1,721,963 research outputs found
Naar een centrale afspraak voor de brede doelgroep Participatiewet? Advies aan SBCM
Full text linkOp 5 juli overhandigde Huib van OIden, voorzitter van SBCM, A&O fonds voor de sociale werkvoorziening, het advies ‘Naar een centrale afspraak voor de brede doelgroep Participatiewet?’ aan staatssecretaris Jetta Klijnsma van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid. Het advies is opgesteld door AIAS-codirecteur Paul de Beer in samenwerking met Maisha van Pinxteren. Door de invoering van de Participatiewet zijn verschillende doelgroepen aan de onderkant van de arbeidsmarkt samengebracht onder één regeling (oud-WSW’ers, Wajongers en bijstandontvangers), maar is nog niet voorzien in een dekkend aanbod aan voorzieningen voor deze brede doelgroep. In het advies wordt aangedrongen op het maken van een centrale afspraak over de aanspraken die kansarme werkzoekenden en werkenden aan de onderkant van de arbeidsmarkt maken op scholing en begeleiding bij het zoeken en behouden van een plek op de arbeidsmarkt
Between incremental changes and large shifts: The development of employment institutions in five EU countries and the United States (1990-2016)
Full text linkThe interplay between economic inequality trends and housing regime changes in advanced welfare democracies: a new research agenda
Full text linkIn this paper, I argue that our understanding of the increase in economic inequality in advanced welfare democracies could be enhanced by taking account of the changes which took place in the housing regimes of many countries. I demonstrate how one could derive testable hypotheses concerning a direct relationship between both social trends, which can at least theoretically go in both directions (i.e. changing housing regimes influencing inequality trends, or inequality trends influencing characteristics of housing regimes), while the ‘classical’ driving forces of increasing inequalities function as intermediate variables in a multivariate model. Alternatively, a simple interaction model could guide future research, in the sense that social trends which are routinely considered as ‘driving forces’ of increasing economic inequality - but altogether do not explain that much of the observed long-term trend - could theoretically work out in a different way under different housing regimes
Diversity in work: The heterogeneity of women’s labour market participation patterns
No full textEmployment patterns are gender-driven, yet analyses of women’s employment often fail to recognize the heterogeneous patterns evident within women’s labour market participation itself. This article examines the variation in women’s labour market participation in light of Hakim’s heterogeneity argument. It focuses on the effects of individual differences in educational level, marital status, motherhood and cohorts in the Netherlands, Germany and the UK for the period 1992-2002, disregarding Hakim’s focus on individual attitudes and preferences as the cause of this heterogeneity. Results from a quantitative study using panel data show that women’s labour market participation patterns vary greatly, and that educational level and motherhood are the strongest determinants of this variation. At the same time, cross-country variation is evident. Not only do the results of this study confirm the variation in women’s employment patterns, they raise questions about the theoretical understanding of women’s labour market participation. Therefore, this article also considers the consequences for future theoretical discussions of gendered labour markets given these significant individual differences among women both in and out of paid work
Inequality and anti-globalization backlash by political parties
Full text linkDoes inequality fuel anti-globalization backlash? This paper answers this question by analyzing how income inequality affects the embrace or eschew of globalization by political parties. It focuses on party opposition to and support for trade openness, European-Union integration, and general internationalism in all party platforms of 22 advanced-industrial democracies between 1960 and 2008. The analysis considers how and under what conditions inequality affects such position-taking. The main finding is that inequality tends to increase parties’ anti-globalization backlash, an effect that does not significantly differ across party families or globalization exposure but does get diminished with more generous redistributional policies. These findings clarify the nature and origins of anti-EU and other aspects of anti-globalization backlash, and suggest how socio-economic conditions may be central to such backlash
Flexibele regels: een onderzoek naar de relatie tussen CAO-afspraken en het bedrijfsbeleid over flexibilisering van de arbeid
Full text linkOp 30 juni 2000 organiseerde het Amsterdams Instituut voor ArbeidsStudies (AIAS) zijn jaarlijkse conferentie. Deze keer is het thema congres ‘CAO-vernieuwing, decentralisatie en Europese coördinatie’. Op deze conferentie staan recente ontwikkelingen op het gebied van de collectieve arbeidsovereenkomsten in Nederland en Europa centraal. Ook de resultaten van het onderzoek Flexibele regels wordt gepresenteerd. Dit Research Paper bevat de resultaten van een onderzoek naar de relatie tussen CAOafspraken en het beleid in bedrijven, toegespitst op de flexibilisering van de arbeid. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door Kea Tijdens en Marc van der Meer, beiden als onderzoeker verbonden aan AIAS. In opdracht van AIAS heeft het NEI, het Nederlands Economisch Instituut, te Rotterdam, de coderingen van de onderzochte CAO-afspraken verricht en de telefonische enquête onder bedrijven uitgevoerd (Koolmees, Donker van Heel en De la Rambelje, juni 2000)
Note from the editor: [the world of work]
Full text linkIn his From the editor, Jan Cremers (AIAS) summarises: In this issue we start beyond the European border; the authors of the first three articles tackle problems in construction labour in non-EU countries and around the globe. Swiss union officer Christopher Kelley examines the development of the construction industry over the years. Jill Wells treats the complete erosion of the labour relation in the case of the migrant workers in Qatar and Jens Lerche reports from a large project dedicated to construction labour in India and China. The second part of the subject articles is the result of the work of Erasmus student Alessia Gramuglia. During a short stay at the Amsterdam University she researched for an update of the Shifting Employment study on undeclared labour that CLR published in 2006 (as CLR-Studies 5). Also included is a review by Jan Cremers (AIAS) of the ILO-report Fair migration - Setting an ILO agenda
Revealing variation in employment institutions: a cluster analysis of OECD and EU countries
Full text linkEconomic research has widely analysed the effects of institutions and policies on the economy and labour markets. However, while a lot of comparative work has been done on welfare states, there is much less theoretical work about employment institutions across countries. Better insight into in these patterns of employment institutions is needed because differences between countries in that respect are possibly related to differences in the valuation of work. In order to investigate the relationship, first, the institutions concerning employment including labour relations need to be systematically examined. This paper asks the following questions: What sorts of patterns do we see for OECD and EU countries when looking at different aspects of employment institutions, which clusters of countries can be distinguished, and how do they differ? We present the results of an institutional analysis as part of a larger project on the relationship about societal appreciation of the value of work, including different types of employment, and employment institutions. To this end, we use institutional indicators in the areas of the individual employment relationship, the collective employment relationship, employment conditions, labour market transitions, and the relationship between work and care, making use of data from several comparative databases. The results show the breadth of patterns of employment institutions in developed countries in OECD and EU countries grouped together in five distinctive clusters
An overview of women’s work and employment in Botswana. - rev. ed.
Full text linkThis report provides information on Azerbaijan on behalf of the implementation of the DECISIONS FOR LIFE project in that country. The DECISIONS FOR LIFE project aims to raise awareness amongst young female workers about their employment opportunities and career possibilities, family building and the work-family balance. This report is part of the Inventories, to be made by the University of Amsterdam, for all 14 countries involved. It focuses on a gender analysis of work and employment. _History (2.1.1)_. In the 1880s, the first oil boom took place in Azerbaijan. After brief independence from 1918 to 1920, the country realised independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. This was overshadowed by the Nagorno-Karabakh war with Armenia and an economic crisis that hit women dramatically. The 2000s witnessed spectacular economic growth, led by growing oil exports and high oil prices. _Governance (2.1.2)._ Azerbaijan is a secular and unitary republic with a presidential system. Recently the government’s human rights record remained poor. The Constitution guarantees equality and rights for all citizens, but enforcement of human and women’s rights is weak. With the 2009 elections, women representation in parliament came at 11.4%. Domestic violence and sexual harassment are widespread. _Prospects (2.1.3)._ Though Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) fell drastically in 2008-09, the global economic crisis has had a modest impact on Azerbaijan’s economy. A further decline in jobs in manufacturing sub-sectors like textiles, garment and leather has negatively affected female employment. _Communication (2.2)._ Thoiugh the coverage of fi xed telephone connections has recently grown, this is dwarfed by the expansion of the incidence of cell phones, to over three in four of the population in 2008. By that year, 181 per 1,000 were Internet users. Nearly all households have a TV set. Freedom of press, be it TV, radio or printed press, is a recurrent problem. _The sectoral labour market structure - Population and employment (2.3.1)._ Between 2003 and 2008 a growing "informalisation" of the economy has taken place, in particular concerning women’s employment. With 66% in 2008, women’s Labour Participation Rate (LPR) was 91% of men’s. _The sectoral labour market structure - Unemployment (2.3.2)_. In the 2000s unemployment fell from 10-13% to 6-7%. The differences between the male and female unemployment rates are marginal. In 2006 unemployment was highest for girls and young women aged 15-24 (17%), followed by their male peers (15.5%). Most likely this picture is structural. _Legislation (2.4.1)._ Azerbaijan has ratifi ed the eight core ILO Labour Conventions. The Constitution provides for the right to strike, but there are exceptions. The State prohibits unions from carrying out political activities. In the informal economy the government did not enforce contracts or labour legislation. _Labour relations and wage-setting (2.4.2)._ Depending on how many members the affi liates of the ATUC, the only union confederation, have, union density may vary between 42 and 91%. The national process of wage-setting seems to be orchestrated top-down, but some reservations should be made, like on bilateral government agreements with multinational enterprises (MNEs), setting aside labour laws. Unions also rarely participate in determining wage levels in the state sector. _The statutory minimum wage (2.5.1)._ Since 2008 the administratively set minimum wage is AZN 75, or 27% of the country’s average monthly wage. Since 2004, the value of the MW has been about this level. In practice the MW is not effectively enforced. Poverty (2.5.2). For 2008, it was officially estimated that less than 13% of the population lived below the national poverty line. This is questioned by various research outcomes, suggesting a more grim picture, though the trend towards less poverty and greater equality cannot be denied. Economic independence is far-away for many women, in particular for many young women. Female-headed households are much more locked in poverty than male-headed households. _Population and fertility (2.6.1)._ Azerbaijan has a rather low and decreasing population growth, currently lower than 0.8% yearly. The 2009 sex ratio at birth is 1.13 male/female. The total fertility rate (slightly above 2.0 children per woman) and the adolescent fertility rate (44 per 1,000) are rather low but the adolescent rate is increasing. Early marriage is uncommon but increasing too. _Health (2.6.2)._ In 2007, the number of people in Azerbaijan living with HIV was estimated at 7,800. Though HIV/AIDS is much more a men’s disease, female risk groups include trafficked women and girls and injecting drug users. Levels of public awareness of HIV/AIDS are very low, as is the case for knowledge on contraceptive prevalence. Health disparities are large, including urban - rural divides. _Women’s labour market share (2.6.3)._ Women make up nearly half of the country’s labour force. In 2008 five of the 15 industries showed a female share above this average. Nearly half of all women employed could be found at the bottom of the labour market, in elementary occupations. Among legislators, senior officials and managers the female share was with 6% very low, but women made up majorities among professionals (54%) and among technicians and associate professionals (53%). _Literacy (2.7.1)._ The adult literacy rate -those age 15 and over that can read and write—in 1999-2006 was 98.7%, with hardly any gender gap: 99.0% for men and 98.3% for women. In 2007 literacy rate for 15-24-year-olds stood at 99.9%; young females even scored 100%. Education of girls (2.7.2). In 2006 the combined gross enrollment rate in education was 66.2%, divided in 65.3% for females and 67.2% for males. In the 2000s school life for girls has been prolonged substantially. Net enrollment in primary education was for 2006 set at 83.3% for girls and for boys 86.2% for boys; in secondary education these rates were 76.4% and 79.2%. Beyond the age of 16, enrollment rates drop off sharply, with 13% of young adults in tertiary education. In 2006-2007, female students made up 47% of all tertiary enrolled. _Female skill levels (2.7.3)._ Gender differences in the country’s education structure are rather small. Women are less represented at the highest level, but more at the second highest level. Women 25-29 of age are highest educated. Especially for women a serious underutilization of skills is at hand. We estimate the size of the target group of DECISIONS FOR LIFE for Azerbaijan at about 90,000 girls and young women working in urban areas in commercial services. _Wages (2.8.1)._ We found for 2008 large differences between wages across industries, as well as a large gender pay gap, totaling 43% -- fitting in the picture of a highly segmented labour market. Remarkably small was the gender pay gap in wholesale and retail, where men had quite low earnings. _Working conditions (2.8.2)._ Overall, gender differences in hours worked are small. Nearly one in four women works parttime i.e. less than 31 hours per week. In 2008, in eight of 15 industries the average monthly hours of females were longer than those of males, in four industries even considerably
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