189 research outputs found
What Do Neural Networks Actually Learn, When They Learn to Identify Idioms?
No full textTo date, Neural Networks (NNs) have been employed to carry out the automatic classification of various kinds of figurative expressions, like idioms (Bizzoni et al.,2017b) and metaphors (Do Dinh and Gurevych,2016; Bizzoni et al.,2017a;Rei et al.,2017). It is common knowledge that metaphors (e.g., my job is a jail) reflect a transparent mapping from concrete examples ina source domain (e.g., the physical confinementof a jail) to abstract concepts in a target domain (e.g., the psychological constraints and tediousness of a job) (Lakoff and Johnson,2008), while idioms (e.g., buy the farm ‘to pass away’, shootthe breeze ‘to chat idly’) synchronically appear as a rather heterogeneous class of semantically non-compositional multiword units that all in all exhibit greater lexicosyntactic rigidity, proverbiality and emotional valence with respect to literal expressions (Nunberg et al.,1994;Cacciari,2014
Post-ideologia e trasformismo. L’«Onorevole» di Achille Bizzoni
No full textThe essay focuses on L’Onorevole (1896) by Achille Bizzoni, the first literary representation of the Banca Romana Scandal. The work stands out from its literary genre, the “Parliamentary Novel”, which, according to Madrignani, generally expresses an unspecific refusal of politics. In L’Onorevole, instead, Bizzoni, as experienced parliamentary reporter, provides an in-depth analysis of Montecitorio. The novel investigates still relevant issues indeed, such as the request for a younger ruling class, somehow embodied by the main character, Giuliano Sicuri; the inner conflict of an opposition party, such as that of Giuliano and Bizzoni itself, which struggles between the loyalty toward its own principles and the ambition of being part of the government; the presumed priority of technical skills over political experience, as claimed by Giolitti at his first premiership; a populistic animosity towards the allegedly corrupted elite. Moreover, Bizzoni suggests original solutions to still controversial arguments: the imperative mandate, the political party funding, or the parliamentary immunity. However, the core of the novel deals with the settled practice of “trasformismo”, which at the time becomes a sort of political theory. One hundred years before the Berlin Wall Fall, Bizzoni depicts a scenario surprisingly similar to that of post-ideology.Il saggio analizza la prima cronaca romanzata dello Scandalo della Banca Romana, L’Onorevole (1896) di Achille Bizzoni. La principale ragione d’interesse del romanzo risiede nella sua peculiarità rispetto alla letteratura parlamentare. Se infatti quest’ultima, come osservato da Madrignani, si risolve solitamente in un generico antiparlamentarismo, Bizzoni, cronista parlamentare di lungo corso, documenta invece dall’interno la vita di Montecitorio. Emergono così temi di stringente attualità, quali la richiesta d’un cambio generazionale nella classe dirigente, di cui si fa idealmente portavoce il protagonista, Giuliano Sicuri; il dilemma tra la fedeltà ai princìpi e la vocazione di governo, in cui si dibatte il partito di Giuliano, e dello stesso Bizzoni; la presunta priorità delle competenze tecniche, vantate all’epoca da Giolitti alla sua prima Presidenza del Consiglio, sull’esperienza politica; una qualunquistica avversione dei cittadini contro la ‘casta’ corrotta. Non mancano peraltro nell’Onorevole risposte inaspettate a questioni tutt’ora dibattute come il vincolo di mandato, il finanziamento pubblico ai partiti, o l’immunità parlamentare. Il cuore del romanzo ruota però attorno al fenomeno del trasformismo, che da discutibile pratica politica diventa una vera e propria teoria. Cent’anni prima della caduta del Muro di Berlino, Bizzoni traccia al riguardo un orizzonte sorprendentemente simile a quello della post-ideologia
Flora comense : disposta secondo il sistema di Linneo ; a comodo dei Medici degli speziali e dei dilettanti nelle escursioni botaniche
No full textdal Professore Giuseppe ComolliBd. 1: 1834, XXXVII, 368 Seiten, [2] Blätter ; Bd. 2: 1835, 325 Seiten ; Bd. 3: 1836, 267 Seiten, [1] Blatt ; Bd. 4: 1846, VI, 400 Seiten, [1] Blatt ; Bd. 5: 1847, 477 Seiten ; Bd. 6: 1848, 414 Seiten ; Bd. 7: 1857, 312 SeitenBde. 4-7 erschienen bei Pietro Bizzoni in PaviaExlibrisstempel: "Bücherei Geobot. Forschungsinstitut Rübel in Zürich Exemplar der ETH-BI
Finding the Neural Net: Deep-learning Idiom Type Identification from Distributional Vectors
No full textThe present work aims at automatically classifying Italian idiomatic and non-idiomatic phrases with a neural network model under constrains of data scarcity. Results are discussed in com- parison with an existing unsupervised model devised for idiom type detection and a similar supervised classifier previously trained to detect metaphorical bigrams. The experiments suggest that the distributional context of a given phrase is sufficient to carry out idiom type identifi- cation to a satisfactory degree, with an increase in performance when input phrases are filtered according to human-elicited idiomaticity ratings collected for the same expressions. Crucially, employing concatenations of single word vectors rather than whole-phrase vectors as training input results in the worst performance for our models, differently from what was previously registered in metaphor detection tasks
La ricostruzione dei difetti oncologici del massiccio facciale e del basicranio: esperienza di 136 casi.
No full textIl lembo libero di retto dell'addome perforato (RAP) nella ricostruzione dei difetti della testa e del collo.
No full textDetection and Aptness: A study in metaphor detection and aptness assessment through neural networks and distributional semantic spaces
No full textMetaphor is one of the most prominent, and most studied, figures of speech.
While it is considered an element of great interest in several branches of linguistics, such as semantics, pragmatics and stylistics, its automatic processing remains an open challenge. First of all, the semantic complexity of the concept of metaphor itself creates a range of theoretical complications. Secondly, the practical lack of large scale resources for machine learning approaches forces researchers to work under conditions of data scarcity.
This compilation thesis provides a set of experiments to (i) automatically detect metaphors and (ii) assess a metaphor's aptness with respect to a given literal equivalent. The first task has already been tackled by a number of studies. We approach it as a way to assess the potentialities and limitations of our approach, before dealing with the second task. For metaphor detection we were able to use existing resources, while we created our own dataset to explore metaphor aptness assessment, which constitutes the most innovative part of this research. In all of the studies presented here, I have used a combination of word embeddings and neural networks. This combination appears particularly effective since pre-trained word embeddings can provide the networks with information necessary to deal with metaphors under conditions of data scarcity.
To deal with metaphor aptness assessment, we frame the problem as a case of paraphrase identification. Given a sentence containing a metaphor, the task is to find the best literal paraphrase from a set of candidates. We build a dataset designed for this task, that allows a gradient scoring of various paraphrases with respect to a reference sentence, so that paraphrases are ordered according to their degree of aptness. Therefore, we can use it for both binary classification and ordering tasks. This dataset is annotated through crowd sourcing by an average of 20 annotators for each pair. We then design a deep neural network to be trained on this dataset. We show that its architecture is able achieve encouraging levels of performance, despite the serious limitations of data scarcity in which it is applied.
In the final experiment of this compilation, more context is added to a sub-section of the dataset in order to study the effect of extended context on metaphor aptness rating. We show that extended context changes human perception of metaphor aptness and that this effect is reproduced by our neural classifier. The conclusion of the last study is that extended context compresses aptness scores towards the center of the scale, raising low ratings and decreasing high ratings given to paraphrase candidates outside of any context
Note sul rapporto fra lingua cinematografica e lingua teatrale negli anni Trenta
No full textNel saggio vengono messi a confronto le contaminazioni fra dialogo cinematografico e dialogo teatrale privilegiando sceneggiature e commedie degli anni Trenta
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