1,721,334 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
A Study on the Phoneme System of Chinese Represented in Nineguixing(你呢貴姓)
No full textWhen it comes to studying a certain language, a transcribed material in another language is of high value in that it is recorded from a different perspective about the same one language. Nineguixing(你呢貴姓), the book being examined in this thesis, is an anonymous conversation book that was published for the purpose of learning Chinese during the reign of King Gojong (1864-1906), in the latter half of Joseon. This thesis introduces the transcribing system of Nineguixing, sheds light on the phoneme system of Chinese reflected on Nineguixing by analyzing the transcription, and investigates the transcribing characteristics in the history of phonology.
When the sound system of Chinese is to be apprehended that appears in the Korean-Chinese translation data, the first thing to do is to analyze and understand the transcriptions in a precise way. Accordingly, this thesis classifies the transcriptions of Nineguixing into onsets (initials) and rhymes (finals) and presents them in detail, with the number of their appearance. Furthermore, it looks into the causes for the exceptional transcriptions of some characters from various angles, and diachronically examines the traits of phonological changes represented in the transcriptions of Nineguixing by comparing the book with the other textbooks of learning Chinese in the Joseon era.
The characteristics of the transcriptions shown in Nineguixing can be recapitulated as follows: First, /ㅸ/ was not used at all, which transcribed [f] of Chinese in the existing Korean-Chinese translation data. Rather, both the consonants of [pʰ] and [f] were transcribed as /ㅍ/. Second, the distinction between /ᅎ, ᅔ, ᄼ/ and /ᅐ, ᅕ, ᄾ/, which were used to transcribe dentals and retroflexes of Chinese, respectively, disappeared, and only /ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅅ/ were used to transcribe all the dentals. Third, there is a tendency not to distinguish [n] from [l]. Fourth, the fortis series were represented as /ㅺ/ and /ㅆ/ in the transcriptions. Fifth, /ᅀ/ was never used, which was for the sounds starting in /z/, and /ㅇ/ was substituted in most cases. Sixth, the [ai] rhyme was transcribed as /ㆎ/, not as /ㅐ/ which was traditionally utilized. Seventh, /ㅔ/ was used to represent the [ie] rhyme, not the [ei] rhyme. Eighth, mostly, there is ‘ㅣ[i]’ inserted between the onset consonant and the main vowel in transcribing the retroflexes.
Based on these characteristics of the transcriptions, we can summarize the traits of the phonological change as in the following: In the first place, the palatalization of glottal sounds were not completed. Among Jian xi consonants(見系聲母) that were supposed to be palatalized, only 66% of them became palatalized, and the rest showed two transcriptions, i.e., /ㄱ, ㅈ/, which seemed to be transient. Second, Er hwa(兒化), accompanied by the loss of the medieval sounds starting in /z/ (日母字), was reflected. In the transcriptions, the onset of the sounds with /z/ (日母) seemed to be nullified in most cases. Third, the insertion of [i] in transcribing the retroflex cast doubt on the perfection of retroflexion. However, this insertion rather reflects the process of retroflexion. Lastly, the rounded vowels were extended to include /ㅟ/, in addition to /ㅠ/ and /ㆌ/.
The phoneme system and characteristics of Nineguixing can be generalized based on the discussion above.
First, the transcribing system of Nineguixing is inconsistent and irregular, compared to the existing books of transliteration in the period of Joseon. This seems to be ascribed to the fact that the contemporary actual sounds were written down for the sake of practical Chinese conversation, and it was not made by the government interpreters who had deep knowledge of phonology. Although Nineguixing has less systematic transcriptions than the extant transliteration books by the Ministry of Interpretation, it basically reflects the phonological system of the northern dialect of Chinese, and takes a similar shape of modern Chinese. Therefore, Nineguixing is an invaluable source since it contains the vivid data of the contemporary spoken dialect of the northern China.
Second, the comparison between the transcribing system and phonological phenomena shown in Nineguixing, and those of Hwaeumgyemong(華音啓蒙 : Learning Chinese Sounds, 1883), and Hwaeumgyemongeonhae(華音啓蒙諺解 : The Reference Book of Learning Chinese Sounds, after 1883) reveals that Nineguixing is much more similar to Hwaeumgyemong than to Hwaeumgyemongeonhae. Besides, the phonological changes being consummated in Hwaeumgyemongeonhae are observed to be in progress in Nineguixing. Hence, if Nineguixing contained the contemporary sounds enough to reflect the reality, the time for Nineguixing is surmised to be the 1800s when Hwaeumgyemong was created, under King Gojong's government in the later Joseon.
The study of this thesis is in the same vein as the researches of government transliteration books such as Nogeoldae, Baktongsa or Hwaeumgyemongeonhae in that it deals with a Chinese textbook of the Joseon era. On the other hand, it is distinct from the others in that it examines a practical material for lay people's leaning Chinese conversation, not the literature published by the government office of interpretation. A further extended investigation into the Korean-Chinese translation literature, by virtue of its value, needs to be continued, and this thesis is expected to be a small cornerstone of the future researches.;한 나라의 언어를 연구함에 있어 해당 언어를 다른 나라의 언어로 표기해 놓은 외국어 轉寫 자료는 동일한 언어에 대한 서로 다른 각도에서의 기록이라는 점에서 매우 중요한 가치를 지닌다. 본 논문에서 연구 대상으로 삼은 《你呢貴姓》은 조선후기 고종 연간(1864-1906)에 중국어 학습을 위해 간행된 저자 미상의 중국어 회화책이다. 본고에서는 아직 구체적으로 연구된 적이 없는《你呢貴姓》의 轉寫 체계를 소개하고, 轉寫 표기의 분석을 통하여 《你呢貴姓》에 반영된 중국어 음운 체계를 밝히고 그 음운사적 특징을 고찰하였다.
韓漢對譯자료에 나타난 중국어 음운 체계를 파악하고자 할 때 가장 선행되어야 할 작업은 그 轉寫 표기에 대한 정확한 분석과 이해일 것이다. 따라서 본고는 《你呢貴姓》의 轉寫 표기들을 聲母와 韻母로 나누어 그 등장 횟수와 함께 자세히 제시하고 예외적 표기를 보여주는 글자들의 원인을 여러 각도에서 찾아보았으며, 아울러 조선시대의 다른 중국어 교재와의 비교를 통해 《你呢貴姓》의 轉寫 표기에 나타난 음운 변화의 특징들을 통시적으로 살펴보았다.
먼저 《你呢貴姓》의 轉寫 표기상의 특징을 요약하면 다음과 같다.
첫째, 기존의 韓漢對譯자료들에서 중국어의 [f]음을 轉寫하기 위해 사용되던 /ㅸ/이 전혀 사용되지 않고, [pʰ]聲母와 [f]聲母를 모두 /ㅍ/로 표기하고 있다.
둘째, 중국어의 齒頭音과 正齒音을 구별하기 위하여 사용되던 /ᅎ, ᅔ, ᄼ/와 /ᅐ, ᅕ, ᄾ/ 표기가 사라지고 /ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅅ/만을 사용하여 齒音系字를 표기하였다.
셋째, [n]聲母와 [l]聲母가 명확히 구분되지 않는 양상을 보인다.
넷째, 硬音을 나타내기 위해 /ㅺ/과 /ㅆ/이 轉寫에 사용되었다.
다섯째, 18세기까지 日母字의 표기에 사용되던 /ᅀ/가 전혀 쓰이지 않고 대부분 /ㅇ/으로 표기되었다.
여섯째, [-ai]韻母를 나타내는 표기로 /ㆎ/를 사용하고 있으며 전통적으로 사용되었던 /ㅐ/표기는 단 하나도 보이지 않는다.
일곱째, /ㅔ/가 [-ei]韻母를 표기하는데 사용되지 않고 [-ie]韻母를 표기하는데 사용되었다. 여덟째, 捲舌音字를 표기함에 있어 대개의 경우 聲母와 韻腹音(主要母音) 사이에 介音 ‘ㅣ[i]’를 개재시키고 있다.
이상의 轉寫 표기상의 특징을 바탕으로 《你呢貴姓》에 나타난 음운 변화의 특징을 살펴보면 다음과 같다.
첫째, 喉牙音의 口蓋音化가 완성되지 않았다. 見系聲母 口蓋音化 대상字 중 완전히 口蓋音化 한 字는 66%에 불과하며, 나머지는 /ㄱ, ㅈ/의 두 가지 표기를 보이는 등 과도기적 양상을 보인다.
둘째, 中古 日母의 소실과 함께 일어난 ‘兒化’를 반영하고 있으며, 표기상 대부분 日母字의 聲母가 零聲母化한 모습을 보인다.
셋째, 捲舌音化에 대한 상황은 捲舌音字의 표기에 대부분 介音 [i]가 첨가된 양상을 보여 捲舌音化의 완성에 의심스러운 면을 보이고 있지만, 오히려 介音 [i]를 첨가해 捲舌音化를 반영하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다.
넷째, 撮口呼가 발전하여 기존의 /ㅠ/, /ㆌ/표기 이외에 /ㅟ/의 표기를 보인다.
이상의 사항들을 토대로 《你呢貴姓》의 음운 체계와 그 특징에 대해 종합적인 결론을 내리면 다음과 같다.
첫째, 《你呢貴姓》의 轉寫체계는 기존의 조선시대 譯音書에 비해 일관성이 떨어지고 불규칙적이다. 이는 《你呢貴姓》의 제작 성격상, 정통한 음운 지식을 가진 사역원 역관들에 의해 국가적 차원에서 제작된 것이 아니라 실용적인 중국어 회화를 목적으로 당시 실제 현실음의 기록을 위주로 하였기 때문으로 보인다. 기존의 사역원 譯音書에 비해 체계적인 轉寫 체계를 가지고 있지는 않지만 《你呢貴姓》은 기본적으로 중국 北方語의 음운 체계를 반영하고 있으며, 거의 현대 중국어와 동일한 모습을 보이고 있다. 따라서 《你呢貴姓》은 당시 北方 중국어의 생생한 口語를 살펴볼 수 있다는 데에 그 자료적 가치가 있다고 할 수 있다.
둘째, 《你呢貴姓》의 轉寫 체계와 이에 반영된 음운 현상들을 비슷한 시기 제작된 《華音啓蒙》(1883년) 및 《華音啓蒙諺解》(1883년 이후)와 비교해보면, 《華音啓蒙諺解》보다는 《華音啓蒙》과 상당히 유사한 것을 알 수 있으며, 《華音啓蒙諺解》에서 완성단계에 있는 음운 변화들이 《你呢貴姓》에서는 진행 중에 있는 모습이 관찰된다. 따라서 《你呢貴姓》이 당시 현실음을 충분히 반영한 자료라면 《你呢貴姓》의 제작 시기는 《華音啓蒙》과 같은 시기인 조선 후기 고종 연간 1800년대 후반 정도로 짐작할 수 있다.
본 연구는 조선시대 중국어 교재를 그 대상으로 하였다는 점에서 老乞大 ․ 朴通事類나 《華音啓蒙諺解》와 같은 사역원 譯音書들에 대한 연구와 그 맥을 같이하며, 국가 기관인 사역원에서 간행된 문헌이 아닌 민간의 무역 중국어 회화를 위해 제작된 실용적인 자료의 연구라는 점에서 기존의 연구들과 차별성을 가지고 있다. 韓漢對譯 문헌들에 대한 연구는 그 자료적 가치로 볼 때 앞으로 보다 폭넓은 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이며 본 논문이 앞으로의 지속적인 연구에 작은 밑거름이 되길 기대해 본다.國文要約 = ⅲ
Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
1. 연구동기 = 1
2. 연구방법 = 3
3. 연구자료검토 = 4
Ⅱ.《你呢貴姓》의 轉寫 표기상의 특징 = 7
1. 聲母 = 8
2. 韻母 = 11
Ⅲ.《你呢貴姓》의 中國語 音韻 體系 = 15
1.《你呢貴姓》의 聲母 體系 = 15
2.《你呢貴姓》의 韻母 體系 = 35
Ⅳ.《你呢貴姓》에 나타난 音韻 특징에 대한 通時的 고찰 = 52
1. 聲母 = 52
1) 口蓋音化 = 52
2) 日母字의 變化 = 55
2. 韻母 = 57
1) 捲舌音化 = 57
2) 撮口呼의 變化 = 61
Ⅴ. 결론 = 63
參考文獻 = 67
부록 :《你呢貴姓》원문 = 71
Abstract = 8
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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