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GERIAUSIO PAAIŠKINIMO IŠVEDIMAS. TARP DEDUKCIJOS, INDUKCIJOS IR ABDUKCIJOS
Get PDFGeriausio paaiškinimo išvedimas (GPI) išskiriamas kaip pagrindinė mokslo hipotezes ir teorijas atrandanti ir pagrindžianti samprotavimo forma. Straipsnyje tiriamas GPI ir jo santykis su pagrindinėmis samprotavimo rūšimis: dedukcija, indukcija ir abdukcija. GPI pasižymi abdukcijos samprotavimo mechanizmu, tačiau, priešingai nei abdukcija, GPI teikia ne galimą, bet esą teisingą išvadą. GPI yra induktyvus plačiąja prasme samprotavimas, nes jis nepatenkina dedukcijos taisyklių ir jo išvadai nepakanka duomenų. Straipsnyje teigiama, jog nepaisant pastarųjų GPI ypatumų, kurie rodo, kad GPI nėra ir negali būti deduktyviu samprotavimu, GPI reiškia pretenzijas į savo išvados absoliutų teisingumą, t. y. tvirtinamas kone deduktyvus GPI išvados pagrįstumas.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: geriausio paaiškinimo išvedimas, dedukcija, indukcija, abdukcija.
Inference to the Best Explanation. Among Deduction, Induction and Abduction
Adolfas Mackonis
Summary
Inference to the best explanation (IBE) is considered to be the main means of discovery and justification of scientific hypotheses and theories. The article investigates this inference and its relationship to the main kinds of inference: deduction, induction and abduction. IBE has an abductive inference mechanism, but, contrary to abduction, infers not a possible, but a true conclusion. IBE is an inductive inference, because it is underdetermined by the rules of deduction and by evidence. The article claims that despite its abductive and inductive features which demonstrate that it is not and cannot be deductive inference, IBE nevertheless makes pretense to an absolute truth of its inference, i.e. claims for an almost deductive validity.
Keywords: inference to the best explanation, deduction, induction, abduction.
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GERIAUSIO PAAIŠKINIMO IŠVEDIMO PSICHOLOGINIS ADEKVATUMAS IR ONTOLOGINIAI ĮSIPAREIGOJIMAI
No full textGeriausio paaiškino išvedimas (GPI) dabartinėje analitinėje epistemologijoje ir mokslo filosofijoje yra plačiai tyrinėjama episteminė teorija, teigianti, kad hipotezės buvimas geriausiu paaiškinimu yra pakankama šios hipotezės teisingumo sąlyga. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad GPI analizuotina ne tik kaip episteminė, bet ir kaip psichologinė bei ontologinė teorija. Pirma, aptariami kognityviųjų mokslų tyrimai, kurie leidžia teigti, jog GPI teisingai aprašo žmonių samprotavimų praktiką: paaiškinimas suvokiamas kaip teisingumo požymis; teiginiai, kurie yra geresni paaiškinimai, priimami kaip labiau tikėtini; aiškinimo vertybės bei turimas žinojimas daro įtaką teiginių tikimybės vertinimui. Antra, straipsnyje aptariama, kokia turėtų būti pasaulio ontologija, kad GPI kaip episteminė teorija būtų teisinga. Realizmas apie išorinį pasaulį, gamtos vienodumas, turimo žinojimo teisingumas bei aiškinimo vertybių palankumas tiesai yra būtinos ir pakankamos sąlygos tam, kad GPI būtų teisinga.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: geriausio paaiškinimo išvedimas, abdukcija, psichologija, ontologija, aiškinimo vertybės.
Psychological Adequacy and Ontological Commitments of Inference to the Best Explanation
Adolfas Mackonis
Summary
The article explicates psychological and ontological aspects of Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE). IBE is a psychological theory, because cognitive science studies support IBE as descriptively true and psychologically adequate theory, i.e., people perceive best explanations as true and follow the rule of IBE in their reasoning. Moreover, different features of IBE imply that conclusions of IBE can be true only in a world with a very particular ontological constitution. Realism about the external world, the uniformity of nature, the truth of background knowledge and the truth-conduciveness of explanatory virtues are necessary and sufficient for IBE to be truth-conducive. Therefore, IBE is an epistemic theory only because at the same time it is committed to a particular ontology.
Keywords: inference to the best explanation, abduction, psychology, ontology, explanatory virtues
EKONOMINIŲ LAIMĖS RODIKLIŲ PAGRĮSTUMO IR PATIKIMUMO PROBLEMA
Get PDFLaimės ekonomika tiria laimės jausmą lemiančius ar su šiuo jausmu susijusius ekonominius ir socialinius veiksnius. Jos atradimais norima informuoti ekonominės ir socialinės politikos sprendimus. Šiame straipsnyje neigiamas ekonominių laimės rodiklių pagrįstumas ir patikimumas. Nepagrįstumas kyla iš subjektyvios vertės teorijos – laimės negalima išreikšti kardinalia matavimo skale ir negalima agreguoti tarpasmeninio laimės jausmo. Iš laimės kaip subjektyvaus dalyko kyla ir laimės rodiklių nepatikimumas. Straipsnyje taip pat teigiama, kad ekonominių laimės matavimų rezultatų taikymas politiniuose sprendimuose vertintinas kaip nemoralus
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
MOKSLO ISTORIJOS IR FILOSOFIJOS TYRINĖJIMAI BALTIJOS EUROPOS STUDIJŲ ŽURNALE
Get PDFHistory and Philosophy of Science in the Journal of Baltic European Studies
Adolfas Mackoni
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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