1,721,062 research outputs found
Impact of smartphone photography on memory: visual recognition memory after exposure to direct image and mediated image of artworks
Full text linkUnprecedented access and frequent use of smartphone cameras is not only reconstructing the way we communicate and share, but also the way we remember. Previous work has shown that photographing a scene can have detrimental effects on memory. In a set of experiments, we investigated whether the act of taking photographs with a smartphone led to poorer memory. Participants were presented a mock museum tour. Differently from real life museum tours, this made it possible to control for confounding variables potentially undetected in previous research. Participants were directed to merely observe the artworks or to photograph them depending on the group they were assigned to. In the first two experiments we manipulated encoding condition. In Experiment 1, intentional encoding took place such that participants were informed before the tour of a later memory test. The procedure was identical in Experiment 2, except that that time participants underwent a surprise recognition test. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that taking many photos impaired participants’ accuracy in remembering, whereas this impairment effect was eliminated in Experiment 2. This suggests that knowing in advance about a memory task creates itself the impairment by possibly affecting the retrieval strategies. Furthermore, photo groups in both experiments gave lower confidence ratings compared to no-photo groups, suggesting that photo taking makes people uncertain about what they remember. In Experiment 3, we aimed to replicate the photo-taking-impairment effect while testing for the effect of encoding by presenting for half of the retrieval cues only partial details of the original paintings. Overall, presenting only details impaired memory, and more importantly, the impairment effect was confirmed. However, no interaction was found with type of cues. Considered together, these results suggest that taking many photos does not impair encoding, while it seems to affect metacognitive variables at retrieval, such as confidence in memory and retrieval strategies. Further studies will examine this possibility directly
Emettere una sentenza. Aspetti del processo decisionale.
No full textSecondo il modello dei racconti ancorati di Wagenaar (1995) i magistrati, nel percorso decisionale che conduce al verdetto, ricostruiscono il caso giudiziario attraverso una rappresentazione mentale, di forma narrativa, che viene prodotta utilizzando, preferibilmente, elementi probatori conformi alla storia rappresentata, e mettendo in secondo piano quelli difformi da essa. Questo processo ragionativo è dovuto ad una tendenza confermatoria: la validità di un‘ipotesi non risiede, tuttavia, nella sua verificabilità, ma nella possibilità di renderla disponibile alla falsificazione empirica e sperimentale. Scopo di questa ricerca è analizzare se e in che misura i magistrati utilizzano un ragionamento di tipo confermatorio e/o falsificatorio, ponendoli a confronto, inoltre, con non esperti.
Hanno partecipato alla ricerca 43 soggetti (20 magistrati e 23 non esperti) che avevano il compito di leggere un caso giudiziario realmente accaduto, formulare un verdetto, indicare gli elementi di prova utilizzati e, inoltre, quelli che sarebbe stato utile acquisire in eventuali ulteriori indagini.
I magistrati hanno utilizzato un maggior numero di elementi probatori [t(41)=3.41,
Giovani, adulti, comunità. La prospettiva psicologico-giuridica e il ruolo della ricerca qualitativa per la prevenzione delle dipendenze
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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