin, 1854, Prodromus Faunae Helminthologicae Venetae), recent
descriptions of the parasite are lacking. This report aims to update Alaria alata infection in red foxes (V. vulpes) from Emilia-Romagna
Region, Italy.
According to literature, prevalence values of A. alata in the fox populations examined ranges from 0.1 % (Loos-Frank et al., 1982, l.c.)
to 94.8 % (Bružinskaité-Schmidhalter et al., 2012, Parasitology, 139:120-7). We didn’t find any reports of this parasite from Italy in
several wide parasitological surveys (Soldati et al., 1976, Riv Parassitol, 37:329-332; Poglayen et al., 1985, Parassitologia, 27:303-11;
Capelli et al., 2003, J. Mt. Ecol., 7:199-205; Di Cerbo et al., 2008, Acta Parasitologica, 53:302-311) except for a report of Alaria sp. in a
red fox (Alborali et al., 2012, Collana Fond. In. Zooprof. Brescia, 91:566) and in a dog (Ferroglio et al., 2012, Mappe Parassitol., 18:160).
Its complex life cycle requires a freshwater snail as first intermediate host and an amphibian as second intermediate host (Möhl et
al., 2009, l.c.). Reptiles, rodents, wildboars and other vertebrates can act as paratenic hosts after feeding on infected amphibians
(Wolfe et al., 2001, Vet Rec. 149:759-763). Definitive hosts, usually members of the family Canidae, become infected after ingesting
mesocercariae contained in amphibians or paratenic hosts. A. alata is also a potential zoonotic agent. Humans can acquire infection
after eating undercooked frog legs or raw game meat containing mesocercariae (Murphy et al., 2012, Parasitol Res., 111:283-290).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Between February 2013 and March 2014, we analyzed 28 red foxes and one wolf (Canis lupus) collected from hunters or found dead
in the Province of Modena and Bologna (Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy). The stomach and the gut were removed during necropsy and
parasites were collected using SCT (Sedimentation and Counting Technique) according to standard protocols.
RESULTS:
Only two foxes (7.1 %) out of 28 were found positive for Alaria alata (Fig.1). Both of them lived in a lowland territory, rich in humid
areas and channels, a suitable environment for the life cycle development of A. alata. We found other specimens of Alaria alata in
the duodena of wild red foxes from the Province of Forlì during a survey for Echinococcus granulosus. Only two (2.5%) out of 80 foxes
were infected. Morphological analysis of the parasites from the four foxes confirmed our presumptive identification showing measures
agreeing with the description reported by Mohl et al. (2009).CONCLUSIONS:
The sporadic presence of A. alata in our Region might be explained by the illegal importation of game animals from Eastern Europe.
Further studies on a higher number of specimens are necessary to exclude the presence of other Alaria species in Italian territory, as
the importation of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), suitable host for Alaria spp., from extra-European countries and their diffusion
into the wild, could lead to a the diffusion of exotic parasites
Využití sociálních médií v B2B prodeji
No full textTato diplomová práce se zabývá tím, jak mohou B2B obchodníci využívat sociální média v prodeji. Na základě systematické rešerše literatury, autor zjistil, že akademici, zkoumající danou problematiku, navrhují další výzkum, a to: v kterých konkrétních krocích se dají využít sociální média v prodeji (Salo, 2017). Autor se na základě toho rozhodl zjistit, jaké sociální sítě, různé technologie a pluginy se dají využít v B2B prodeji - tzv. social sellingu. Social selling se v této práci týká primárně procesu akvizice a okrajově péčí o stávající zákazníky. Autor si vybral kvalitativní průzkum pomocí 10 hloubkových polo-strukturovaných rozhovorů, aby odhalil jak, která sociální média to jsou, tak i motivaci prodejců, proč tato média používat/nepoužívat. Aby autor dodržel správnost vyhodnocení výsledků, data byla analyzována pomocí Tématické analýzy, která v této studii vykrystalizovala 2 hlavní strategické přístupy v social sellingu. Tyto přístupy (tzv. Push a Pull strategie) obsahují praktické příklady a konkrétní aktivity, které mohou prodejci využívat v každodenní praxi. Tyto výsledky jsou prezentovány s důrazem na praktičnost a jednoduchost implementace. Tvoří proto hlavní přínos autorovo výzkumu. V poslední části autor zmiňuje výzvy a manažerská doporučení, které mohou obchodníci využít v každodenním pracovním životě.This diploma thesis focuses on social media usage in B2B sales. Based on the systematic literature review conducted by the author, he has found out that recent researchers (Salo, 2017) suggest further research in the area of how and in which sales phase should various social networking sites, technologies and plugins used. To further fill this research gap, author decided to identify these social media and their usage among B2B salespeople in the so-called social selling process. The social selling process in this thesis applies mainly to acquiring new prospects and tangentially to taking care of existing clients (follow-up step). Author has chosen a qualitative research method via conducting 10 in-depth semi-structured interviews to reveal these instruments as well as motivation of a sales person on why to use social media in the selling process. The collected data was analyzed using Thematic analysis to ensure the right procedure and to identify main themes which crystalized into 2 main strategic approaches in social selling. These approaches (Push and Pull) include practical examples of concrete activities which sales people can use in their daily jobs and are presented with focus on practicality and ease of implementation. These also form the main contribution of author`s research. In the last part, author mentions challenges in social selling and recommended managerial implications for salesforce
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