1,720,955 research outputs found
Applications of Nanotechnology in Treating Infections Caused by Multidrug Resistance Bacteria
Full text linkNanotechnology is increasingly being used for therapeutic applications, particularly as a new paradigm for infectious diseases. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are becoming a major source of morbidity and mortality around the world. Antibiotic choices for infections caused by MDROs are frequently restricted. These clinical issues underline the crucial need for alternate and effective antibacterial treatments. Nanoparticles (NPs) can penetrate the cell membrane of pathogenic microbes and disrupt critical molecular processes, resulting in novel antibiotic actions. NPs have proven synergy when combined with appropriate antibiotics and may help to prevent the global challenge of growing bacterial resistance. In this review, we summarized current studies on the broad classification of NPs that have shown in vitro antibacterial action against MDROs, including the Pathogens associated with (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) ESKAPE.The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties of NPs, as well as bacterial resistance mechanisms to NPs, were also discussed. 
Employing of CRISPR-Cas System as an Antimicrobial Agent
Full text linkان الاستخدام الغير دقيق والمنتظم للمضادات الحيوية ادى الى ظهور سلالات بكتيرية مقاومة لطيف واسع من المضادات الحيوية. يعمل نظام كريسبر كاس 9 كأداة بيولوجية دقيقة لإزالة جينات المقاومة من الجينوم البكتيري ، وبالتالي التقليل من ظهور السلالات البكتيرية المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية. تمتلك العديد من البكتيريا والعتائق سلسلة من التكرارات على كروموسوماتها تتخللها تسلسلات معينة مشتقة من الفيروسات والبلازميدات ,حيث تعمل بمثابة نظام مناعي تكيفي تستخدمه البكتريا لحماية نفسها من الاصابة بالفايروسات ,اكتشف العلماء مقاطع متكررة في الحمض النووي لبكتريا القولون حيت لايتغير ترتبيها ان قرأت طردا او عكسا لانها متناظرة وبعد فترة من الزمن اكتشف الباحثون ان هذه المقاطع من الحمض النووي تماثل المقاطع المكتشفة في فيروسات معينة وان البكتريا تحتفظ بها ضمن المادة الوراثية العائدة لها كاحتياطي تحسبا لعودة اي هجوم فيروسي ,فان حدث هجوم تقوم البكتريا بمقارنته الحمض النووي الفيروسي مع ما محفوظ لديها من الحمض النووي. عندما تكون البكتريا معرضة لهجوم فيروسي فانها تنتج نوعين من الحمض النووي الريبوزي القصير, اللذان يشكلان مع بروتين آخر مركبا يطلق عليه كاس 9. يعتبر بروتين كاس9 من الانزيمات التي لها القدرة على قطع الحمض النووي عندما تتمكن سلسلة تعرف باسم الحمض النووي الريبوزي الموجه من تحديد الهدف ضمن الجينوم الفيروسي, بعد ذلك يقوم كاس9 بقطع تسلسلات الحمض النووي المستهدفة و بالتالي يؤدي الى الحاق ضرر كبير للجينوم الفيروسي. في مراجعتنا، نناقش آلية تدمير الحمض النووي بواسطة المقص الجيني نظام كريسبر كاس 9 المستخدم كتقنية قوية وفعالة للقضاء على البلازميدات أو تدمير الخلايا البكتيرية.Background:
Improper use of antibiotics and an incomplete administration of the drug may assist to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system acts as a precision biological tool to remove resistance genes from the bacterial genome, thereby reducing the appearance of resistant bacterial strains. CRISPR and Cas9 genes work as an adaptive immune systems in widespread bacteria and Achaea. The fragments of invading DNA were integrated into the host genome at the CRISPR locus, where they serve as transcription templates for the synthesis of RNA that aim Cas nucleases to cut foreign nucleic acids. The Cas enzyme identifies target sites in chromosomal sequences, leading to destroy foreign DNA. In our review, we discuss the mechanism of DNA destruction achieved by CRISPR-Cas systems applied as a powerful technology to eliminate plasmids or destroy bacterial cell
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
- …
