1,720,985 research outputs found
Identification Of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolates From Malaysia
Full text linkInfectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory, urogenital and reproduction disease of chickens and it is distributed worldwide. The disease is caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). IBV is a member of the genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae and it has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of 27.6 kb. It possesses prominent surface spikes and has three major structural proteins; the spike (S) glycoprotein, the small integral membrane (M) glycoprotein and nucleocapsid (N) protein. In the commercial poultry industry, vaccination is used to control the disease. Despite vaccination program the disease continues to occur because IBV can exist in many serotypes. In many incidences, the existing vaccines are not able to provide full protection to the chickens against infectious bronchitis disease. The immune response stimulated to one serotype does not offer cross protection to another serotype. Moreover, the avian coronavirus capable of mutating and many IBV variants has been reported in many countries. Thus, it is crucial to develop a fast, sensitive and specific diagnostic technique to diagnose and identify the causative agent in order to control the disease spread. In recent years the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT-PCR-RFLP), cloning and genes sequencing had been used increasingly to detect and analyses IBV isolates. The objectives of these studies were to compare and optimize reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to diagnose IBV, to differentiate the Mass strain, and to characterize variant IBV isolated from this study. In this study, one-step and two-step RT-PCR techniques were used to amplify the conserved gene region of IBV by using universal and designed primers. This study was conducted on IBV isolates from year 1991 until 2003. In differentiation studies, isolates were group into serotype using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Isolates recognized to be non Mass was further amplified their hypervariable region of S gene by using RT-PCR followed by RFLP technique to screen for nephropathogenic strain. Out of 31 IBV isolates, nine Mass strain were found. Following RT-PCR-RFLP, only one isolate showed different fragment pattern compared to nephropathogenic origin (MH5365/95). This particular isolates designated as V9/03 was neither Mass nor non-nephropathogenic serotype. The S1 region of V9/03 was further cloned, sequenced and its nucleotide and amino acid were compared to nephropathogenic MH5365/95 and Mass derivatives as well other references strains obtained from Gene bank. The V9/03 showed sequence homology to Taiwan (AY606321) and Korean (AY257060) strain with 82.5% and 81.6% identities respectively. The V9/03 has lower sequences homology (less than 80%) with nephropathogenic (MH5365/95) and Mass derivatives. The phylogenetic studies indicate that the strain V9/03 could be a local variant IBV which is different from local nephropathogenic MH5365/95 and vaccine strain. This study showed that variant IBV is circulating in the field as result of mutation of IBV due to the prolonged use of live virus vaccines and the immunological pressure of the virus to keep on survival in immune birds
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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