24 research outputs found
Macrocyclization under kinetic control - a theoretical study and its application to the synthesis of macrocyclic poly(THIOLACTONES)
No full textA kinetic model for macrocyclization reactions of bifunctional chains undergoing simple and double ring closure reactions has been proposed. Numerical integration of the proper set of differential rate equations allows yields and distributions of cyclic oligomers to be calculated as a function of initial concentrations of reactants and effective molarities (EM(i)) of the rings being formed. In terms of computer time the present model is less demanding than analogous models previously published, in that a high degree of accuracy is obtained without taking into account explicitly linear oligomers with high polymerization degree. The model has been successfully applied to the synthesis of macrocyclic poly(thiolactones) via irreversible reaction of 2,2-dibutyl-1,2,3-dithiastannolane with glutaryl and pimeloyl chlorides. The best fits of the experimental oligomer distributions to the general equations gave the effective molarities from monomer to tetramer in both series
Survey of qualitative traits of European sea bass cultivated in different rearing systems
No full textThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the main qualitative traits of European sea bass fattened in farms adopting different rearing techniques (offshore cages, inshore cages, land-based basins) but fed the same diets in each production cycle, in a three year survey (2006, 2007, 2008). Three farms were chosen for each rearing technique and two sampling sessions of ten fish each were carried out for each rearing cycle. The proximate composition, the fatty acid profile and the cholesterol content were evaluated in the fillet of marketable size fish as well as the morpho-biometric parameters and the most important indices. Diets administered in 2008 had higher amounts of lipids, lower proportions of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and higher proportions of n-6 PUFA compared to 2006 and 2007 diets. The chemical and fatty acid composition of the fish fillet was affected by the diet composition: fish fattened in 2008 exhibited statistically higher amounts of fat and cholesterol, lower proportions of n-3 PUFA and higher proportions of n-6 PUFA in comparison with fish cultivated in 2006 and 2007. Fish cultivated in cages, both offshore and inshore cages, exhibited leaner fillets, lower amounts of cholesterol and higher proportions of n-3 PUFA than fish cultivated in basins
On the aqueous acid catalyzed intramolecular aldol condensation of 3-(formylmethyl)cyclohexan-1-ones
No full textStudi sulla formazione diastereoselettiva dei 6-endo-idrossibiciclo[2.2.2]ottan-2-oni mediante condensazione aldolica intramolecolare di 3-(formilmetil)cicloesan-1-oni
No full textOn the Diastereoselectivity of the Aqueous-Acid-Catalized Intramolecular Aldol Condensation of 3-Oxocyclohexaneacetaldehydes."
No full textFatty acid profile and proximate composition of fillets from Engraulis encrasicholus, Mullus barbatus, Merluccius merluccius and Sarda sarda caught in Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and Ionian seas
No full textThis study examined the proximate composition, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile of fillet of the most important species captured in Italian seas and commonly consumed in the European Union, such as anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus L.), red mullet (Mullus barbatus L.), European hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) and Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda L.). The fish were caught in three different geographic areas of the Italian seas: south Tyrrhenian (ST), south Adriatic (SA) and Ionian (IO).
Anchovy from the ST sea had the highest lipid content (2.27%) compared to fish captured in the SA (1.81%) and IO seas (1.91%) (P < 0.01). Red mullet captured in the SA exhibited the highest amount of lipid content (7.54%) compared to fish from the ST (1.82%) and IO seas (3.23%) (P< 0.01). The total content of cholesterol of fish did not show significant differences from one geographic area to the other, particularly for European hake (from 98 to 66 mg/100 g).
The fatty acid profile of anchovy species was not affected by the geographic area of the fish catch. European hake caught in the ST sea showed the highest proportion of DHA (29.13%) in comparison with those captured in the SA (19.98%) and IO seas (19.84%). Atlantic bonito from the ST sea had the highest proportions of DHA (24.94%), compared to those from the SA (12.08%) and IO seas (13.83%). The SA bonitos contained a significantly lower proportion of EPA (3.31%) in comparison with fish from both the ST and IO seas (5.66 and 5.17% respectively). The red mullet captured in the ST sea exhibited the highest proportions of DHA, n-3 PUFA, total PUFA and significantly lower proportions of oleic acid and MUFA.
The fish coming from the ST sea showed better nutritional traits than those from other geographical areas although they all have excellent nutritional traits due to the low fat content and very high n-3 PUFA proportion
Intercalibration exercise and fatty acid profile of two fish oil samples of different origin.
No full textPCDD, PCDF AND DL-PCB CONGENERS LEVELS IN MILK OF GRAZING SHEEP AS INDICATOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF RURAL AREAS
No full textDesulfurization of 4-Nitro-N,2-diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)isothiazol-5(2H)-imine: Formation of a 3-Imino-2-nitroprop-2-enamidine
No full textThe course of the desulfurization reaction of 4-nitro-N,2-diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)isothiazol-5(2H)-imine (3) is investigated and the formation of the unstable 3-imino-2-nitroprop-2-enamidine (A) as intermediate is discussed. Addition of amines and thiophenol to the reaction mixture yielded the amidine derivatives 5 and the thioimidate 6, respectively, via nucleophilic addition of the respective reagent to A (Scheme 2). Benzoic acid and thiobenzoic acid afforded the amide 7 and the thioamide 8, respectively, as secondary products of the expected adducts 7a and 8a (Schemes 3 and 4). The presence of (benzylidene)(methyl)amine in the reaction mixture of the desulfurization of 3 led to the 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivative 10, together with the quinoxaline N-oxide 4 as a minor product. Reaction mechanisms involving an intermediate ketene imine and participation of the NO2 group in the reaction leading to 1,2,4-oxadiazole 10 are proposed. Ab initio calculations of model structures for the nitroketene imine were performed and the results correlated with the experimental results. The structures of 8 and 10 were established by X-ray crystal-structure analysis
Human Rights in European Private Law
No full textThis Chapter introduces the academic debate on the role of human rights in private law for an audience of students in transnational and European private law. It first explores the ways in which dignity may provide a foundation for extending human rights protection to private legal relations and sets out the legal context in which the «constitutionalisation of private law» has developed, both nationally and under European law. Subsequently, the societal relevance of these legal developments is analysed and mapped according to three strands in the academic discourse in the field: one that holds that constitutionalisation does not provide a new view on private law, a second that sees a role for human rights in pursuing social justice in private law, and a third that considers private law to contribute to the constitutional imagination of Europe. Finally, the practical application of human rights in private law is discussed on the basis of the development of effective remedies in housing cases under the EU Unfair Contract Terms Directive. The Chapter concludes with a reflection on the main drivers for constitutionalisation of private law in Europe
