1,723,528 research outputs found
On the dangers of decentralization
No full textThe author highlights some of the dangers of decentralizations. The benefits of decentralization in allocative efficiency are not as obvious as suggested by the standard theory of fiscal federalism. The assumptions of this theory are fragile. These doubtful benefits might carry a cost in production efficiency, but more empirical research is needed on this point. What is not doubtful is that decentralization runs counter to redistribution and stabilization. Decentralization makes redistributive policies, whether interpersonal or interjurisdictional, more difficult, if not impossible. Decentralization also makes macroeconomic stabilization programs more difficult to implement because subnational government fiscal policies can run counter to national policies. Serious drawbacks or potential drawbacks should be considered in designing any decentralization program. The arguments that the author develops make it easier to understand some of the real choices. These choices are not so much whether to decentralize in general but rather what functions to decentralize - in which sectors, and in which regions. Guidelines can be provided on this. Often, the problem is not so much whether a certain service should be provided by a central, regional, or local government, since the service often has to be provided with the intervention of all three levels of government. The real challenge is how to organize the joint production of the service. Decentralization refers simultaneously to a state and to a process. The virtues and dangers of decentralization are often discussed simultaneously for both concepts. This is a dangerous confusion because decentralization is path-dependent. What is desirable in a given country at a certain point in time depends on the present state of decentralization and the speed at which it has been reached. Much more work, particularly empirical work, is needed -- in review of decentralization (or centralization) experiences in general, as well as those encouraged or supported by the World Bank.National Governance,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management,Economic Theory&Research,Pharmaceuticals&Pharmacoeconomics
[The Phila. Gas Works., Engine Drawing Card, Sketch No. 8176]
No full textThis engine drawing card was created for the Philadelphia Gas Works, Class 4-32 C. Section N-4 C. Sketch 8176. Copy Spec. 31-D-11
Linked collectors and determiners for: Etapa final de la captura y catalogación del Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Centro Regional del Bajío.
No full textNatural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Etapa final de la captura y catalogación del Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Centro Regional del Bajío". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="http://bionomia.net/dataset/99ab3167-a2d5-411a-8176-34dc02edee4a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/99ab3167-a2d5-411a-8176-34dc02edee4a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/99ab3167-a2d5-411a-8176-34dc02edee4a">https://gbif.org/dataset/99ab3167-a2d5-411a-8176-34dc02edee4a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Inhibition of RSV replication by ALS-8112 and ALS-8176.
No full text<p>(<b>A</b>) Chemical structure of 2'-fluoro-4'-chloromethyl (2'F-4'ClCH2) cytidine, or ALS-8112. (<b>B</b>) In vitro inhibition potency of ALS-8112 against the RSV A2 and B1 strains grown in HEp-2 cells. The viral RNA level was measured by qRT-PCR, and reported as percentage of the uninhibited condition (n = 3). The effect of ALS-8112 on the viability of human epithelial HEp-2 cells was also evaluated. The highest concentration of ALS-8112 used to measure the concentration resulting in 50% cytotoxicity (CC50) was 100 μM (n = 3). (<b>C</b>) In vitro efficacy of ALS-8112 in a three-dimensional lung model. Primary human tracheal/bronchial epithelial cells from three individual human donors were infected on the apical side with the RSV A2 strain, while increasing concentrations of ALS-8112 were added to the basal medium. (<b>D</b>) Fluorescence microphotographs of HEp-2 cells infected with recombinant RSV-mKate2, in the presence of DMSO, 10 μM ALS-8112, or 10 μM ALS-8176. (<b>E</b>) African Green monkey efficacy model. ALS-8176 was administered BID for a total of 6 days. At the end of treatment (Day 5 post-infection), RSV RNA titers were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples for each group (vehicle and drug) containing four animals. Limit of detection (LOD) for qRT-PCR analysis was 50 copies/mL (dashed line).</p
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Asie : Himalaya : Népal : Région de développement Ouest : Zone du Dhaulagiri : Face Sud (à gauche) et Est (à droite) du Dhaulagiri (8176 m)
No full textLégende manuscrite sur le document original : "Dhaulaghiri I (8176 m)." Géolocalisation : hypothèse de géolocalisation exacte
Distribution of all live births in five years prior to survey, by delivery location, by zone, Tanzania DHS 2010 (n = 8176).
No full text<p>Distribution of all live births in five years prior to survey, by delivery location, by zone, Tanzania DHS 2010 (n = 8176).</p
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