876 research outputs found
The Error of Prediction for a Simultaneous Equation Model
No full textOne of the most important functions of a simultaneous equation model is prediction the values of endogenous variables given the values of the predetermined variables and a lot of work has been done to estimate the accuracy of such predictions. Hooper and Zellner (1961) obtained the covariance matrix of the prediction error for unrestricted reduced form and Goldberger, Nagarand Odeh (1961) derived one for restricted reduced form. Properties of predictions for partially restricted reduced form have been analyzed by Amemiya (1966), Kakwani and Court (1972) and Nagar and Sahay (1978). The comparison of these estimators in the context of prediction has been carried on by Dhrymes (1973) and Park (1982). However all these derivations are made forreduced forms of correctly specified linear simultaneous equation models and they still remainunknown for the under and the over specified models. The purpose of this paper is to derive thematrices of the mean squared prediction error for both the underfitted and the overfitted modelsof unrestricted reduced form of a linear simultaneous equation system. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the basic model and its assumptions. Sections 3 and 4 derive the matrices of the mean squared prediction error for the underfitted and the overfitted models of unrestricted reduced form respectively. Section 5 gives the conclusions. An appendix contains the proofs of these derivations.prediction;misspecification;simultaneous equations
Peaks and Valleys:Contemplating the Authority of International Law
No full textInternational law claims the authority to guide conduct of states and other actors. This idea, although it is truistic, cannot be fully accounted for from the standard jurisprudential view of authority. In this standard jurisprudential view, the authority of law is typically described through three interrelated theses: the agency thesis (authority is a role or function of a person, natural or legal), the identity thesis (authorities play the critical role in identifying the law), and the hierarchy thesis (authority is a relation of subordination). None of these theses fully apply to international law, especially to treaties and customary international law. The standard account assumes the image of authority of law as necessarily involving institutional mediation, with courts, governmental bodies, parliament, etc. (the authorities). International law, although it has some institutional mediation, is still predominantly horizontal. Consequently, the normative landscape of international law has both peaks (various institutional arrangements) and valleys (horizontal and institutionally unmediated customary and treaty norms). This contribution suggests, building upon Joseph Raz's influential account of authority, that authority of international law does not necessarily involve the institutional mediation. This unmediated structure of authority still performs the key normative function, that of pre-emption. Both mediated and unmediated structures of authority exist to pre-empt practical reasons, but they achieve this result in different ways. While in the mediated structure the pre-emption is achieved primarily through delegation of practical deliberations, in international law and its unmediated authoritative structure such delegation rarely occurs. As a result, low-lying valleys of customary and treaty norms have a more fluctuating pre-emptive capacity, and so their authority is uneven
Building proper invariants for subgrid-scale eddy-viscosity models
No full textSince direct simulations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are limited to relatively low-Reynolds numbers, dynamically less complex mathematical formulations are necessary for coarse-grain simulations. Eddy-viscosity models for Large-Eddy Simulation is probably the most popular example thereof: they rely on differential operators that should be able to capture well different flow configurations (laminar and 2D flows, near-wall behavior, transitional regime...). Most of them are based on the combination of invariants of a symmetric second-order tensor that is derived from the gradient of the resolved velocity field. In the present work, they are presented in a framework where all the models are represented as a combination of elements of a 5D phase space of invariants. In this way, new models can be constructed by imposing appropriate restrictions in this space. The performance of the proposed models is successfully tested for a turbulent channel flow
A new species of the late Miocene charadriiform bird (Aves: Charadriiformes), with a summary of all Paleogene and Miocene Charadrii remains
No full textBochenski, Zbigniew M., Wertz, Krzysztof, Tomek, Teresa, Gorobets, Leonid (2019): A new species of the late Miocene charadriiform bird (Aves: Charadriiformes), with a summary of all Paleogene and Miocene Charadrii remains. Zootaxa 4624 (1): 41-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4624.1.
A characterization of language development in heritage speakers
No full textThis study focuses on the assessment of working memory and linguistic skills in 21 Italian–Russian speaking bilingual children who were born in Italy and inherited Russian from their parents. Their performance was compared to that of 21 monolingual Russian-speaking and 21 monolingual Italian-speaking peers. For the assessment of the two languages (Russian and Italian) in bilinguals and the respective languages (Russian OR Italian) in monolinguals, the equivalent forms of the same battery of tests were used. Overall, the bilinguals showed enhanced verbal working memory with respect to Italian monolinguals but not Russian ones. The lexical skills of the participants in the bilingual group, as measured via semantic fluency, naming and lexical comprehension, appeared to be rather limited in Russian when compared to those of the monolingual group. Their vocabulary was mainly made of words with medium-to-high frequency. Passive, reversible and negative sentences appeared to be the most difficult for the participants who inherited Russian from their parents. The findings are discussed in the light of current theories of heritage languages acquisition
Physiological origin of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles in health and disease: from bacteria to humans
No full textOksana Gorobets,1,2 Svitlana Gorobets,1 Marceli Koralewski3 1National Technical University of Ukraine (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute), 2Institute of Magnetism, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine; 3Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland Abstract: The discovery of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) in the human brain gives a strong impulse to study and understand their origin. Although knowledge of the subject is increasing continuously, much remains to be done for further development to help our society fight a number of pathologies related to BMNPs. This review provides an insight into the puzzle of the physiological origin of BMNPs in organisms of all three domains of life: prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes, including humans. Predictions based on comparative genomic studies are presented along with experimental data obtained by physical methods. State-of-the-art understanding of the genetic control of biomineralization of BMNPs and their properties are discussed in detail. We present data on the differences in BMNP levels in health and disease (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and atherosclerosis), and discuss the existing hypotheses on the biological functions of BMNPs, with special attention paid to the role of the ferritin core and apoferritin. Keywords: biogenic magnetic nanoparticles, biomineralization, ferritin, magnetoferritin, genetic control, neurodegenerative disorders, cance
Informe sobre un despacho de una lancha sin orden del gobernador, 1775 marzo 26
No full textFr. Vicente de Mora afirma que envió un barco para llevarse al Fr. Nicolás Muñoz a San Blas sin el permiso del gobernador Felipe Barri porque no sabía que lo necesitaba. Relata el hecho que motivó la denuncia del gobernador en su contra. Al final del documento, el autor describe los desacuerdos que han tenido con el gobernador Barri, argumentando que deberían estar exentos de sus órdenes. —— Fr. Vicente de Mora affirms that he sent a boat to take Fr. Nicolas Muñoz to San Blas without Governor Felipe Barri's permission because he did not know he needed it. He recounts the event that led to the governor's complaint against him. In the end of the document, the author describes the disagreements they have had with Governor Barri, arguing that they should be exempt from his orders. 6 f. (12 p.
Carta informando sobre actividades revolucionarias por agentes extranjeros, 1799 junio 20
No full textCarta a Miguel José Azanza informando sobre actividades revolucionarias de agentes extranjeros, entre ellos el prófugo Nariño de Santa Fé, "Caro" (quien aparentemente se disfrazó de negro) y el general rebelde Miranda, y menciona el apoyo de la armada inglesa. El autor cita un informe anterior. —— Letter to Miguel José Azanza informing about revolutionary activities by foreign agents, including fugitive Nariño de Santa Fé, "Caro" (who apparently disguised himself as a Black man), and rebel General Miranda, and mentions the support of the English navy. The author cites a previous report. 2 f. (4 p.
Toward the standardization of the Bvl_Ru: An instrument for speech and language assessment of Russian-speaking children
No full textThe Battery for the assessment of speech and language development in children from 4 to 12 years (BVL_4-12; [1]) was originally developed for Italian-speaking children and currently is under adaptation into several European languages including Russian. The BVL_4-12 consists of 3 parts and includes tasks assessing oral production, comprehension and repetition skills in children. This article describes the process of adaptation of the BVL_4-12 into Russian and focuses on the instructions’ translation and standardization. It presents the results of the tasks instructions’ clarity evaluation by an expert panel including Russian-speaking specialists constantly working with children of a target age in Russia and Italy (N=7) and a cohort of children from 4.06 to 10.10 including monolinguals with typical language development, children previously diagnosed with primary language impairment (PLI) and heritage Russian speakers (N=84). Overall, 10 task instructions were judged as absolutely clear and 5 task instructions were somewhat unclear to some of the participants. Further analysis of the age of the participants who rated the instructions as “unclear” was performed. Some of the youngest participants, whose age did not exceed 6.10, found that the instructions for the following tasks were not clear: phonological fluency; sentence completion; grammatical judgments; idiom comprehension, and comprehension of linguistic prosody. However, the minimum inter-rater agreement among the sample was reached. The potential explanation of the results of the study is proposed in the Discussion section
Cherevychnavis umanskae Bochenski & Wertz & Tomek & Gorobets 2019, gen. et sp. nov.
No full text<i>Cherevychnavis umanskae</i> gen. et sp. nov. <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species is named after Alla Semenivna Umans’ka (Umanskaya—in publications in Russian), a female Ukrainian palaeontologist, who first realized that the specimens represent an extinct species, but passed away before describing it.</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> An almost complete left coracoid, NMNHU-P, no.45-2453 (Figs. 1–6), deposited at the National Museum of Natural History at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.</p> <p> <b>Referred material.</b> Proximal left humerus with shaft, NMNHU-P, no.45-2452 (Figs. 7 –10), deposited at the National Museum of Natural History at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. It is likely that the humerus represents the same extinct taxon as the holotype because the two bones were found at the same site, they match in size, and can be assigned to the same suborder Charadrii sensu Paton <i>et al.</i> (2003), but because they were not found in articulation, it cannot be conclusively demonstrated that they belong to the same species.</p> <p> <b>Type locality and horizon.</b> Cherevychne 3, located on the left banks of Khadzhibey Estuary, between the villages of Cherevychne and Morozovka (Bilyayivka District, Odessa Region, Ukraine; 46° 38′ 35″ N, 30° 37′ 12″ E); late Miocene, lower part of the Mammal Neogene Zone 12 (MN 12) of the late Miocene (Tortonian), approximately 8-7.5 mya.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> As for the genus.</p> <p> <b>Measurements.</b> Coracoid: total length, measured between omal tip of processus acrocoracoideus and angulus lateralis: 33.8 mm; width of the sternal facet, measured between angulus medialis and angulus lateralis: 12.6 mm. Humerus: length as preserved: 56.4 mm; proximal width, measured from tuberculum dorsale to outer margin of crista bicipitalis: 17.5 mm.</p>Published as part of <i>Bochenski, Zbigniew M., Wertz, Krzysztof, Tomek, Teresa & Gorobets, Leonid, 2019, A new species of the late Miocene charadriiform bird (Aves: Charadriiformes), with a summary of all Paleogene and Miocene Charadrii remains, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4624 (1)</i> on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4624.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3258458">http://zenodo.org/record/3258458</a>
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