4,370 research outputs found
The Redistribution of Efficiency Gains: Transfers or Tariffs?
No full textThis paper is concerned with some theoretical issues in cooperative multilateral trade policy reform. The focus of the paper is on the structure of the policy reform problem, particularly as it applies to piecemeal policy reform, and on the similarity in roles that can be played by income transfers on the one hand and tariffs reforms on the other as redistributive policy instruments. More specifically, the paper is concerned with the mechanism by which efficiency gains arising out of trade policy reforms can be distributed amongst countries to achieve a strict Pareto improvement in welfare. Traditionally, trade theorists have assumed the existence of lump sum income transfers to distribute efficiency gains. Turunen-Red and Woodland (2000) have shown that income transfers accompanying quota reforms can be replaced by suitable multilateral tariff reforms to achieve the same welfare outcome. In the current paper, we generalize this idea to deal with discrete policy reforms. And, we develop several applications to enhance understanding of the connection between tariffs and transfers. If lump sum transfers are not available policy instruments, the achievement of a strict Pareto improvement must depend on changes in distortionary taxes, such as domestic taxes or tariffs on trade. Our results show that, under a mild condition on the world trade matrix, it does not matter whether lump sum transfers are available. Transfers can be replaced by a carefully chosen set of tariffs to achieve the same welfare outcome. This ability to replace transfers by tariffs is a result of the structure of the model of international trade: the terms of trade effects for a country and a lump sum transfers are equivalent, and there are sufficient tariff instruments to enable countries to neutralize the domestic price effects of terms of trade movements.
Alkutuotannon kannattavuus ja vaihtoehtoiset ruokintamenetelmät broilerintuotannossa
No full textvokMTT Taloustutkimu
Murtumien sekundaaripreventio lapsilla : riittääkö kalsium-, D-vitamiini- ja elämäntapaohjeistus murtumien ehkäisyyn toistuvasti murtumia saaneilla lapsilla?
No full textMurtumia on runsaasti lapsuusiässä. Vuoden 2005 murtumatutkimuksessa Helsingin lasten ja nuorten sairaalassa tarkasteltiin toistuvia tai epätyypillisiä murtumia saaneiden lasten luustonterveyttä. Nyt tehdyn seurantatutkimuksen tarkoituksena ja tavoitteena oli selvittää, onnistuttiinko murtumatutkimuksessa annetulla ohjeistuksella D-vitamiinin ja kalsiumin saannin sekä elämäntapojen suhteen katkaisemaan murtumien kierre ja miten luuston terveys kehittyi. Tutkimuskysymys: riittääkö kalsium-, D-vitamiini- ja liikuntaan kannustava elämäntapaohjeistus uusien murtumien ehkäisyyn toistuvia murtumia saaneilla lapsilla vai syntyikö uusia murtumia. Tutkimuksessa tarvittavat tiedot, mm. uudet murtumat, kehon D-vitamiinipitoisuus, luuston mineraalitiheyden kehitys ja seuranta-ajan pituus, haettiin lasten potilastiedoista ja analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmin.
Tutkimuksessa oli 68 lasta. Murtumakierre katkesi suurella osalla. Kehon D-vitamiinipitoisuudessa ja luuston tiheydessä havaittiin tilastollisesti merkittävää muutosta. Ohjauksesta huolimatta D-vitamiinipitoisuudessa ja luuston tiheydessä havaittiin kliinisesti vain hienoista kohentumista, vaikka tilastollisesti muutos olikin merkittävä. Ensimmäisessä kontrollissa vielä 13 lapsen (19 %) S-D-25 pitoisuus oli alle suositellun 50nml/L. Yhteensä kolmetoista tutkittavaa oli saanut kaikkiaan 15 uutta murtumaa, kun tietoa kerättiin tätä tutkimusta varten syksyllä 2021. Murtumista 4 syntyi liikenneonnettomuudessa, 11 erilaisissa aktiviteeteissa, pienen tai keskisuuren energian vammoissa.
Tutkimustuloksen perusteella voidaan päätellä, että etenkin lähtötilanteessa heikoimman luuston terveydentilan omanneet hyötyivät annetusta ohjauksesta. Tulosten luotettavuus olisi syytä varmistaa suuremmalla otannalla, tämän päivän D-vitamiinin saantisuositus ja -mahdollisuus huomioiden, sillä saantisuosituksia muutettiin ja maitotuotteiden ja ravintorasvojen D-vitaminointia lisätiin vuonna 2010. Tutkimuksen tekemiseen on käytetty arkaluontoisia henkilöiden terveystietoja, mutta tulokset esitetään niin ettei yksittäistä henkilöä voi tunnistaa aineistosta.Fractures are common in childhood. All fractures are not explained with genetics but could be caused by lifestyle factors and nutritional deficits.
The aim was to investigate if clinical counselling of vitamin D and calcium intake and of physical activity is successful in preventing new fractures in children with recurrent fractures (N=68 children).
This thesis research was quantitative and epidemiological, and a follow-up study to a fracture research project conducted in Helsinki at Children’s Hospital in 2005.
The follow-up data were collected from children’s medical reports at Children’s Hospital. The follow-up data together with baseline data were analyzed with statistical IBM SPSS software.
Vitamin D concentration remained lower than the recommended 50 nmol/l in 44,8% of those with follow-up data (N=29). In all, 19% (N=13) of the total cohort (N=68) sustained altogether 15 new fractures. However, there was a statistically significant difference, a slight improvement in both vitamin D status and bone mineral density in hip and lumbar area from baseline to follow-up (p<0.05).
The results suggest that the ordinary lifestyle counselling should be considered in preventing fractures in children. Due to the small cohort size this could be seen as a pilot study. Further studies are needed to confirm this research result
Bulletin of the Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla)
No full textPublished twice a year in PDF format
DESIGN AND LAYOUT: Markus Lier, Jouni Hyvärinen, Essi Puranen
PHOTOS: Varpu Heiskanen, Jouni Hyvärinen, Erkki Oksanen, Jussi Tiainen, Cover photo: Erkki Oksanen
TRANSLATION: Pirkko Huuskonen @netsonic.fi3 The Metla Bulletin - A platform for dissemination of forest-related information - Hannu Raitio and Editorial Board
4 Metla - Focused to serve customers - Hannu Raitio
5 The forest monitoring programme has reduced emissions - Sinikka Jortikka
8 New software for driving efficiency in forest management - Satu Rasa
10 The forest sector in Eastern Europe facing challenges in forest management - Ján Ilavský
11 Genetic research revealing the secrets of wood - Ari Turunen
13 A wind of change blowing in Russian forests - Reeta Eskola
15 Column: Out of sight - out of funds? - Jari Parviainen
16 People at Metla: World traveller in the service of forest research Ari Turunen
18 Metla´s latest research news and current projects
19 Metla´s publications and upcomming events at Metla and partner organisation
A Geography of Coloniality : Re-narrating European Integration
No full textTurunen discusses how the “European significance” of the European Heritage Label (EHL) sites has been narrated through interconnections of European values and European integration. She argues that, in the context of the EHL, integration is intricately linked to the notion of spreading common values, which in turn is entangled with Eurocentrism. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the geography of coloniality: the underlying spatial structure that makes the coloniality of European cultural heritage and related hierarchies more visible. Ultimately, the chapter shows how the concept of coloniality enables us to analyse the ways Eurocentrism is also embedded in ideas about European cultural heritage beyond colonial heritage, examining the role trans-European initiatives like the EHL could have in the decolonization of European cultural heritage.peerReviewe
Pseudodifferential calculus on compact Lie groups and homogeneous spaces
No full textPseudodifferential calculus is an important tool in the theory of elliptic linear partial differential equations. We introduce papers [I-IV], where pseudodifferential calculus is studied in the presence of a transitive group of symmetries for the underlying compact manifold.reviewe
Method of Characteristics-Based Design and Numerical Simulation of a Micro-ORC Supersonic Turbine Nozzle Ring
No full textSuomalaisten puunostajien asennoituminen metsän tietokonevisualisoinnin toteuttamiseen
No full textTutkimusselosteSeloste artikkelista: Palander, T., Turunen, K. & Laukkanen, S. 2003. Attitude of Finnish timber buyers towards implementation of a forest computer visualisation. Silva Fennica 37(2): 269–281
Adult patients with severe-to-profound hearing impairment : a clinical, register-based, and interview study
No full textIn Sweden, roughly 25,000 individuals in the adult population have severe-to-profound hearing impairment, a prevalence rate of 0.2-0.3%. This patient group often needs extended audiological rehabilitation. The general aim of the thesis was to explore and describe patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss and/or patients with dual sensory loss.The specific focus studied was dual sensory loss in Paper I and Paper V, audiological rehabilitation in Papers I-V, cochlear implants (CI) in Paper III, and mental fatigue Paper IV. The five papers are based on data from the quality register for severe-to-profound hearing loss (Papers I-III), a pilot clinical study (Paper IV), and an interview study (Paper V).Paper I compared patients with dual sensory loss to patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss only and found a significant negative effect on QoL parameters among the dual sensory loss group.In Paper II, data on 4,286 patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss were studied. The results revealed that only 40.5% received extended rehabilitation. Furthermore, significantly more women than men received audiological rehabilitation. Hearing loss seemed to have a significantly more negative impact on daily life of women than of men. In particular, group rehabilitation and visits to a pedagogue seemed to have an important role in the experience of benefits in rehabilitation.In Paper III comparisons with patients rehabilitated with or without CI were investigated. The study found that only 8.5% had CI, despite most fulfilled the criteria for CI. The various reasons were studied, and the most common were related to hearing (management with hearing aids) and unknown reasons for not receiving CI.Paper IV indicated that most patients in the study population with severe mental fatigue had normal hearing or mild-to-moderate hearing loss, and severe mental fatigue was associated with severe tinnitus. Paper V demonstrated experiences of disabilities in daily life in patients with dual sensory loss. The results revealed that patients did not think of their dual sensory loss as a combination, but rather as separate disabilities. Isolation and the ability to control one’s own daily life emerged as the main themes.In conclusion, patients with dual sensory loss seemed to have a higher risk of experiencing difficulties in health conditions than patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss only. Individuals with dual sensory loss experienced a lack of control and isolation. Hearing loss seemed to have a more negative impact on women’s daily lives. For patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss, it is of great importance to be able to participate in interdisciplinary rehabilitation program. There is a need to highlight mental fatigue to focus on implementing guidelines for intervention and treatment in patients with hearing loss and/or tinnitus.List of scientific papersI. Turunen-Taheri S, Skagerstrand Å, Hellström S & Carlsson PI. (2017). Patients with severe-to-profound hearing impairment and simultaneous severe vision impairment: a quality-of-life study. Acta-Oto-Laryngologica. 137 (3), 279-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2016.1229025 II. Turunen-Taheri S, Carlsson PI, Johnson AC & Hellstrom S. (2019). Severe-to- profound hearing impairment: demographic data, gender differences and benefits of audiological rehabilitation. Disability and rehabilitation. 41 (23): 2766-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1477208 III. Turunen-Taheri SK, Eden M, Hellstrom S & Carlsson PI. (2019). Rehabilitation of adult patients with severe-to-profound hearing impairment - why not cochlear implants? Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 139 (7): 604-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2019.1607976 IV. Turunen-Taheri S, Carlsson PI, Ternevall E & Hellström S. Mental fatigue in patients with hearing loss and/or tinnitus undergoing extended audiological rehabilitation – a pilot study. [Manuscript]V. Turunen-Taheri S, Hagerman Sirelius A, Hellström S, Skjönsberg Å & Backenroth G. Combined severe-to-profound hearing and vision impairment – experiences of daily life and need of support, an interview study. [Manuscript]</p
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