212 research outputs found
The Decline of Salafism: Causes and Future Trajectories
No full textThe article examines the decline of traditional Salafism, analyzing its causes and potential future trajectories. The author identifies key factors such as internal fragmentation, failure in power management, and the rise of traditional institutions like Ash'arism. The author also discusses the impact of information and communication technology, societal rejection of jihadist violence, and the decrease in financial support. Finally, he explores the phenomenon of "new Salafism" and movements like Salafyo Costa, which aim to reform Salafi thought and promote openness towards others
Shari'ah, Fiqh and Egyptian Law
No full textThe article examines the inclusion of the principles of Islamic Shari'ah in Egyptian legislation, highlighting the confusion between Shari'ah and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). It analyzes how Shari'ah, originally understood as "path" or "way," has been reinterpreted to include legal and jurisprudential regulations. The author criticizes the ambiguous use of the term "principles of Islamic Shari'ah" in Egyptian legislation, emphasizing the negative consequences of this confusion. The article concludes that the call for the codification of Shari'ah actually implies the codification of Fiqh, leading to potential conflicts and misunderstandings in Egyptian society
Mann und Frau und ein Leben voller Bedeutung
No full textThe article explores the equality between men and women in the Quran, emphasizing how the sacred text asserts that everything exists in pairs and that both genders are equal in rights and religious duties. By citing various verses, the author demonstrates that the Quran acknowledges the merits of both men and women, promoting justice and equality. Additionally, the article discusses the interpretation of scriptures and how it can adapt to modern contexts, highlighting that a person's superiority over another is determined solely by devotion and moral conduct, not by gender or social status
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Authority, continuity, and change in Islamic law /
No full textWael B. Hallaq is regarded as one of the leading scholars in the field of Islamic law. In a path-breaking new book, the author shows how authority guaranteed both continuity and change in Islamic law. While the role of the law schools in augmenting these processes was of the essence, the author demonstrates that it was the construction of the absolutist authority of the school founder, an image which he suggests was actually developed later in history, that maintained the foundations of school methodology and hermeneutics. The defence of that methodology gave rise to an infinite variety of individual legal opinions, ultimately accommodating changes in the law. Thus the author concludes that the mechanisms of change were embedded in the very structure of Islamic law, despite its essentially conservative nature. This book will be welcomed by specialists and scholars in Islamic law for its rigour and innovation
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A history of Islamic legal theories ::an introduction to Sunnī uṣūl al-fiqh /
No full textWael B. Hallaq has already established himself as one of the most eminent scholars in the field of Islamic law. In this book, first published in 1997, the author traces the history of Islamic legal theory from its early beginnings until the modern period. Initially, he focuses on the early formation of this theory, analysing its central themes and examining the developments which gave rise to a variety of doctrines. He concludes with a discussion of modern thinking about the theoretical foundations and methodology of Islamic law. In organisation, approach to the subject and critical apparatus, the book will be an essential tool for the understanding of Islamic legal theory in particular and Islamic law in general. This, in combination with an accessibility of language and style, will guarantee a readership among students and scholars and anyone interested in Islam and its evolution
L’engagement numérique comme acte créatif : le cas de Wael Ghonim pendant la révolution égyptienne de 2011
No full textPendant la révolution égyptienne de 2011, les réseaux sociaux ont accompagné et structuré la mobilisation – à la fois en tant qu'outils efficaces de coordination en vue de grands rassemblements et comme moyen incomparable de transmettre une parole non censurée. Cet article tente de répondre à la question suivante : à partir d’un usage novateur et élargi des réseaux sociaux dans un contexte révolutionnaire, peut-on parler de l’émergence d'une nouvelle forme d’engagement politique ? Notre analyse s'appuiera sur l’autobiographie al-Thawrah 2.0 (Révolution 2.0) de Wael Ghonim, qui retrace le parcours de son auteur, de l’opposition passive à l’avant-garde révolutionnaire. Ce livre se distingue par son style composite, notamment par l’insertion de slogans, chattings, courriers électroniques et de nombreux fragments tirés de Facebook – notre attention se portera plus particulièrement sur ces éléments d'un genre nouveau. À travers une approche pluridisciplinaire, littéraire, sociolinguistique et politique, nous nous interrogerons sur le rôle de ces passages, comme forces perturbatrices ou équilibrantes, dans le contexte de la lutte contre le régime répressif égyptien.During the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, social networks structured and accompanied mobilization because of their efficacy in disseminating information on the organization of mass gatherings and of their ability to transmit uncensored speech. This article attempts to answer this question: when it comes to an increased and innovative use of social networks in a revolutionary context, can we speak of the emergence of a new political commitment? The autobiography al-Thawrah 2.0 (Revolution 2.0) of Wael Ghonim will be a central support in this article. It traces the career of the author of passive opposition to the revolutionary vanguard. This book is distinguished by its composite style, including the insertion of slogans, chattings, emails, and numerous fragments drawn from Facebook which will be used specifically for the analysis. Through a multidisciplinary approach: literary, sociolinguistic and political, I will question the status of these passages as disruptive or balancing forces in a fight against the repressive Egyptian regime
Sharīʻa : theory, practice, transformations /
No full textIn recent years, Islamic law, or Shari'a, has been appropriated as a tool of modernity in the Muslim world and in the West and has become highly politicised in consequence. Wael Hallaq's magisterial overview of Shari'a sets the record straight by examining the doctrines and practices of Islamic law within the context of its history, and by showing how it functioned within pre-modern Islamic societies as a moral imperative. In so doing, Hallaq takes the reader on an epic journey tracing the history of Islamic law from its beginnings in seventh-century Arabia, through its development and transformation under the Ottomans, and across lands as diverse as India, Africa and South-East Asia, to the present. In a remarkably fluent narrative, the author unravels the complexities of his subject to reveal a love and deep knowledge of the law which will inform, engage and challenge the reader.Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015).The formative period -- Legal theory : epistemology, language and legal reasoning -- Legal education and the politics of law -- Law and society -- The circle of justice and later dynasties -- The legal pillars of religion -- Contracts and othe obligations -- Family law and succession -- Property and ownership -- Offenses -- Jihād -- Courts of justice, suits and evidence -- The conceptual framework : an introduction -- The jural colonization of India and South-East-Asia -- Hegemonic modernity : the Middle East and North Africa during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries -- Modernizing the law in the age of nation-states -- In search of a legal methodology -- Repercussions: concluding notes.In recent years, Islamic law, or Shari'a, has been appropriated as a tool of modernity in the Muslim world and in the West and has become highly politicised in consequence. Wael Hallaq's magisterial overview of Shari'a sets the record straight by examining the doctrines and practices of Islamic law within the context of its history, and by showing how it functioned within pre-modern Islamic societies as a moral imperative. In so doing, Hallaq takes the reader on an epic journey tracing the history of Islamic law from its beginnings in seventh-century Arabia, through its development and transformation under the Ottomans, and across lands as diverse as India, Africa and South-East Asia, to the present. In a remarkably fluent narrative, the author unravels the complexities of his subject to reveal a love and deep knowledge of the law which will inform, engage and challenge the reader
What makes driving difficult?: Perceived effort and eye measures follow visible semantic complexity factors
No full textA majority (95%) of crashes can be attributed to humans, with the highest cause category (41%) involving errors of recognition (i.e., inattention, distraction, inadequate surveillance) [1]. Driving safety research often claims that as much as 90% of the information that drivers use is visual. However, these claims have been hampered by a lack of numerical measurement systems [2]. Presently, we develop an ordinal visual driving scene complexity measurement based on human judgments and eye behavior. Mimicking the rebuilding of situation awareness in take-over conditions we presented 60 randomly ordered video clips (3 s duration), varying complexity factors of traffic density, road curvature, and miscellaneous visual features. Eyes of 15 participants were recorded while viewing the clips, and participants rated “how much effort for you to take control and drive within that segment?” on a 100 point scale. Effort ratings showed a monotonic increase with the number of complexity factors present. A statistically significant increase was also found for saccade amplitude, whereas a statistically significant decrease was found for fixation duration. Pupil size also showed a significant increase but only between 2 complexity levels and at a relatively less convincing strength. In conclusion, the present complexity factor coding scheme apparently corresponds to subjective effort. Further consideration should be given to relating eye tracking measures to visual driving scene components and task demands. In real-time driving systems, both human occupant(s) and computerized processes may observe the same scene at the same time, and matching the machine quantification of the situation to intuitive human judgments is expected to aid in the adherence to advisories and acceptance of automated aids.Paper no. 159Biomechatronics & Human-Machine ControlIntelligent Vehicle
Investigating the impact of dynamic merge control strategies on driving behavior on rural and urban expressways – A driving simulator study
No full textHarsh decelerations and abrupt lane changes of drivers on the outer expressway lane in response to merging platoon vehicles from on-ramps increase the crash- and congestion risk on expressways. Several merge control approaches are worldwide implemented. However, there is a gap in knowledge which driving behaviors determine whether a particular merge control approach is best for a rural or urban expressway. This study tests a
number of dynamic merge control strategies, such as lane control signalization (eventually combined with variable speed limits (VSL), on a 4-lane urban and rural expressway to measure the behavioral responses of drivers being directly exposed to platoon merging from on-ramps. Subsequently, a comparison was made with the driving behaviors in response to static merge control (e.g. merge warning signs or road marking treatment). The driving behavior of 66 drivers from the State of Qatar was recorded in a driving simulator and analyzed by means of a within-subject repeated measures analysis with univariate statistics. The results suggest that dynamic merge control is more effective for rural expressways considering the higher traffic speeds. The earlier lane changes contributed to smooth maneuvers and gradual speed reductions on the rural expressway and improved safe driving behavior as compared to static merge control. In contrast, the dynamic merge control did not deliver additional safety benefits on urban expressways and can be substituted by a low-cost static merge control approach. Policymakers aiming to improve traffic safety atexpressway merging sections are advised to take the speed characteristics of the local expressway into account before implementing dynamic merge control.This publication was made possible by the NPRP award [NPRP 9-360-2-150] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of The Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the author[s]
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