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[Ka-shaqaynta haragga I - Lavorazione della pelle I]
No full textOdayaashu waxay markan ka hadlayaan hawlaha laga qabto haragga xoolaha, gaar ahaan hawsha kabatolaha, waxay kaloo, si guud ah, uga hadlayaan farsamooyinka gacanta.In questa conversazione gli anziani parlano di un aspetto particolare della lavorazione della pelle, ovvero quello che riguarda il lavoro del calzolaio, e trattano anche, in maniera più generale, del lavoro degli artigiani.In this conversation the elders talk about a particular aspect of leather manufacturing related to shoemakers' activity, also addressing, in a more general way, handicraftsmen's work.Haasaawe badan oo laga duubay siddeetameeyadii odayaal ka shaqaynaayay Akadeemiyada Cilmiga iyo Fanka iyo Suugaanta ee Muqdisho, iyagoo ka hadlaya hiddaha iyo dhaqanka ee bulshada soomaaliyeed.Registrazioni audio di conversazioni intercorse tra anziani dell'Accademia delle Scienze, delle Arti e della Letteratura di Mogadiscio negli anni '80, su temi relativi alla cultura e alla società tradizionali somale.Conversations between Elders of the Academy of Science, Arts and Literature on arguments related with Somali culture, society and traditions, recorded in Mogadishu in the 80's
Sistemi per il controllo delle risorse distribuite e lo storage in una SmartGrid
No full textLe reti elettriche tradizionali sono state progettate per un funzionamento
radiale e passivo, con completa separazione della rete passiva dell’utente
dalla rete attiva dell’utility in modo da distribuire energia verso milioni di
consumatori da impianti di generazione di grandi dimensione. L’efficienza
di queste reti è limitata dalla necessità di installare capacità di generazione
aggiuntiva per sopperire alla domanda di picco giornaliera. Le smart grid
superano questa criticità prevedendo l’uso diffuso di dispositivi di storage,
sorgenti di energia rinnovabile e smart meter. Il problema di disporre di una
architettura distribuita di controllo efficiente dei dispositivi di accumulo di
energia diventa fondamentale in una smart grid. Infatti la ricarica contemporanea
di un numero troppo elevato di dispositivi di accumulo nella rete a BT
e MT potrebbe sovraccaricare il sistema elettrico, con conseguenti rischi di
black out e crescita dei costi di ripristino del servizio. In questo contesto si
inserisce il tema di ricerca di questo dottorato sui modelli per la realizzazione
di sistemi di controllo per il controllo dello storage e dei carichi passivi in una
smart grid. L’attività di ricerca, condotta sotto la direzione del Prof. Del
Vecchio, ha esplorato le seguenti tematiche:
1. dispositivi di storage: tecnologie di accumulo, specifiche tecniche e
modellamento simulink; 2. progetto e l’implementazione di uno smart agent per il controllo dello
storage in una rete in BT che comprende un impianto fotovoltaico;
3. Test di verifica di correttezza delle funzionalità dello smart agent nell’ambiente
di simulazione Matlab-Simulink, prendendo in considerazione
una sottorete in BT e vari profili di irraggiamento solare; 4. analisi della teoria dei giochi per implementare un sistema di stoccaggio
ottimale in una rete estesa dotata di più nodi di generazione, accumulo e
carichi programmabili
La nominalizzazione sintattica in cinese standard
No full textObiettivo di questo lavoro è l’analisi, nel quadro della linguistica generale, della nominalizzazione sintattica in cinese standard. Con nominalizzazione sintattica si intende il fenomeno per cui entità linguistiche che non sono immagazzinate nel lessico come nomi svolgono funzione nominale in una frase (Simone 2003, 2008, Simone & Pompei 2007). Questo lavoro si colloca quindi nell’ambito dello studio delle parti del discorso, un campo d’indagine vivace, che costituisce una sfida teorica particolarmente interessante nelle lingue che fanno scarso ricorso alla morfologia per la resa delle categorie grammaticali, e non permettono quindi di ricorrere al criterio interlinguisticamente più saliente per la suddivisione delle parti del discorso. Per quanto l’oggetto d’analisi privilegiato sia la lingua cinese, si faranno costanti riferimenti all’italiano, che costituisce un punto di confronto tipologicamente distante dal cinese e che permette a chi scrive intuizioni e consapevolezza proprie del parlante nativo. Non mancheranno, ove utili a fornire paragoni clarificatori, esempi da altre lingue, come l’inglese, il francese, il coreano e il turco
Seismic assessment of as-built and isolated cases of an existing RC bridge through experimental PsD testing
No full textIn Italy most of Infrastructures and highway bridge systems have been
built before the issue of modern seismic design codes. Chiefly, the
existing transportation systems that built in the late 60s and early 70s
were designed primarily for gravity loads. As a result, such systems do
not employ seismic details and hence their structural performance is
inadequate under earthquake ground motions.
To decide for any retrofitting operation, the seismic behaviour of existing
bridges must be assessed. Because the nonlinear procedures are becoming
very popular in the frameworks of structural assessment, there is a need to
accurately simulate authentic model to provide reliable indications about
the performance required to this kind of structures.
Based on these observations, this thesis is devoted to the seismic
assessment of existing RC bridges. In particular, the vulnerability of an
old RC viaduct with portal frame piers equipped with plain steel bars has
been numerically and experimentally investigated. Subsequently, the
retrofitting has been evaluated using Friction Pendulum System isolation
“FPS”.
The nonlinear FE modelling has been executed using OpenSEES software
framework. The local behaviour of the bridge has been taking into
account, mainly, the bond-slip, strain penetration effect of the plain steel
bars, bar buckling and the shear behaviour effect of the transverse beams
of the portal frame piers.
Depending on a previous experimental campaign consisting of cyclically
imposed displacements on 1:4 reduced scale models of a frame pier,
belonging to the same RC highway viaduct, a new experimental activity has been proposed within the RETRO project funded by the European
Union. In particular, Two specimens (scale 1:2.5), 2 floors (total height is
5.8 m) and 3 floors (total height is 10.3 m) one-bay reinforced concrete
frame respectively, were built and tested using the PsD technique with
sub-structuring; the modelling of the entire viaduct is considered along
with the non-linear behaviour of each pier.
During the test campaign, two different configurations for the analysed
viaduct have been considered; “As-built” and “Isolated with Friction
Bearings”. The response of both cases has been compared to evaluate the
effectiveness of the isolation system. To this end, two natural
accelerograms were selected based on studying the seismiogenic zone of
the bridge to represent, according to current seismic codes, the
Serviceability and Ultimate limit states.
Analysis and interpretation of the experimental were achieved throughout
the data recorded by the instrumentation used in the test campaign. The
results have been used to calibrate numerical models and to provide a
detailed analysis of the performance of the as-built configuration and to
show the effectiveness of friction pendulum systems for seismic
protection, which will ultimately lead to guidelines for the assessment and
design of similar structures as part of pre-Normative research in support
to the Eurocodes
Woody biomass combustion modeling in moving grate furnaces
No full textWoody biomass combustion in moving grate furnaces occurs in two distinct regions: the solid bed
region and the freeboard region above the fuel layer. This thesis reports about the work related to
the development of a model to simulate the biomass bed combustion. The developed model is a
1-D transient model and it has been applied to study a multidimensional process such as the
biomass thermal conversion in moving grate furnaces. This is possible since the physical variable
gradients in the direction of the bed height are much higher than those in the direction of the bed
length, thus, thermal and mass exchanges in the grate direction can be neglected. Considering
these observations, the study of the combustion process in moving grate furnaces can be reduced
to the observation of a vertical column of fuel that is moving along the grate inside the furnace
and a 1-D transient system can be used to model the thermal conversion of the biomass fuel inside
the combustion chamber.
Biomass combustion modeling is central to defining the right strategies for controlling and
optimizing the combustion process. Indeed, the quality of the biomass fuels in terms of physical
and chemical properties can vary significantly. Thus, it is readily apparent that a detailed
understanding on what happens when biomass is burned and, in particular, what changes occur
when the fuel characteristics and the operational conditions vary, enables us to make the correct
decisions with respect to the optimal design and operational principles of the biomass combustion
applications.
The process of biomass combustion involves a series of physical and chemical phenomena strictly
coupled with each other and, irrespective of the complexity of the combustion technology and
fuel characteristics, they can be divided in: initial heating, moisture evaporation, devolatilization of
volatile matter ad char formation, heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions and bed shrinkage.
While these phenomena proceed, the gases flowing through the packed bed and the biomass
particles exchange heat and mass between each other. Under a mathematical point of view the
simulation model is a 1-D system of partial differential equations (PDE’s). To solve this system, the
calculation domain and the PDE’s have been discretized to obtain an algebraic system of
equations. The calculation domain was divided into a number of non-overlapping control volumes
which surround each grid point. In the meshed geometry, obtained with this procedure, all the
variables are defined at the grid points. To discretize the diffusion term of the equations a
piecewise linear profile for the variables was assumed, whereas for the convective term the
upwind scheme was adopted. In this scheme, the internal conditions of the cell in term of
concentration, temperature, velocity and density define the output of the calculation node. Once
the system has been discretized, the Modified Newton Method was applied to minimize the
equation residuals and find the solution vector.
To come to the formulation of the simulation program an accurate literature review on biomass
combustion modeling and experiments has been done. This part represents a complete outline on
the state of the art on biomass combustion modeling and experiments and enabled us to make
the right decisions regarding which mathematical formulations to adopt for the simulation of the
different phenomena.
The last part of the model development was its validation against experimental results. The
comparison between the simulation outcomes and the experimental measurements showed good
prediction capability of the developed program and allowed its utilization with the aim to study
biomass bed combustion on moving grates furnaces.
With this purpose a series of six simulations were performed and their results were presented and
discussed. The simulations took into account the same kind of woody biomass with two different
amounts of moisture and under different operational conditions in terms of inlet air flow rate and
temperature. The results have shown that a higher moisture content increases the combustion
time since it reduces the bed temperature and slows down the combustion reaction rate;
moreover, a reduction of the inlet air flow rate reduces the combustion time in case of reaction
limited regime because of the reduction of the cooling effect of the gases that pass through the
bed. Finally, the utilization of pre-heated air reduces the duration of the combustion process
because the biomass bed at the reaction front is already drier and warmer. This ensures a higher
combustion rate.
To conclude it has to be considered that, the outcomes of the developed model, in terms of gas
temperature, composition and flow rate, are structured to be used as inlet data for a
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the gaseous phase combustion in the chamber
above the solid bed, in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the biomass combustion
dynamics
Large-scale Plinian eruptions of the Colli Albani and the Campi Flegrei volcanoes : insights from textural and rheological studies
No full textIn this study we investigated the mechanisms responsible for generating largescale
Plinian eruptions.
First, a detailed discussion of the state of the art of textural and rheological
studies, explaining the main theories applied in the present work Then, eruptions
with different compositions, and different viscosities, are chosen: phono-tephrites
(Pozzolane Rosse) and tephri-phonites (Pozzolane Nere) from the Colli Albani
volcano and trachytes (Agnano Monte Spina) from the Campi Flegrei caldera. All
these magmas, despite their variability in chemistry and textural parameters,
generate high explosive eruptions accompanied by caldera-forming events.
Following an introductory part explaining the main features of the Colli Albani
volcano, concerning geological setting, geochemical background and volcanic
stratigraphy, we carried out combined investigation of textural, physical and
chemical characteristics of scoria clasts (density, Vesicle Size Distributions,
Crystal Size Distribution, viscosity), structural features of the deposit (grain-size,
maximum clast size, composition) and eruption parameters (ejected volume,
column height and discharge rate) of two of the largest ignimbrites of the Colli
Albani volcano: the Pozzolane Rosse (RED, 457±4 ka) and the Pozzolane Nere
(PNR, 407±4 ka) ignimbrites. Scoria clasts were analyzed in order to quantify
textural features in scoriae from individual stratigraphic levels and to measure
changes in vesicularity and crystallinity during the major shifts in eruptive
intensity and style at Colli Albani volcano. Particular attention was given to the
PNR fallout phase to reconstruct the main triggering factors and the first phases of
the eruption. In order to evaluate the influence of the viscosity during the rise and
the effect of crystal on the rheology itself, we carried out experiments with a
concentric cylinder viscometer on the remelted PNR fallout. At high temperatures
(1100-1225° C) the viscosity falls within the range 101.04 - 103.64 Pa s, while at low
temperature (690-800° C) it ranges between 109.23 -1012 .15 Pa s. The effect of the
crystals was evaluated by isothermal crystallization experiments in the region of
subliquidus, in a range of T between 1193 and 1240° C at constant strain rate of 0.1 s-1. The experimental products were analyzed by the microprobe chemical
analyses and observed under an optical microscope and scanning electron (SEM)
for the textural analysis. The mineralogical assembly is constituted by the constant
presence of leucite and iron oxides. The total percentage of the crystalline phases
varies between about 6-22 % depending on the experimental temperature. On the
basis of chemical and textural analysis, a model has been developed to predict the
variation of the viscosity of the suspension liquid + crystals + bubbles to different
water contents along the entire eruption of PNR. The relative influence of magma
internal dynamic (viscosity changes) versus external factors (i,e, the vent
diameter) responsible for the fall out-flow transition are discussed. We calculated
the decompression rates, through the VNDs and determining some peculiar
properties of the magma (e.g. diffusivity, density of the magma, surface tension).
The decompression rates for the PNR are very fast and tend to decrease arising
along the eruption. Subsequently, an implemented version of Conflow model
(Mastin and Ghiorso 2000) called Confort2 was presented. The main
modifications concern the liquid viscosity and crystal-bearing rheology
determination, as well as the fragmentation criteria. The modified Fortran version
Confort2 formulated can be applied to all natural magmas compositions, also
including the peralkaline melts (pantelleritites) excluded in the original version.
Furthermore, the crystal-bearing rheology was improved adding the effect of
crystal shape on the rheology of natural magmatic suspensions and expanding the
crystal content range in which it could originally be modeled (the original version
of Confort works for crystal content up to 30%).
This Fortran modified version Confort2 was applied on Pozzolane Nere eruption.
Based on the investigations and on simulations, a model for the volcanological
evolution of the Colli Albani ignimbrite eruptions is then presented.
Then, we analyzed the textural characteristics and physical properties of the three
major fallouts (A1, B1bottom and top, D1) and on the respective pyroclastic flows
and surges (A2, B2, D2) of the Agnano Monte Spina eruption. The aim of this
study was to relate the textural features of the deposit to intrinsic parameters of
the magma during ascent along the conduit and to understand to what extent, if
any, changes in the intrinsic properties of the magma may have affected the course of the eruption for the Agnano Monte Spina case. A combination of field,
grain-size, density, Vesicle size distribution, Crystal size distribution, fine-ash
morphologies and experimental viscosity investigations was carried out. The
results of this study lead us to propose an eruptive scenario, taking particularly
into account the role of volatiles into the different transitions between sustained
and collapsed column. FTIR analyses show initial water content for A, B and D
members of 1.77, 2.12 and 2.72 wt% (MIs, Arienzo, pers.comm.) and residual
water content of 0.88-0.75 wt% (A1-A2), 0.72-0.60 wt% (B1-B2), 0.81-0.74 wt%
(D1-D2). Isothermal viscosity measurements in the subliquidus region and their
extrapolation at the eruptive temperature of 827°C and 945° C under different
water contents, allow us to estimate the effect of crystals and vesicles on the AMS
magmas. At estimated eruptive conditions and water content, viscosity of AMS
magma reaches very high values compatible with the eruptive style of the
eruption. Fragile fragmentation can be expected to occur.
Values of viscosity of the AMS suspensions of the various members do not show
variations greater than 0.6 logPa s as a function of crystal or bubble content. We
can hence suggest that changes in viscosity during the eruption do not contribute
significantly to variations in the eruption dynamics. We calculated the
decompression rates which present a non-linear behavior. In general, the AMS
eruption velocities are lower than the PNR ones (up to 120 m/s for D member),
closer to the standard values for Plinian eruptions and mass discharges are
comparable with those expected, ranging between 107-108 kg/s. A reconstruction
of the eruptive sequence of the AMS eruption was then performed based on all
textural, stratigraphic and rheological analyses.
Finally, we presented a comparison between textural and rheological results of
PNR and AMS eruptions, with special attention to the analyses of the transitions
from sustained to collapsed column
Study of seawater intrusion in the coastal areas of Circeo National Park and Litorale Romano Natural Reserve, for the implementation of numerical modeling methods
No full textCoastal plains represent the most populated areas of the world because they allow an industrial, urban and
agricultural development. Groundwater is the main resource in coastal plains and it can satisfy the water demand
for these activities. Coastal aquifers represent the place where continental freshwater and seawater meet.
Freshwater tends to overly seawater because of its lower density, creating a fragile balance. Nevertheless some
processes, both natural and anthropic, can perturb this balance determining groundwater salinization. The main
human induced salinization process is the upconing. Natural processes can be the lateral intrusion, evaporite
dissolution, fossil water contamination, sea spray aerosol deposition and salt-wedge intrusion in river mouths.
Last two processes were deepened in the present study because they are usually not so diffused in regional
researches. The aim of this thesis was the study of groundwater salinization induced by rivers or anthropic
canals, determined by the wind action or the variation of fluvial discharge rate in time, in areas where protected
and anthropic areas coexist: the Tiber Delta and the Pontina Plain. The areas were chosen because they exhibit
analogies: both are composed by multi-layered sedimentary aquifers and coastal morphology is strongly affected
by reclamation works of the past centuries. The major difference is represented by the presence of different
hydrological bodies: in the Tiber Delta area a great river is present and it influences salinization mechanisms in
the hydrogeological system, whereas in the Pontina Plain lakes and reclamation canals determine the
distribution and movement of seawater.
This study was developed with several methods, such as hydrological and hydrogeological surveys, multitemporal
chemo-physical surveys of groundwater, hydrochemical surveys, remote sensing techniques, statistical
analyses about meteorological data and the use of the most innovative techniques of numerical modeling.
In the Tiber Delta area the importance of the westerly winds for the salinization processes was investigated. In
fact the winds determine both a salt-wedge emplacement in the Tiber mouth during the falls, and a groundwater
salinization in the Litorale Romano Natural Reserve pine forest because of sea spray aerosols deposition.
The salt-wedge presence in the Tiber River, noticed up to 8.8 km from the Tiber mouth, is supposed to be the
more likely reason of the seawater intrusion processes identified in the alluvial area of Ostia Antica.
Furthermore regional hydrochemical analyses permitted to identify freshening processes ascribable to ionexchange,
related to the presence of historical solar salt works in the Ostia Antica area.
In the Pontina Plain, along the coastal area which hosts the Circeo National Park, salinization resulted linked to
the presence of seawater in reclamation canals and lakes.
As suggested by the dissertation title, the final aim of the work was the implementation of a numerical model,
to detect salinization processes. The use of numerical modeling is a further investigation tool to analyze and
quantify what happens in a complex hydrogeological system. The implementation of numerical modeling was
performed using the software FEFLOW 6.0, to understand the relationships between groundwater and a
reclamation canal salinization. The 2D model, implemented in a transient flow-mass transport state, was located
at the Moscarello Canal mouth (Pontina Plain), where a salt-wedge intrusion was noticed. The canal resulted to
be subject to a strong discharge modification, which is able to determine a hydraulic gradient and a consequent
mass transport in the adjacent aquifer. This transport through the canal bottom resulted able to induce the
movement of a saline plume present in the aquifer, determining hence an enhancement of salinity values
collected in a piezometer
Application of quantitative hydrogeological methodologies in northern sector of Vulsini
No full textPerythirrenic volcanic aquifers of Central Italy are important resources for the local water supply. The optimal management of this resource is closely related to the knowledge of groundwater hydrological dynamics. The increasing urbanization, industrialization and agricultural withdrawals lead to several management problems such as the depletion of groundwater and deterioration of water quality. Data about pronounced decreasing in springs discharge and in piezometric levels were described in these aquifers during the last twenty years (Capelli et al. 2005). A detailed hydrogeological survey was performed in umbrian sector of Vulsini Mounts to evaluate the quantitative conservation of the drinking resource in compared to previous works (Pagano et al. 2000, Capelli et al 2005). Several authors focused their attention on natural contamination problems of volcanic aquifers exploited for water supply. Most of studies concern water quality lowering by fluorine and arsenic occurrence due to geogenic contamination. On the contrary shallow aquifers water quality is often affected by anthropogenic activities, i.e. common contamination is due to nitrate in agricultural territory or heavy metal pollution close to industrial areas.
Arpa Umbria detected anomalous concentrations of aluminum and iron in volcanic aquifer of the area near Orvieto in January 2010. Analyzed samples did not fulfil guidelines for water human consumption (98/83/EC implemented in Italy with D. Lgs 31/2001), then the authorities forbid the use of public water for drinking use.Al and Fe occur as colloids according to detected pH (6,5-7,5) and oxidizing Eh conditions. Another study area, characterized by similar volcanological and hydrogeological features and by the same colloids contamination in groundwater, was searched to understand similarities in the causes and processes of natural contamination of shallow aquifers near Orvieto. The second monitoring area was detected on the NE flank of Roccamonfina Volcano (Campania Region, Central Italy)
Libri : pratiche artistiche ed editoriali a Torino nei decenni sessanta e settanta
No full textLa relazione tra artisti e libri costituisce un aspetto centrale degli studi sui decenni Sessanta e Settanta.
Le prime proposte critiche degli anni Settanta analizzano il tema alla luce di un rinnovamento delle
procedure artistiche e del concetto di opera, rispetto alle quali il libro assume nuovi statuti: “luogo della
ricerca”, “lavoro d'arte”, “libro d'artista”. Dopo la cesura degli anni Ottanta, gli anni Novanta segnano
l'aprirsi di una nuova stagione di interesse per questi materiali dalla natura ibrida; risalgono a questi anni
l’individuazione di alcune significative questioni critiche e la prima considerevole opera di
repertorializzazione, in cui si iscrive ancora oggi la fortuna di un genere.
Restano tuttavia insolute alcune questioni di definizione intorno alle quali il dibattito è ancora aperto.
Soprattutto, risulta ancora lacunoso lo stato degli studi di storia dell'arte, che a tutt'oggi non sembrano
interessarsi di una questione affidata agli specialisti del genere. Emerge, dunque, la necessità di
ricomporre questa frattura, con lo scopo di fornire un nuovo contributo all'analisi critica di questi
oggetti d'arte e di proporre una nuova metodologia di indagine che consideri i “libri d'artista” come
documenti per una storia dell'arte contemporanea.
Il caso torinese, per la vivacità delle vicende artistiche ed editoriali che lo caratterizza, mette in luce un
tessuto di esperienze che attraversano due decenni, descrivendo la storia di una progressiva
trasformazione. Gli anni Sessanta si aprono all'insegna dell'attività della casa editrice Einaudi nello
specifico della collana «Opere di maestri contemporanei», con la pubblicazione tra il 1957 e il 1965 di cinque
raccolte di opere grafiche di altrettanti maestri del Novecento in edizioni di particolare pregio. A questo
modello comincia a contrapporsi un'idea diversa di libro d'arte, caratterizzata dalla diretta
partecipazione degli artisti alla progettazione e, in alcuni casi, alla realizzazione dello stesso. Simili
esperienze maturano nel laboratorio di Ezio Gribaudo presso la poligrafica Fratelli Pozzo di Moncalieri,
insieme ad artisti come Alechinsky e Jorn, e assumono i contorni di una vicenda sintomatica di quel
processo di ibridazione tra pratiche artistiche ed editoriali che assumerà formule più avanzate.
La cesura, in questo senso, avviene tra il 1966 e il 1969. In questo segmento si inseriscono le esperienze di alcuni artisti come Paolini, Pistoletto, Lora Totino e De Alexandris: al libro-opera si affiancano
materiali assimilabili al manifesto programmatico, dell'opera a stampa prodotta in più esemplari e al
multiplo. L'esperienza degli artisti trova una corrispondenza nelle edizioni Geiger dei fratelli Spatola, in
particolare nei libri della collana Geiger Sperimentale: un progetto che si articola tra poesia sperimentale e
arti visive, dando luogo ad un'attività esoeditoriale che intrattiene con Torino importanti relazioni,
definendo uno scambio con altre geografie artistiche.
A partire dai primissimi anni Settanta si intensifica il numero di esperienze di natura editoriale basate
sull'intervento dell'artista. Gli interlocutori sono i galleristi, che operano seguendo percorsi diversificati:
da un lato quelle gallerie che, come Sperone e Martano, promuovono il “libro d'artista” nel contesto di
una più strutturata attività editoriale; dall'altro un fronte composito, con LP 220, Stein e Persano, che si
inserisce in diversa misura nel panorama dei “libri d'artista” offrendo esempi di interesse (come i libri di
Fabro e Ciam, o la serie di tre libri di Paolini, Parmiggiani e Gastini) tuttavia non riconducibili ad un
progetto univoco.
Chiude il profilo di questa vicende l'esperienza di Einaudi Letteratura, avviata nel 1969 su iniziativa di
Giulio Bollati e di Paolo Fossati: un progetto di opere appartenenti ai settori della letteratura, delle arti
visive, del teatro e della musica, in cui si inserisce una serie di libri dedicati ad artisti contemporanei
realizzati in dialogo con gli artisti o ad essi affidati, come nei casi di Munari, Paolini, Penone e Fabro. È
in quest'esperienza che precipita il portato innovativo di una stagione artistica approdata all'editoria
ufficiale