409 research outputs found
The diabetes mellitus–atherosclerosis connection: The role of lipid and glucose metabolism and chronic inflammation
Get PDFDiabetes mellitus comprises a group of carbohydrate metabolism disorders that share a common main feature of chronic hyperglycemia that results from defects of insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Insulin is an important anabolic hormone, and its deficiency leads to various metabolic abnormalities in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Atherosclerosis develops as a result of a multistep process ultimately leading to cardiovascular disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Alteration of lipid metabolism is a risk factor and characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Possible links between the two chronic disorders depending on altered metabolic pathways have been investigated in numerous studies. It was shown that both types of diabetes mellitus can actually induce atherosclerosis development or further accelerate its progression. Elevated glucose level, dyslipidemia, and other metabolic alterations that accompany the disease development are tightly involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis at almost every step of the atherogenic process. Chronic inflammation is currently considered as one of the key factors in atherosclerosis development and is present starting from the earliest stages of the pathology initiation. It may also be regarded as one of the possible links between atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. However, the data available so far do not allow for developing effective anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies that would stop atherosclerotic lesion progression or induce lesion reduction. In this review, we summarize the main aspects of diabetes mellitus that possibly affect the atherogenic process and its relationship with chronic inflammation. We also discuss the established pathophysiological features that link atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, such as oxidative stress, altered protein kinase signaling, and the role of certain miRNA and epigenetic modifications
Inhibition of sialidase activity as a therapeutic approach
No full textVictor Yu Glanz,1 Veronika A Myasoedova,2 Andrey V Grechko,3 Alexander N Orekhov2,4 1Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia; 2Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; 3Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia; 4Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia Abstract: The demand for novel anti-influenza drugs persists, which is highlighted by the recent pandemics of influenza affecting thousands of people across the globe. One of the approaches to block the virus spreading is inhibiting viral sialidase (neuraminidase). This enzyme cleaves the sialic acid link between the newly formed virions and the host cell surface liberating the virions from the cell and maintaining the cycle of infection. Viral neuraminidases appear therefore as attractive therapeutic targets for preventing further spread of influenza infection. Compared to ion channel blockers that were the first approved anti-influenza drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors are well tolerated and target both influenza A and B viruses. Moreover, neuraminidase/sialidase inhibitors may be useful for managing some other human pathologies, such as cancer. In this review, we discuss the available knowledge on neuraminidase or sialidase inhibitors, their design, clinical application, and the current challenges. Keywords: sialidase, neuraminidase, neuraminidase inhibitor, influenza, drug desig
Nutritional support for patients with COVID-19 coronavirus infection
No full textProphylaxis, diagnostics and correction of nutritional status disturbances is considered as one of the main treatment methods of patients with COVID-19 infection-directed to resolve systemic inflammatory response and correction of metabolic response to a viral infection. Systemic Inflammatory Reaction (SIR) manisfestation as a result of viral infection leads to pronounced metabolic processes disturbances. The main metabolic manifestations of SIR is reflected as hypermetabolic-hypercatabolic syndrome with complex disturbances of protein, lipids and carbohydrates metabolism, increased consumption of carbohydrate-lipid reserves and breakdown of tissue proteins. Thus, adequate correction of metabolic disorders and a wholesome nutritional support, taking into account the clinical picture, severity of the disease, ongoing respiratory and intensive care therapy is an integral component in treating patients with COVID-19 infection which determines the efficiency of its treatment and reduction in mortality. Given the relevance of the problem, the authors decided that it was important to increase the COVID-19 treatment efficacy by producing guidelines based on the most fundamental provisions of the modern approach to nutritional support in critical patients with community acquired pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, ARDS, sepsis, multiple organ failure
Mitochondrial genome variability: the effect on cellular functional activity
No full textAleksandrina S Volobueva,1 Alexandra A Melnichenko,2 Andrey V Grechko,3 Alexander N Orekhov2,4 1Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Biocad Biotechnology Company, Saint-Petersburg, Strelnya, Russia; 2Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; 3Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia; 4Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia Abstract: Mitochondria are the key players in cell metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mitochondrial genome alterations are reported to be associated with numerous human disorders affecting nearly all tissues. In this review, we discuss the available information on the involvement of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in cell dysfunction. Keywords: mitochondria, mutation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, ATP, electron transfer chai
History and Contemporaneity: a Perspective of Deconstructionist Farewell to the Past
No full textThe article deals with the working-out of an adequate attitude towards history as the past. It has nothing in common with retrophobia (a snobbish disregard of the past) and retrophilia (a thoughtless flirt with the past). The author proposes for discussion the well-known idea of deconstruction in its application to the historical flux of events. Deconstruction proliferates differences, in our case those that draw the lines between history and contemporaneity
The Armed Forces of the Soviet State : a Soviet view /
No full textTranslation of Vooruzhennye Sily Sovetskogo gosudarstva.Added t.p. in Russian.Includes bibliographical references.Mode of access: Internet
EDUCATION AS BASIS OF FORMATION OF «NEW PRODUCTIVE FORCES» IN POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
Get PDFSearch of trajectories of transformation of domestic economy and society, in aspect of transition to a post-industrial stage of development, is actual and significant for today. In the author presented to article it is reasoned that synchronous formation of the «new productive forces» adequate to the formed relations of production in post-industrial society has to become the main imperative of development of domestic economy. Taking into account conceptual results of the political economic, evolutionary and institutional economic theory, the author put forward and proved situation that the new productive forces serving subsequently as basis for formation of relations of production adequate to them in borders of a post-industrial stage of development, have to be formed in sectors of generation of knowledge, thus the special part is assigned to educational sector. In the conclusion the main conclusions on the conducted research are systematized
Role of androgens in cardiovascular pathology
No full textDimitry A Chistiakov,1 Veronika A Myasoedova,2 Alexandra A Melnichenko,2 Andrey V Grechko,3 Alexander N Orekhov2,4 1Department of Neurochemistry, Division of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia; 2Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; 3Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia; 4Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia Abstract: Cardiovascular effects of android hormones in normal and pathological conditions can lead to either positive or negative effects. The reason for this variation is unknown, but may be influenced by gender-specific effects of androids, heterogeneity of the vascular endothelium, differential expression of the androgen receptor in endothelial cells (ECs) and route of androgen administration. Generally, androgenic hormones are beneficial for ECs because these hormones induce nitric oxide production, proliferation, motility, and growth of ECs and inhibit inflammatory activation and induction of procoagulant, and adhesive properties in ECs. This indeed prevents endothelial dysfunction, an essential initial step in the development of vascular pathologies, including atherosclerosis. However, androgens can also activate endothelial production of some vasoconstrictors, which can have detrimental effects on the vascular endothelium. Androgens also activate proliferation, migration, and recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), thereby contributing to vascular repair and restoration of the endothelial layer. In this paper, we consider effects of androgen hormones on EC and EPC function in physiological and pathological conditions. Keywords: cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis, androgens, testosterone therapy, risk factor
Lower-dimensional Regge-Teitelboim gravity
Get PDFWe study modified gravity theory known as Regge-Teitelboim approach, in which
the gravity is represented by dynamics of a surface isometrically embedded in a
flat bulk. We obtain some particular solutions of Regge-Teitelboim equations
corresponding to a central symmetric vacuum 2+1-dimensional spacetime. In
contrast with GR, this vacuum spacetime is not flat, so it is possible for the
gravitational field to exist even without matter or cosmological constant.Comment: 5 pages. Accepted for publication in Gravitation & Cosmolog
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