1,724,579 research outputs found
How Amsterdam got fiat money
Get PDFWe investigate a fiat money system introduced by the Bank of Amsterdam in 1683. Using data from the Amsterdam Municipal Archives, we partially reconstruct changes in the bank's balance sheet from 1666 through 1702. Our calculations show that the Bank of Amsterdam, founded in 1609, was engaged in two archetypal central bank activities—lending and open market operations—both before and after its adoption of a fiat standard. After 1683, the bank was able to conduct more regular and aggressive policy interventions, from a virtually nonexistent capital base. The bank's successful experimentation with a fiat standard foreshadows later developments in the history of central banking.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
TESTING THE GRAVITATIONAL-FIELD IN ELLIPTIC GALAXIES - NGC-5077
No full textNGC 5077 is an elliptical galaxy with a disk of ionized gas along its minor axis. Observations of the structure and kinematics of this gas disk allow us to investigate both the intrinsic shape and the mass distribution of the underlying galaxy. The rotation axis of the gas disk is displaced by 23-degrees +/- 5-degrees from the apparent major axis of the galaxy, so the gas cannot lie in the equatorial plane of an axisymmetric potential. If the galaxy is triaxial and the gas disk has settled into a principal plane then there are two possible configurations, both with the gas on elliptical orbits. One is an oblate triaxial system with the gas in a plane perpendicular to the longest axis, the other is a prolate triaxial galaxy with the gas in the plane perpendicular to the shortest axis. Alternatively, the gas may lie in the warped and precessing polar ring around an oblate galaxy - in this case the gas must have been acquired recently, probably less than 10(9) yr ago. The observed rotation curve of the gas rises slowly, reaching a peak at approximately 10" from the nucleus. For circular orbits in a spherical potential, this would imply a decrease of M/L toward the center, since the core radius of the light is 1" or less. For gas on elliptic orbits, however, the precise shape of the observed rotation curve will depend on the viewing angle. If the gas lies in a warped polar ring, material further out may be seen in projection close to the center so that the observed rotation velocity is much less than the true circular speed. For NGC 5077, we construct various triaxial and oblate mass models which have constant M/L and are consistent both with the observed velocity fields of gas and stars and with the central mass-to-light ratio implied by the observed stellar velocity dispersion. Thus the slowly rising rotation curve of the gas in NGC 5077 does not require the presence of dark matter in the inner regions
TESTING THE GRAVITATIONAL-FIELD IN ELLIPTIC GALAXIES - NGC-5077
No full textNGC 5077 is an elliptical galaxy with a disk of ionized gas along its minor axis. Observations of the structure and kinematics of this gas disk allow us to investigate both the intrinsic shape and the mass distribution of the underlying galaxy.The rotation axis of the gas disk is displaced by 23-degrees +/- 5-degrees from the apparent major axis of the galaxy, so the gas cannot lie in the equatorial plane of an axisymmetric potential. If the galaxy is triaxial and the gas disk has settled into a principal plane then there are two possible configurations, both with the gas on elliptical orbits. One is an oblate triaxial system with the gas in a plane perpendicular to the longest axis, the other is a prolate triaxial galaxy with the gas in the plane perpendicular to the shortest axis. Alternatively, the gas may lie in the warped and precessing polar ring around an oblate galaxy - in this case the gas must have been acquired recently, probably less than 10(9) yr ago.The observed rotation curve of the gas rises slowly, reaching a peak at approximately 10" from the nucleus. For circular orbits in a spherical potential, this would imply a decrease of M/L toward the center, since the core radius of the light is 1" or less. For gas on elliptic orbits, however, the precise shape of the observed rotation curve will depend on the viewing angle. If the gas lies in a warped polar ring, material further out may be seen in projection close to the center so that the observed rotation velocity is much less than the true circular speed.For NGC 5077, we construct various triaxial and oblate mass models which have constant M/L and are consistent both with the observed velocity fields of gas and stars and with the central mass-to-light ratio implied by the observed stellar velocity dispersion. Thus the slowly rising rotation curve of the gas in NGC 5077 does not require the presence of dark matter in the inner regions.</p
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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