528 research outputs found
Linking wine lactic acid bacteria diversity with wine aroma and flavour
No full textAbstract not availableMaria Stella Cappello, Giacomo Zapparoli, Antonio Logrieco, Eveline J Bartowsk
Global risk maps for mycotoxins in wheat and maize
No full textAbstract
This chapter maps the worldwide risk for mycotoxin contamination with focus on deoxynivalenol in wheat and on fuminisin and aflatoxins in maize. A modelling approach was taken with meteorological data as input. FAO databases were used both to define crop distribution and as a meteorological data source. Simple existing models developed to predict mycotoxin contamination at harvest were adapted and used for the global forecasting. Risk maps were drawn by overlapping the layer of countries with significant wheat/maize growing areas, a North and South latitude filter (60° and 55° respectively for wheat and maize), and risk as assessed by predictive criteria.
The idea of mapping mycotoxin risk in wheat and maize worldwide is ambitious because of the large amount of data required. Predictive maps are drawn as mean maps and do not consider annual and local variations, but instead stress main problems in particular areas. Annual local surveys, in specific years, may suggests a different picture of the mycotoxin risk. These discrepancies are expected because of the simple modelling approach adopted and because only meteorological data have been taken into account. Nevertheless, this simple model could provide the basis for global comparisons. The long term goal is to study the occurrence of mycotoxins and related fungi, to monitor crop phenology and cropping system, and to store meteorological data in a broadly accessible manner
The mycotoxin Beauvericin induces a new dehydroascorbate reducing protein in tomato plants
No full textLaboratory evaluation of antifeedant activity of Trichoderma spp. isolates in aphid biocontrol.
No full textFungal isolates of two species of the genus Trichoderma were evaluated as antifeedant compounds towards winged and wingless morphs of the aphid Schizaphis graminum and wingless morph of Megoura viciae. The three tested isolates resulted repellent towards winged morph of S. graminum and wingless of M. viciae; only T. citrinoviride proved to be repellent towards wingless of S. graminum. Electrophysiological studies showed that the structures involved in the perception of the fungal metabolites are located on the aphid tarsomeres supporting the hypothesis that at least part of the fungal metabolites responsible for the repellent effect are water soluble compounds
Update on the establishment of a European map of Fusarium graminearum and F Culmorum chemotypes in wheat
No full text
Occurrence of Beauvericin and Enniatins in Wheat Affected by Fusarium avenaceum Head Blight
No full textIdentification of toxigenic fungal species associated with maize ear rot: Calmodulin as single informative gene
No full textAccurate identification of fungi occurring on agrofood products is the key aspect of any prevention and pest management program, offering valuable information in leading crop health and food safety. Fungal species misidentification can dramatically impact biodiversity assessment, ecological studies, management decisions, and, concerning toxigenic fungi, health risk assessment, since they can produce a wide range of toxic secondary metabolites, referred to as mycotoxins. Since each toxigenic fungal species can have its own mycotoxin profile, a correct species identification, hereby attempted with universal DNA barcoding approach, could have a key role in mycotoxins prevention strategies. Currently, identification of single marker for species resolution in fungi has not been achieved and the analysis of multiple genes is used, with the advantage of an accurate species identification and disadvantage of difficult setting up of PCR-based diagnostic assays. In the present paper, we describe our strategy to set up a DNA-based species identification of fungal species associated with maize ear rot, combining DNA barcoding approach and species-specific primers design for PCR based assays. We have (i) investigated the appropriate molecular marker for species identification, limited to mycobiota possibly occurring on maize, identifying calmodulin gene as single taxonomically informative entity; (ii) designed 17 sets of primers for rapid identification of 14 Fusarium, 10 Aspergillus, 2 Penicillium, and 2 Talaromyces species or species groups, and finally (iii) tested specificity of the 17 set of primers, in combination with 3 additional sets previously developed
Advances on the toxicity of the cereal contaminant Fusarium esadepsipeptides
No full textFusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals is a well known disease caused by a complex of several
toxigenic species of Fusarium. FHB can reduce grain yield and quality, because of the accumulation of
mycotoxins in cereal grains and derived foods and feeds. The pathogen mainly reported as causal agent of
FHB is F. graminearum, that produces Deoxynivalenol (DON), the mycotoxin mostly associated to the
disease. However in the last decade, in Europe, in addition to DON, the esadepsipeptides Enniatins (ENs) and
Beauvericin (BEA) have been often reported as cereal contaminants, in association with different species such
as F. avenaceum, F. poae, and F. tricinctum. The natural occurrence of high amounts of BEA and ENs in
FHB small grains, evaluated with the phytotoxic and zootoxic properties of these metabolites, compel to an
examination of their potential role in contributing to the severity of FHB. On the other hand, the recent studies
that have provided further data on the biological role of the esadepsipeptide in plants and their toxicity toward
plants, animal and humans, make it worthwhile to expand the knowledge on the significance and the toxicity
of these frequent contaminants of cereals
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