241 research outputs found
Arbitration agreement and non-signatories : a comparative perspective and Polish solutions
No full textThe article touches on the problem of an extension of an arbitration agreement towards non-signatories. Firstly, the author describes and categorizes grounds for such extension in the comparative perspective taking into account opinions formulated by international practitioners, court decisions and arbitral awards. Secondly, the author evaluates them through a perspective of a possibility of their application to the Polish legal system. The author conducts an analysis of the grounds for the extension of arbitration agreement towards non-signatories under the current Polish statutory measures and tries to compare them to those existing in international context. Moreover, the article concerns potential obstacles and threats related to an adoption of these grounds in Polish law
Signatories of the Declaration of february 16, 1949.
No full textReikšminiai žodžiai: 1949 m. Vasario 16-osios Deklaracija; Antikomunistinis pasipriešinimas; Antisovietinis pasipriešinimas; Partizaninis judėjimas; Partizanų vadai; Pasipriešinimas; Anti-communist resistance; Anti-soviet resistance; Declaration of February 16, 1949; Partisan resistance; Partisans' lyders; ResistanceThe article is dedicated to the history of the Lithuanian post-war resistance. On February 16, 1949, the Lithuanian Partisans Declaration was signed. The author of this article presents the eight signatories of this declaration. Through biographical details, we are introduced to the life of these persons prior to becoming partisans; it is revealed how the people leading the resistance fight matured as individuals, what connected them. The memories of their close family and comrades, the written heritage of the discussed persons, help define the most prominent features of the signatories, create a multi-faceted portrait of the partisan leadership
The campaign for democratic socialism 1960-1964.
No full textPhDIn early 1960 it seemed likely that the official Labour
Party defence policy would be defeated by a unilateralist
resolution at the Scarborough Conference. In response to
this possibility the Campaign for Democratic Socialism,
or CDS, was established.
The CDS projected the image of a grass-roots movement
inspired by Gaitskell's "fight and fight again" speech.
But it was run by a Campaign Committee which included
leading members of the Party like Tony Crosland, Roy
Jenkins and Patrick Gordon Walker, as well as less well
known members like Bill Rodgers, Dick Taverne, Philip
Williams, Brian Walden, Denis Howell and David Marquand.
This highly talented group launched an elaborate and
successful lobbying, publicity and briefing operation
which was influential in overturning the unilateralist
vote at the Blackpool Conference of 1961. After Blackpool
the Campaign helped many of its leading members find
seats in the House of Commons while continuing to put the
"revisionist" case through its newspaper Campaign.
The importance of the CDS in the history of the Labour
Party is, primarily, as the first internal pressure group
organised by the right of the Party. It was also the
first internal Party group to use such sophisticated
lobbying techniques. Moreover, the subsequent careers of
the leading members of the Campaign influenced the
development of the Labour Party. The CDS was an important
formative political action for many of them. Finally many
of the CDS supporters set-up or joined the SDP when it
was launched
Attorneys\u27 Fees for Contractual Non-Signatories Under California Civil Code 1717: A Remedy in Search of a Rationale
No full textCalifornia courts have altered the American Rule for attorney’s fees in contract actions pursuant to California Civil Code Section 1717, which makes contractual fee shifting provisions reciprocal. The Author illustrates some of the problems with this section and how it has led to inequitable and unpredictable results. This Article argues that the statute should be revised in order to clarify that contractual fee-shifting applies only to signatories to the contract
Binding non-signatories to an arbitration agreement
No full textPrzedmiotem badań rozprawy doktorskiej jest problematyka związania podmiotów trzecich umową arbitrażową. Na potrzeby rozprawy sformułowano tezę badawczą, wedle której aktualne regulacje prawne oraz praktyka orzecznicza są niewystarczające i nie służą szerszemu rozwojowi instytucji w prawie polskim. W efekcie nieprzygotowanie doktryny i orzecznictwa w zakresie wykładni klauzul arbitrażowych może skutkować stanem niepewności wśród użytkowników arbitrażu. W konsekwencji sformułowano dwa cele badawcze pracy.
Pierwszym celem było zbadanie istniejącego stanu rzeczy w zakresie obecnie obowiązujących przepisów prawa polskiego oraz praktyki orzeczniczej. Przeprowadzone badania doprowadziły do wniosku, że pewne grupy uregulowań nie będą przydatne w celu wiązania podmiotów trzecich umową arbitrażową. Jednocześnie zidentyfikowano sporą grupę uregulowań, która może być wykorzystywana w tym celu.
Drugim celem badawczym pracy było sformułowanie wniosków dotyczących możliwości uzupełnienia krajowej regulacji prawnej. W tym celu przeprowadzono badania prawnoporównawcze na czterech wybranych, reprezentatywnych systemach prawa obcego. Analiza zagranicznych rozwiązań potwierdziła zasadność poszerzenia polskiej regulacji
o przepisy regulujące przebicie zasłony korporacyjnej.
Rozprawa została podzielona na trzy główne rozdziały. W rozdziale pierwszym wskazano oraz zwięźle omówiono krajowe i międzynarodowe akty prawne regulujące umowę arbitrażową. Następnie przedstawione zostały ogólna konstrukcja oraz charakter prawny umowy arbitrażowej. Jako że często wskazuje się na znaczenie formy w kontekście zakresu podmiotowego umowy arbitrażowej, istotnym zagadnieniem wstępnym poddanym analizie
w tej części rozprawy jest forma umowy arbitrażowej. Rozdział zawiera również omówienie zasady niezależności umowy arbitrażowej oraz uprawnienia sądu polubownego do badania swojej właściwości.
Rozdział drugi poświęcono zakresowi podmiotowemu umowy arbitrażowej w czterech reprezentatywnych systemach prawa obcego. Poddane analizie porządki prawne obejmują systemy normatywne Anglii i Walii, Francji, Szwajcarii oraz USA. Powyższy wybór uwzględnia zarówno systemy prawa kontynentalnego, tj. germański (Szwajcaria) i romański (Francja), jak i systemy common law (Anglia i Walia, USA). Przy wyborze istotne były szczególne cechy każdego ze wskazanych systemów prawa obcego.
Analizę rozwiązań szczegółowych każdorazowo poprzedzono uwagami ogólnymi, odnoszącymi się do regulacji prawnych oraz środowiska arbitrażowego. Badaniu prawnemu poddano najbardziej charakterystyczne dla każdego systemu konstrukcje, za pomocą których sądy i trybunały dokonują wiązania podmiotów trzecich umową arbitrażową.
Trzeci rozdział rozprawy poświęcono analizie konstrukcji prawnych w prawie polskim umożliwiających wiązanie podmiotów trzecich umową arbitrażową. Badaniu poddano orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego oraz sądów niższych instancji. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono orzeczeniom Izby Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych Sądu Najwyższego, dotyczącym przebijania zasłony korporacyjnej. Wynika to z faktu, że konstrukcja przebicia zasłony korporacyjnej została wprowadzona do polskiego systemu prawnego w drodze orzecznictwa
z zakresu prawa pracy. Mając na uwadze rozwój instytucji w zagranicznej praktyce arbitrażowej zasadne było postawienie pytania, czy instytucja ta mogłaby znaleźć zastosowanie również w krajowym arbitrażu.
W ostatniej części pracy – podsumowaniu – przedstawiono najważniejsze wnioski
de lege lata oraz sformułowano postulaty de lege ferenda.The subject of the PhD thesis research is the issue of binding non-signatories to arbitration agreements. For the purposes of the dissertation, a research thesis was formulated that current legal regulations and jurisprudence practice are insufficient and do not serve the broader development of the institution in Polish law. As a result, failure to prepare domestic doctrine and judicial practice regarding the interpretation of arbitration agreements may result in a state of uncertainty among arbitration users. Consequently, two research objectives were formulated.
The first objective was to examine the current state of affairs in the area of currently applicable provisions of Polish law and judicial practice. The conducted research led to the conclusion that certain groups of regulations would not be useful in binding non-signatories to arbitration agreements. At the same time, the author identified a large group of regulations that may be used for that purpose.
The second objective was to formulate conclusions regarding the possibility of supplementing Polish law with new regulation. For this purpose comparative legal research was conducted on four selected representative foreign legal systems. Analysis of foreign solutions confirmed the need of supplementing Polish law with regulations governing the institution of piercing the corporate veil.
The dissertation is divided into three main chapters. The first chapter indicates and briefly discusses both national and international legal acts regulating arbitration agreements. The general structure and legal character of an arbitration agreement is covered. As the importance of form of an arbitration agreement is often pointed out in this context, this preliminary issue is analysed in this part of the dissertation. The chapter also discusses the separability doctrine and the arbitral tribunal's right to decide on its jurisdiction
(the Competence-Competence principle).
The second chapter is devoted to the personal scope of the arbitration agreement in four selected, representative foreign legal systems. These legal systems include England and Wales, France, Switzerland and the United States of America. The above selection includes both continental law systems, i.e. Germanic (Switzerland) and Romanesque (France), as well as common law systems (England and Wales, United States).
Each time the analysis of detailed solutions is preceded by general remarks regarding legal regulations and arbitration practice in each of these systems. The legal research covered most characteristic institutions of each system, by means of which courts and arbitral tribunals bind non-signatories to arbitration agreements.
The third chapter is devoted to the analysis of Polish legal institutions that enable binding non-signatories to arbitration agreements. The case law of the Supreme Court as well as lower courts was examined. Particular attention was paid to the rulings of the Supreme Court's Labour and Social Security Chamber regarding piercing the corporate veil. This is due to the fact that the institution has been introduced to the Polish legal system by way of labour law cases. Considering the development of the institution in foreign arbitration practice, it was reasonable to examine whether it could be useful in domestic arbitration.
The last part of the work presents the most important comments de lege lata and de lege ferenda
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Progress Report for University of Massachusetts Amherst
No full textThe Progress Report is intended to help signatories assess and track progress toward the goals outlined in their Climate Action Plans and to share that progress with their stakeholders and the general public
Dams : weigh pros and cons case by case
No full textAuthor in publication: John A. Harrison on behalf of 13 signatories (see go.nature.com/f41tt1 for full list)</p
Charter 77, its struggle, problems and accomplishments
No full textThe thesis describes the struggles, problems and accomplishments of Charter 77 since its founding in 1977 until its final days in 1992. The main premise is that Charter 77 was a coalition of different individuals with different political beliefs. The main focus is on Charter 77 signatories' interactions and the problems that arose from their multi-political orientations. The thesis outlines the reasons for Charter 77's anti-political policy and dialogue approach when dealing with the Czechoslovak Communist Government. Furthermore, it deals with Charter 77 during the Velvet Revolution and its involvement in the Civic Forum. In the end the thesis discusses the reasons why Charter 77 is not active in the post-Communist Czech Republic. The research and conclusions are mostly based on interviews with Charter 77 signatories. The interviews were conducted by the author, Richard Pesik, during his visit of the Czech Republic in 1996. In addition, some information is based on questionnaires designed and distributed by the author to the Charter 77 signatories and printed materials collected during his visit. The thesis confirms that there were some problems among Charter 77 signatories during the decision making process due to their political orientations. There were disagreements among some ex-Communist signatories and the non-Communist signatories. The ex-Communists' presence in Charter 77 became a source for attacks against Charter 77 after the Communist downfall. The establishment of political pluralism was the main reason why Charter 77 could not survive in the present Czech Republic
Land Lease A between Carson Estate Company and Fred M. Kuwahara, 1949-1950
No full textDescribes lease agreement from October 1, 1949 to September 30, 1950 between Carson Estate Company and Fred M. Kuwahara with a yearly rent of $1,776. Land is described as approximately 59.2 acres. Carson Estate Company signatories are Edward A. Carson, president and Thomas P. Cooper, secretary
Land Lease D between Carson Estate Company and Harry [Toye], 1949-1950
No full textDescribes agreement beginning June 1, 1949, ending May 31, 1950. Lease on twenty three acres of the Dominguez Colony Tract with a yearly rent of $920. Carson Estate Company signatories are Edward A. Carson, vice president and Thomas P. Cooper, assistant. Harry Toye's signature includes a Long Beach address. Handwritten note "okay" with initials also included
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