1,720,954 research outputs found
Sustainable energization of rural areas of developing countries - a comprehensive planning approach
Full text linkAccess to modern energy services in developing countries (DC) is a double-faced challenge. About 1.3billion people do not have access to electricity; 2.6 billion rely on traditional use of biomass for cooking. Solutions to this energy challenge can neither be through isolated promotion of individual technologies nor fuel switching alone. A “system approach” towards a more comprehensive energy access strategy is required. Such access strategy would comprise of the supply of alternative energy carriers and planning of complete energy solutions via a more comprehensive and sustainable Rural Energy Planning (REP) i.e. Sustainable Energization (SE). Existing procedures to SE do not account for the existing energy balance and have not been demonstrated in the context of rural areas. The study aimed to propose and consolidate a more comprehensive REP procedure for SE of rural areas of DC. A seven-step procedure is proposed and its relevance and validity demonstrated through a field case study. The proposed procedure takes into account the existing energy balance and integrates energy drivers in the energy services supply network. Application of the procedure in a rural context showed a great improvement in the quantity, quality, and variety of accessible and affordable energy services for a more sustainable development of rural areas
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Energy self-sufficiency for the Cameroon protestant college in Bali : feasibility study based on local renewable energies
Full text linkLAUREA MAGISTRALEIn questa tesi il concetto della c.d. Energizzazione Sostenibile trova campo di applicazione
nel contesto rurale del Cameroon Protestant College di Bali, nel Nord Ovest del Cameroon.
Considerata l’organizzazione e la composizione del campus, il CPC Bali è trattato come un
micro-villaggio.
Lo scopo della tesi è valutare l’auto-sufficienza energetica del CPC, in modo da soddisfare
la crescente domanda energetica attraverso lo sfruttamento delle fonti rinnovabili
disponibili in loco. Tre sono gli obiettivi specifici individuati: valutazione del bilancio
energetico, valutazione delle fonti rinnovabili e pianificazione energetica.
Il lavoro di ricerca è stato condotto in due fasi. La prima ha riguardato uno studio sul
campo, in cui è stata svolta un’attenta indagine dell’ambiente sociale e fisico tramite
sondaggi e misure dirette. La seconda fase ha riguardato un’analisi di laboratorio dei
risultati acquisiti sul campo.
Nella valutazione del bilancio energetico è stato studiato l’attuale consumo energetico nel
settore pubblico e privato. Il bilancio energetico complessivo mostra che il legname è la
maggiore risorsa primaria con un consumo mensile di 423,4 GJ, seguito da GPL, diesel e
cherosene; il consumo elettrico ammonta a 4,8 MWh/mese. Le perdite termiche sono
ingenti in ragione della scarsa efficienza dei sistemi di conversione che bruciano legna.
Nel valutare le risorse l’attenzione si è focalizzata sui potenziali di biogas e di risorse
idrica, eolica e solare. Mais, letame e liquami umani rappresentano la materia prima
convertibile in biogas attraverso una digestione anaerobica con un potenziale complessivo
di 12'088 Nm3/mese di biogas. Il potenziale idrico è stato valutato in termini di prevalenza
e portata disponibile, per una potenza netta complessiva di 13,2 kW. Il potenziale eolico è
stato misurato grazie a un anemometro; la velocità media annuale risulta di 3,3 m/s.
L’irraggiamento annuale è di 1'909 kWh/m2.
La conseguente pianificazione energetica consiste nel soddisfare i fabbisogni con le fonti
rinnovabili locali. In particolare, quella elettrica si basa sull’utilizzo di HOMER®, le cui
simulazioni riportano 18,3 kW di micro-idro come miglior soluzione in due diversi schemi:
off-grid e ibrido. Per quella termica sono studiate soluzioni specifiche per soddisfare i
bisogni di cottura dei cibi e acqua calda. Nello specifico, per la cottura dei cibi, è suggerita
l’adozione di sistemi di conversione più efficienti rispetto agli attuali. L’acqua sanitaria può essere invece fornita da collettori solari (0,41 m2/pp) a livello domestico e caldaie a
biogas a livello pubblico, che bruciano 90 Nm3/giorno di biogas digesto a partire da
liquami degli studenti o da letame bovino.
Gli scenari futuri sono riassunti in due diagrammi di Sankey nel quale appaiono tre nuove
risorse: idrica, solare e biogas. Di fondamentale importanza è la riduzione nel consumo
primario di legname (40% nel settore pubblico e 38,6% nel privato) che ne può derivare. Il
passaggio da una dipendenza basata sul consumo di legna e combustibili fossili ad una
fornitura diversificata, basata su fonti rinnovabili, funge da catalizzatore di estrema
rilevanza per il fine ultimo di questa tesi.In this thesis the concept of Sustainable Energisation finds a field of application in the
rural area represented by the Cameroon Protestant College of Bali, a boarding school in the
North-West Region of Cameroon. Given the organization and composition of the college,
CPC Bali is treated as a micro-village.
The purpose of the thesis is to assess the energy self-sufficiency of CPC, by meeting the
increasing energy demand through the exploitation of locally available RES. Three specific
goals are identified: energy balance assessment, energy resource assessment and energy
solution planning.
The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was a field survey during which
direct measurements and investigations were conducted. The second phase involved desk
and laboratory analyses of the results from the on field surveys.
In the energy balance assessment, current energy consumption within public and domestic
drivers is investigated. The outcome is that firewood is the major primary source with
423.4 GJ consumed monthly, followed by LPG, diesel and kerosene; electrical energy
consumption is 4.8 MWh/month. Thermal losses are huge, due to the poor technologies
using firewood.
The resource assessment focuses on biogas, hydro, wind and solar potentials. Corn, animal
and human waste are the available matter convertible to biogas through anaerobic digestion
with an overall potential of 12088 m3/month. Hydro is assessed in terms of head and
stream flow of a river, for 13.2 kW of net power. Wind is measured by means of a cup
anemometer; the yearly average speed results 3.3m/s. The annual sun radiation is 1909
kWh/m2.
The energy solution planning consists in matching local needs and RES. The electrical
solution planning is based on HOMER® simulations, reporting 18.3 kW of hydropower as
the best solution in two different systems: off-grid and grid-RES hybrid. For the thermal
planning, specific solutions are studied to unfold cooking, baking and hot water needs. For
cooking and baking, the suggestion is to adopt more efficient stoves. Hot water can be
provided by solar collector (0.41 m2/pp) at domestic level and gas boilers at public level
burning 90 m3/day of biogas from students waste and cows manure.Future scenarios are summarized by two energy flow diagrams in which new primary
sources appear: hydro, solar and biogas. Of fundamental importance is the reduction of
firewood primary energy supply (40% in the public and 38.6% in the domestic driver).
Shifting from firewood and fossil fuel dependence towards diversified RES based supply is
an extremely relevant enabler for the final goal of this thesis
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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