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    Norfolk & Western (NW) 2046

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    A photograph print showing the Norfolk & Western (NW) 2046, 2-8-8-2, Roanoke, VA

    2046 - en filmanalyse

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    In the year of 1997, Hong Kong was reunited, according to the agreement of “The Joint Declaration”, with the rest of China after more than 150 years of colonial rule. This history has influenced the state of mind of most citizens in the area, why the national identity has never been quite as strong as in most of the modern world. This has influenced many filmmakers, of which one of the most praised in the international world of film is Wong Kar-wai. This has inspired us to study in which way Wong reflects on society of Hong Kong in his films. Some of the most explicit comments Wong has made on this subject, is in 2046, which has been referred to as a collective conclusion on all his film to date. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the film 2046, made on the basis of an exposition on relevant elements of Hong Kong history and culture, which hopefully gives a foundation for understanding a film from and about a foreign culture. In the analysis we focus not only on the film’s reflection on Hong Kong, but also on a study of the basic existential conditions of the individual human being, as it is portrayed in 2046. This is done in the light of an essential thematic element in the films of Wong Kar-wai: time, as in past, present and future. This is demonstrated in an attempt to show how 2046 is imbued with nostalgia, not only to a long gone past but also to the very present and even the future. 2046 is in the film a futuristic place one can go to recollect lost memories and nothing ever changes. One simply lives in nostalgia. This is the case for the main characters of the film, in the future and the present of 2046. Their approach to every relationship and every place they enter is always already gone. This is in our analysis the existential condition of the individual, which causes it to drift and wander without any goal in the future or any foundation in a solid past. This is revealed by a transience of every relation figured in the present. Not only are these characteristics conditions for the human life according to the film 2046, it is also the conditions for society of Hong Kong: a place parted by Chinese traditions and Western modernity, with an unknown future ahead. The uncertainty of what would happen after the handover is only postponed by “The Joint Declaration”, which states that the previous capitalist system and the way of life should remain unchanged for 50 years from the handover in 1997. Throughout the film, this is referred to by the lack of the characters' personal development and also very explicitly through several details of the filmIn the year of 1997, Hong Kong was reunited, according to the agreement of “The Joint Declaration”, with the rest of China after more than 150 years of colonial rule. This history has influenced the state of mind of most citizens in the area, why the national identity has never been quite as strong as in most of the modern world. This has influenced many filmmakers, of which one of the most praised in the international world of film is Wong Kar-wai. This has inspired us to study in which way Wong reflects on society of Hong Kong in his films. Some of the most explicit comments Wong has made on this subject, is in 2046, which has been referred to as a collective conclusion on all his film to date. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the film 2046, made on the basis of an exposition on relevant elements of Hong Kong history and culture, which hopefully gives a foundation for understanding a film from and about a foreign culture. In the analysis we focus not only on the film’s reflection on Hong Kong, but also on a study of the basic existential conditions of the individual human being, as it is portrayed in 2046. This is done in the light of an essential thematic element in the films of Wong Kar-wai: time, as in past, present and future. This is demonstrated in an attempt to show how 2046 is imbued with nostalgia, not only to a long gone past but also to the very present and even the future. 2046 is in the film a futuristic place one can go to recollect lost memories and nothing ever changes. One simply lives in nostalgia. This is the case for the main characters of the film, in the future and the present of 2046. Their approach to every relationship and every place they enter is always already gone. This is in our analysis the existential condition of the individual, which causes it to drift and wander without any goal in the future or any foundation in a solid past. This is revealed by a transience of every relation figured in the present. Not only are these characteristics conditions for the human life according to the film 2046, it is also the conditions for society of Hong Kong: a place parted by Chinese traditions and Western modernity, with an unknown future ahead. The uncertainty of what would happen after the handover is only postponed by “The Joint Declaration”, which states that the previous capitalist system and the way of life should remain unchanged for 50 years from the handover in 1997. Throughout the film, this is referred to by the lack of the characters' personal development and also very explicitly through several details of the fil

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Block Card 2046 Miles Avenue

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    This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: Curved bay | Cross gabled | 2046 Miles Avenue (Toledo, Ohio) | Dwelling | Lincolns Subdivision | Auburndale Area (Toledo, Ohio) | Dutch Colonial Styl

    Block Card 2046 Hawthorne Street

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    This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: Cross gabled | 2046 Hawthorne Street (Toledo, Ohio) | Dwelling | Lincolns Subdivision | Auburndale Area (Toledo, Ohio) | Folk House Styl

    Block Card 2046 Broadway Street

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    This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: Italianate Style | 2046 Broadway (Toledo, Ohio) | Dwelling | Wells and Winters Broadway Addition (Toledo, Ohio) | Old South End Area (Toledo, Ohio

    Block Card 2046 Evansdale Avenue

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    This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: Saltbox houses | 2046 Evansdale Avenue (Toledo, Ohio) | Dwelling | Evansdale Addition (Toledo, Ohio) | Colony Area (Toledo, Ohio

    Block Card 2046 Bigelow Street

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    This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: dwelling | 2046 Bigelow Street (Toledo, Ohio) | Ranch houses | Fairfax Extension (Toledo, Ohio) | DeVeaux (Toledo, Ohio) | West Toledo (Toledo, Ohio

    Block Card 2046 Central Avenue

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    This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: Phillips 66 | 2046 Central Avenue (Toledo, Ohio) | Contemporary style | service station | Fairfax Addition (Toledo, Ohio) | DeVeaux (Toledo, Ohio) | West Toledo (Toledo, Ohio
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