1,721,084 research outputs found
Sequential reconstruction of the head of <i>Megalictis ferox</i> based on F:AM 25430.
No full textA life appearance; B, reconstructed skull and mandible; C, Skull and mandible F:AM 25430. Artwork by Adam Hartstone-Rose.</p
Functional Morphology and Behavioral Correlates to Postcranial Musculature
Get PDFIn this the second issue of a two-volume set of the Anatomical Record
on the relationship between muscle functional morphology and behavior,
the focus is on the postcranial musculature. Traditionally, when talking
of the postcranium we think of the skeletal parts that primarily provide
the lever system necessary for body movements. However, without the
force produced by muscle, the postcranial skeleton could not perform
these or most other tasks. In this special issue, our colleagues present ten
papers that focus on postcranial muscle morphology and function from
different perspectives. They include papers on forelimb and hindlimb
muscle functional morphology of vertebrates, including lizards, bats, primates,
a carnivoran and a rodent, and involved in different substrate use
(arboreal, terrestrial, and flying) and locomotion behavior (quadrupedal,
leaper, and suspensory) along with a historical overview to help bookend
the contextualization of the issues. The picture that these papers provide
is one of great liveliness in the field of muscle functional morphology
where both young students and affirmed professors continue to contribute
with both traditional approaches and new techniques to further our
knowledge of muscle morphology and its relationship with animal behavior
<scp>F</scp> unctional <scp>M</scp> orphology and <scp>B</scp> ehavioral <scp>C</scp> orrelates to <scp>P</scp> ostcranial <scp>M</scp> usculature
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Leg Muscle Architecture in Primates and Its Correlation with Locomotion Pattern
Get PDFBone biomechanical studies indicate that leg bone structure can be
related to different locomotor patterns. The osteological correlates of
extant primates’ locomotion patterns and substrate use are important to
consider when estimating corresponding behaviors of extinct primates.
Here, we test if these same patterns are seen in the differences in leg
muscular architecture. Muscle mass, fascicle lengths (FL), physiological
cross-sectional area (PCSA), reduced PCSA (RPCSA) and tendon-tomuscle
belly ratio were studied in 33 primate species (6 strepsirrhines, 14
platyrrhines and 13 catarrhines). Muscles were grouped into toe and
ankle flexors and extensors and studied for phylogenetic and functional
signals. All variables strongly correlate with body mass: strength variables
(mass, PCSA and RPCSA) scale with positive allometry, whereas the
speed/stretch measure (FL) trend toward negative allometry. Thus, larger
primates are relatively stronger than smaller species, but they have relatively
shorter leg muscle fibers than smaller primates. The strongest
functional signal emerged when comparing belly-muscle tendon unit
(MTU) length ratio in leaping and non-leaping primates. Leapers show
significantly smaller plantarflexor belly-MTU ratio. Surprisingly, no significant
results reflect a correlation between muscle architecture and substrate
and locomotor groups. However, several trends suggest that a
larger sample and more fine-grained defined categories could produce significant
results. These results show the complex relation between leg
bone biomechanics and muscle architecture and demand for further studies
on this topic
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