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Il Monitoraggio dei Vulcani Campani - Secondo semestre 2021
No full textL'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) è componente del Servizio Nazionale di Protezione Civile, ex articolo 6 della legge 24 febbraio 1992 n. 225 ed è Centro di Competenza per i fenomeni sismici, vulcanici e i maremoti per il Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Nazionale (DPC). L’Osservatorio Vesuviano, Sezione di Napoli dell’INGV, ha nei suoi compiti il monitoraggio e la sorveglianza H24/7 delle aree vulcaniche attive campane (Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei e Ischia). Tali attività sono disciplinate dall’Accordo-Quadro (AQ) sottoscritto tra il DPC e l’INGV per il decennio 2012-2021 e sono dettagliate negli Allegati A e B del suddetto AQ. Il presente Rapporto sul Monitoraggio dei Vulcani Campani rappresenta l’attività svolta dall’Osservatorio Vesuviano e dalle altre Sezioni INGV impegnate nel monitoraggio dell’area vulcanica campana nel secondo semestre 2021.Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
Dipartimento della Protezione CivileUnpublished4V. Processi pre-eruttivi6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali4IT. Banche dat
ERMES report (v1) of the Mw 4.5 2023-03-09 Umbertide earthquake. INGV internal report
No full textINGVUnpublished5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismic
Observations and Retrievals of Volcanic Ash Clouds Using Ground- and Satellite-Based Sensors
No full textThis work was born from a wish of remembering
the fundamental contribution of Prof. Frank Silvio Marzano to
the field of physical volcanology. In fact, for the last fifteen
years and in the context of several European projects, Prof.
Marzano collaborated with many volcanologists as well as
scientists from different fields and wrote many scientific
articles aimed at studying the dynamics of explosive eruptions.
He left his imprinting in this research sector laying the
foundations of radar volcanology in Italy, and extended his
studies to other sensors. His work is relevant for the analysis of
the main eruption source parameters needed to characterize
the eruptive events. Here we show how remote sensing
instruments applied to analyze explosive activity of different
volcanoes worldwide, are going to increase the knowledge in
this multidisciplinary research area and the awareness from
the scientific community of the potential of these sensors at
various wavelengths.PublishedOSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametriciN/A or not JC
Proposed synergies between oceanography and metrology
No full textAccurate and traceable measurements are required to understand ocean processes, to address pressing societal challenges, such as climate change and to sustainably manage marine resources. Although scientific and engineering research has resulted in advanced methods to measure Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) there is a need for cross comparison of the techniques and traceability to recognized standards. Metrological laboratories are experienced in accredited methods and assessment of methodology. An EU INFRAIA-02-2020: Integrating Activities for Starting Communities project MINKE (Metrology for Integrated marine maNagement and Knowledge-transfer nEtwork https:// minke.eu) brings European marine science and metrology Research Infrastructures together to identify synergies and create an innovative approach to Quality Assurance of oceanographic data. Quality depends both on the accuracy (that can be provided through the metrology component) and the completeness of the data sets. The collaboration between different Marine Research Infrastructures (RIs) places a fundamental role on assuring the completeness of the datasets, particularly at global scales. The MINKE project encourages enhancement through collaboration of national metrology laboratories and the oceanographic community. Metrological assessment of the accuracy and uncertainties within multidisciplinary ocean observations will provide data that are key to delivering policy information. Objectives across all the RIs are to facilitate ocean observation and build wider synergies. MINKE will investigate these synergies, then introduce metrology to the core of various EOV measurements. Currently the marine RIs cover laboratory and field operations, from the surface seafloor, coastal waters to deep sea, fixed ocean stations to ship and autonomous vehicle operations to ships of opportunity, and flux stations focusing on carbonate system variables. The nexus of these operations is the focal point for coordinated improvement of ocean observing methods. Measurement intercomparisons, traceability and uncertainty assessments should be at the core of the scientific observations. Specifically, MINKE will work with RIs and Metrology Institutes to improve the quality of dissolved oxygen, carbonate system, chlorophyll-fluorescence, ocean sound and current meter measurements, through access to metrology laboratories, Transnational Access and intercomparison studies across existing marine consortia and RIs. MINKE will also promote the development of absolute salinity observation, and improvements in marine litter measurements.The authors declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This paper was a milestone within the MINKE project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 101008724 and under the grant agreement no. 731031(EMSO-link, https://cordis.europa. eu/project/id/731036). SH’s time was also covered by the UK Natural Environment Research Council Climate. Linked Atlantic Section Science (CLASS) project (NE/R015953/1) and iFADO project (Innovation in the Framework of the Atlantic Deep Ocean), which was supported with ERDF funds from the INTERREG Atlantic Area Programme under contract EAPA 165/2016 and grant agreement no. 862923 (AtlantECO, Atlantic Ecosystems Assessment, Forecasting & Sustainability). ICM-CSIC acknowledges the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). PLG was supported by TechOceanS project, which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101000858. This output reflects only the author’s view, and the Research Executive Agency cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.Published1192030OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativaJCR Journa
Anatomy of thermal unrest at a hydrothermal system: case study of the 2021–2022 crisis at Vulcano
No full textHydrothermal systems can generate phreatic and/or phreatomagmatic explosions with little warning. Understanding the temporal and spatial evolution of geophysical and geochemical signals at hydrothermal systems is crucial for detecting precursory signs of unrest and informing on hazards. Thermal signatures of such systems are poorly defined because data records are often too short or discrete compared to activity timescales, which can be decadal. La Fossa system of Vulcano has been monitored since the 1980s and entered a period of unrest in 2021. We assessed the thermal signature of La Fossa using ground- and satellite-based data with various temporal and spatial scales. While continuously recording stations provided continuous but point-based measurements, fumarole field vent surveys and infrared images obtained from satellite-flown sensors (ASTER and VIIRS) allowed lower temporal resolution but synoptic records to be built. By integrating this multi-resolution data set, precursory signs of unrest could retrospectively be detected from February to June 2021. The intensity of all unrest metrics increased during the summer of 2021, with an onset over a few days in September 2021. By September, seismic, CO2, SO2 and other geochemical metrics also indicated unrest, leading Civil Protection to raise the alert level to yellow on October 1. Heat flux, having been 4 MW in May 2019, increasing to 90 MW by September, and peaking at 120 MW in March 2022. We convolved our thermal data sets with all other monitoring data to validate a Vulcano Fossa Unrest Index (VFUI), the framework of which can be potentially applied to any hydrothermal system. The VFUI highlighted four stages of unrest, none of which were clear in any single data set: background, precursory, onset, and unrest. Onset was characterized by a sudden release of fluids, likely caused by the failure of sealed zones that had become pressurized during the precursory phase that began possibly as early as February 2021. Unrest has been ongoing for more than 18 months and may continue for several more years. Our understanding of this system behavior has been due to hindsight, but demonstrates how multiparametric surveys can track and forecast unrest.LabEx Clervolc (program 2); ANR-DIRE (ANR-19-CE04-0014-DIRE: Prédire les crises des écosystèmes hydrothermaux volcaniques à partir de réseaux multiples de capteurs); EuroVolc TransNational Access grant (EV-C2_003); INGV-Palermo supported fieldwork and equipment purchasePublished159JCR Journa
Brain–Computer-Interface-Based Smart-Home Interface by Leveraging Motor Imagery Signals
No full textIn this work, we propose a brain–computer-interface (BCI)-based smart-home interface which leverages motor imagery (MI) signals to operate home devices in real-time. The idea behind MI-BCI is that different types of MI activities will activate various brain regions. Therefore, after recording the user’s electroencephalogram (EEG) data, two approaches, i.e., Regularized Common Spatial Pattern (RCSP) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), analyze these data to classify users’ imagined tasks. In such a way, the user can perform the intended action. In the proposed framework, EEG signals were recorded by using the EMOTIV helmet and OpenVibe, a free and open-source platform that has been utilized for EEG signal feature extraction and classification. After being classified, such signals are then converted into control commands, and the open communication protocol for building automation KNX (“Konnex”) is proposed for the tasks’ execution, i.e., the regulation of two switching devices. The experimental results from the training and testing stages provide evidence of the effectiveness of the users’ intentions classification, which has subsequently been used to operate the proposed home automation system, allowing users to operate two light bulbs.Published91JCR Journa
Array analysis of seismic noise at the Sos Enattos mine, the Italian candidate site for the Einstein Telescope
No full textThe area surrounding the dismissed mine of Sos Enattos (Sardinia, Italy) is the Italian candidate site for hosting Einstein Telescope (ET), the third-generation gravitational wave (GW) observatory. One of the goals of ET is to extend the sensitivity down to frequencies well below those currently achieved by GW detectors, i.e. down to 2 Hz. In the bandwidth [1,10] Hz, the seismic noise of anthropogenic origin is expected to represent the major perturbation to the operation of the infrastructure, and the site that will host the future detector must fulfill stringent requirements on seismic disturbances. In this paper we describe the operation of a temporary, 15-element, seismic array deployed in close proximity to the mine. Signals of anthropogenic origin have a transient nature, and their spectra are characterized by a wide spectral lobe spanning the [3,20] Hz frequency interval. Superimposed to this wide lobe are narrow spectral peaks within the [3,8] Hz frequency range. Results from slowness analyses suggest that the origin of these peaks is related to vehicle traffic along the main road running east of the mine. Exploiting the correlation properties of seismic noise, we derive a dispersion curve for Rayleigh waves, which is then inverted for a shallow velocity structure down to depths of
150 m. This data, which is consistent with that derived from analysis of a quarry blast, provide a first assessment of the elastic properties of the rock materials at the site candidate to hosting ET.Published793OST5 Verso un nuovo MonitoraggioJCR Journa
Combining methane clumped and bulk isotopes, temporal variations in molecular and isotopic composition, and hydrochemical and geological proxies to understand methane's origin in the Ronda peridotite massifs (Spain)
No full textIn serpentinised peridotite and ultramafic rock systems, methane (CH4) origin is frequently considered abiotic, but variable microbial and thermogenic components can also exist. Typically, the origin of CH4 is studied using bulk, 13C/12C and 2H/H isotopic composition, molecular gas composition, occasionally radiocarbon (14C), microbiology and geological context. Recent advances in CH4-clumped isotope methods have yielded novel insights into the formation of CH4: nonetheless, their interpretation in natural gas samples is often uncertain and requires additional research. Here, we study the origin of the gas released in hyperalkaline (pH > 10) springs in the Ronda Peridotite Massifs (southern Spain), combining bulk and clumped CH4 isotopes with molecular gas composition, hydrochemical (Total Organic Carbon and Platinum Group Elements in water), geothermal and geo-structural data. Five springs analysed in 2014 have been re-examined for changes in gas chemistry over time, and three newly discovered gas-bearing springs are analysed for the first time. Regardless of whether springs have microbial or abiotic isotopic fingerprints, we find that bulk CH4 isotopes are fairly stable over a seven-year period. This suggests that the CH4 source(s) or postgenetic processes (such as oxidation and diffusion) have not undergone significant temporal changes. Major variations in H2 and CH4 concentrations in certain springs may be the result of changes in gas pressure and migration intensity. Paired CH4 clumped isotopes (Δ12CH2D2 - Δ13CH3D) were analysed in two bubbling springs, where the presence of CH4 can be interpreted as non-microbial based on 13C enrichment, absence of 14C, and the presence of ethane and propane. However, these isotopes are in disequilibrium, which prevents the quantification of the gas formation temperature. Within the Δ12CH2D2 - Δ13CH3D diagram, the data lie within both the microbialgenic zone, suggested by previous authors, and the abiotic zone that results combining data from laboratory gas synthesis and other natural gas samples. Therefore, attributing a microbial origin to CH4 based only on clumped isotopes is less definite than previously assumed. The amount of Total Organic Carbon appears to be correlated with the origin of CH4, as it is higher in 13C-depleted CH4 samples and lower in 13C-enriched samples. Palladium (Pd) and Rhodium (Rh) dissolved in water (the more soluble Platinum Group Elements) can be a proxy for the chromitite ore deposits contained in plagioclase tectonite layers throughout the investigated area, which may act as catalysts for abiotic CO2 hydrogenation. Clumped isotope disequilibrium and the reported absence of diffuse CH4-bearing fluid inclusions in the peridotites appear to rule out high temperature gas genesis in post-magmatic inclusions. These observations, along with the moderate temperatures at the base of the peridotite massifs and the consistent occurrence of gas along tectonic contacts between serpentinised (H2-bearing) peridotite and carbon-bearing rocks, are compatible with the theory of low-temperature CO2 hydrogenation.Published121799OSA5: Energia e georisorseJCR Journa
Whether Sudden Stratospheric Warming Effects Are Seen in the Midlatitude Thermosphere of the Opposite Hemisphere?
No full textt The reaction of midlatitude daytime foF2 and thermospheric parameters in two Hemispheres
has been analyzed for a minor Arctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) in January 2008, three major
Arctic SSWs in January 2006, 2009, 2013, and a minor Antarctic SSW in September 2019. Arctic SSWs
always result in a simultaneous foF2 depression observed at some stations in the Northern Hemisphere but
not necessary in the opposite Hemisphere, that is, not all SSWs have global appearance. Thermospheric
parameters retrieved from ionospheric observations in two Hemispheres manifest a dependence on the type
of SSW (major/minor) and its magnitude. Pronounced thermospheric SSW effects in the opposite (Southern)
Hemisphere may be expected only for strong major Arctic SSW events. Retrieved exospheric temperature does
not manifest any visible reaction to SSWs both for major and minor SSW events. The duration of foF2 and
atomic oxygen decrease related to SSW is 3–5 days in the vicinity of the SSW peak. Both observed neutral gas
density and retrieved thermospheric parameters do not manifest a significant difference comparing western
and eastern regions of North America during the minor Antarctic SSW in September 2019. Therefore, the
previously reported (80–100%) increase in TEC in the western region of North America was not related with
variations of neutral composition and winds.Publishede2023JA031285OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spazialeJCR Journa
A multiparametric-multilayer comparison of the preparation phase of two geophysical events in the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone: the 2019 M7.2 Kermadec earthquake and 2022 Hunga Ha'apai eruption
No full textThe Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone represents one of the most active areas from
both seismic and volcanic points of view. Recently, two planetary-scale geophysical
events took place there: the 2019 M7.2 earthquake (EQ) with the epicentre in
Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) and the astonishing 2022 eruption of Hunga
Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcano. Based on the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-
Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) models, we analysed the three geolayers with a multiparametric
approach to detect any effect on the occasion of the two events, through a
comparison aimed at identifying the physics processes that interested phenomena of
different nature but in the same tectonic context. For the lithosphere, we conducted a
seismic analysis of the sequence culminating with themain shock in Kermadec Islands
and the sequence of EQs preceding the HTHH volcanic eruption, in both cases
considering the magnitude attributed to the released energy in the lithosphere within
the respective Dobrovolsky area. Moving to the above atmosphere, the attention was
focused on the parameters—gases, temperature, pressure—possibly influenced by the
preparation or the occurrence of the events. Finally, the ionosphere was examined by
means of ground and satellite observations, including also magnetic and electric field,
finding some interesting anomalous signals in both case studies, in a wide range of
temporal and spatial scales. The joint study of the effects seen before, during and after
the two events enabled us to clarify the LAIC in this complex context. The observed
similarities in the effects of the two geophysical events can be explained by their slightly
different manifestations of releasing substantial energy resulting from a shared
geodynamic origin. This origin arises from the thermodynamic interplay between a
rigid lithosphere and a softer asthenosphere within the Kermadec-Tonga subduction
zone, which forms the underlying tectonic context.Published1267411OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametriciJCR Journa