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Tectonically-determined distribution of monogenetic volcanoes in a compressive tectonic regime: An example from the Pannonian continental back-arc system (Central Europe)
No full textThis paper presents the results from a geographic information systems (GIS) workflow, which was used to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of volcanoes in the Mio-Pleistocene monogenetic Bakony- Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (BBHVF), located in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary. Volcanism occurred during the tectonic inversion in a back-arc setting and a compressive/transpressive tectonic regime on the hottest and thinnest lithosphere of continental Europe. The main goal of this study is to clarify the effect of the pre-existing structure of the upper lithosphere in the distribution of the volcanic centers across the volcanic field using an innovative GIS methodology. Orientation of the volcanic field was compared to the orientation of the faults in the BBHVF, and in its larger vicinity, which resulted in correspondence, suggesting the dominance of the SW-NE direction. The directions of the volcanic lineaments fit well to the two main fault directions. The fault-volcano proximity analysis suggests that the fault plane of a thrust fault was an important structural feature during the lifespan of the volcanism. All results suggest that the fault plane of a regionally significant Cretaceous thrust fault (Lit ́er Fault) might have served as a temporary pathway for the ascending magma, whereby (similarly to other, smaller faults) redirecting the magmas causing clustering of the volcanoes. This highlights the importance of major upper crustal structural heterogeneities for magma transport in a compressive tectonic system, espe- cially in the case of active, monogenetic volcanic fields from a volcanic hazard perspective. The present GIS workflow can be effective in analyzing the spatial patterns of the volcanism and its connection with crustal structures at monogenetic volcanic fields worldwide.Published107940OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametriciJCR Journa
Mapping hydrothermal and supergene alteration zones associated with carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits by using PRISMA satellite imagery supported by field-based hyperspectral data, mineralogical and geochemical analysis
No full textDelineating hydrothermal alteration and supergene caps is fundamental for mineral exploration of sulfide ores. The aim of this study is to apply a multi-scale workflow based on hyperspectral remote and proximal sensing data in order to delineate hydrothermal dolomitization and supergene alteration associated with the Mississippi Valley-Type Zn-Pb(-Ag) deposit of Jabali (Western Yemen). The area was investigated through hyperspectral images derived from the new launched Italian Space Agency’s PRISMA satellite, which has a higher spectral resolution compared to multispectral sensors and covers the mineral-diagnostic wavelength regions (such as the 2100 nm to 2300 nm range) with a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) ≥ 100. Spectral mineral maps were produced through the band ratios method using specific feature extraction indices applied to the hyperspectral satellite data. The results were validated by using Visible Near InfraRed (VNIR) to Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) reflectance spectra, mineralogical (XRPD) and geochemical (ICP-ES/MS) analyses on rock samples collected in the Jabali area. The dolomites footprint was mapped using a PRISMA Level 2C image, by enhancing the spectral differences between limestones and dolomites in the SWIR-2 region (major features centered at 2340 nm and 2320 nm, respectively). Gossans were detected due to the Fe3+ absorption band in the VNIR region at 900 nm. The Zn-Pb mineralized area, extended for approximately 25 km2, was thus identified by recognizing gossan occurrences in dolomites. The study demonstrates that the PRISMA satellite is effective in identifying Zn-Pb mineralized outcrops in sedimentary basins.Published105244OSA5: Energia e georisorseJCR Journa
Monitoring CO2 Hazards of Volcanic Origin: A Case Study at the Island of Vulcano (Italy) during 2021–2022
No full textThe La Fossa volcano is near the inhabited zone of the island of Vulcano and is a suitable case for studying gas sources of different geological origins. Since the last eruption, fumarolic-solfataric ac-tivity has interested this area with fumarolic emissions, mainly at the top of the volcanic cone and at Vulcano Porto. In recent decades, the anomalous degassing zones on the island have not significantly changed their location. On the contrary, there have been several significant changes in the emission rate due to the addition of volcanic gas. In these zones, CO2 flux from the ground is responsible for a decrease in the indoor air quality. A recent increase in volcanic degassing led to an increase in the gas hazard in the inhabited area of Vulcano Island, and people were temporarily displaced from Vulcano Porto. The results of this study show that a monitoring system can be used for the early detection of transients in soil CO2 flux (φCO2) in the anomalous degassing zone of Vulcano. Syn-chronous monitoring of φCO2 and outdoor air CO2 concentration has shown variations in volcanic degassing that affect outdoor air CO2 concentration in the populated zone of Faraglione.This research was funded by Dipartimento di Protezione Civile—Convenzione DPC-INGV 2019–2021 All.B2, WP Vulcani, Task 16; Scientific Advisor and Project Manager: Sergio Gurrieri.Published2666V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio1TR. Georisorse6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianzaJCR Journa
The March 2023 UAS-based high-resolution Digital Surface Model and orthomosaic of the NE flank of Stromboli volcano (Sicily, Italy)
No full textDigital Surface Model and the orthophoto availabe at https://www.pi.ingv.it/banche-dati/Stromboli-2023-UAS-Survey/Stromboli is a volcanic island in a persistent state of activity, located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the northern coast of Sicily. During the night of 25 and 26 May 2022, a massive human-caused wildfire destroyed most of the vegetation cover on the NE flank of the island, just above the main village.
On 12 August 2022, a particularly heavy rainfall event remobilized the loose volcaniclastic deposits that covered the burned volcanic flank, no longer protected by the vegetation. This event triggered several debris flows that were channeled by the roads and flooded several streets and buildings, causing severe damage to the village. In late-March 2023, just before the large spring vegetation growth, we conducted an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) photogrammetric campaign over a sector of the NE flank of Stromboli Island, to acquire data on an area massively affected by the wildfire first and by the debris flows later. Here we present and share with the scientific community and civil authorities the results of this UAS campaign, which consists of a 1.4 km2 wide 10 cm-resolution Digital Surface Model (DSM) and 1.6 cm-resolution orthomosaic. These data clearly show the dramatic consequences of the 2022 tragic events at Stromboli. We also produced an elevation difference map by comparing the 2023 DSM here generated and the 2012 LiDAR DEM to provide a first overview of the thickness of the deposits that were removed from the Stromboli NE flank.This research is supported by Agreement DPC – INGV All. B, 2022-2024 – “Sistema Unico Stromboli, Task 4.1: Elements for risk assessment of ballistic projectiles, pyroclastic avalanches and tsunamis at Stromboli”, and by project “Reti multiparametriche – Sotto-progetto Vulcani”, INGV, 2022-2025. Objective A7: “Probability of eruptive fenomena and hazard maps of ballistics and secondary pyroclastic flows from major explosions and paroxysms with risk assessment implications”.PublishedDM526OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilitàJCR Journa
ERMES report (v1) of the Mw 4.3 2023-03-09 Umbertide earthquake. INGV internal report
No full textINGVUnpublished5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismic
Sulfur origin and flux variations in fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy
No full textA sharp increase in volatiles, especially SO2 fluxes from the solfataric plume and diffuse CO2 from the soils of the La Fossa crater area, started in June 2021, and subsequently from the Levante Bay area, suggests renewed unrest at Vulcano Island, Italy. This event has encouraged monitoring activities and stimulated new research activities aimed at understanding the recent evolution of the volcanic system. In this study, the chemical and isotopic composition of fumaroles, thermal waters, and soil gases from the main degassing areas of Vulcano Island with a special focus on sulfur isotopes, are used to investigate the fluid transfer mechanism inside the volcano. Sulfur is one of the most abundant volatile elements present in magmas and volcanic fluids from the La Fossa crater, where it mostly occurs as SO2 and H2S at variable relative concentrations depending on oxygen fugacity and temperature. The isotope composition and the chemical ratio of sulfur species depict a complex hydrothermal-magmatic system. In addition, we utilize the installed SO2 monitoring network that measures the total outgassing of SO2 with the UV-scanning DOAS technique. The SO2 fluxes from the La Fossa crater fumaroles, coupled with the SO2/CO2 and SO2/H2O ratios, were measured to evaluate the total mass of fluids emitted by the shallow plumbing system and its relationship with the status of volcanic activity. Combining the whole chemical composition of fumaroles analyzed with a discrete, direct sampling of high-temperature fumaroles located on the crater summit, the output of discharged water vapor has been estimated (5,768 t·d−1). On the basis of the water output, we estimated the total thermal energy dissipated by the crater during the last enhanced degassing activity (167 MW). This strong and sharp increase in energy observed during the current crisis confirms the long-growing trend in terms of mass and energy recorded in recent decades, which has brought the surface system of Vulcano Island to a critical level that has never been recorded since the last eruptive event of 1888–91.Published11977963V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcaniciJCR Journa
Narratives
No full textEarth System Literacy offers a rich matrix of narratives about (planet) Earth, World and Humans when interwoven with cultural artefacts (e.g. arts, history). Anthropogenic global change locks them together in a unifying framework. By making a distinction between reproduction, work (ergon, Greek) and civicness, there are narratives that convey what characterises the human condition today, including the material, social and historic settings of the Anthropocene.Published445–44
Earthquake-induced landslides: from historical data to new empirical relationships.
No full textPurpose: We present a new database of historical earthquake-induced landslides (EILs) for the Italian territory, developed in framework of the CFTI5Med historical earthquake catalogue (https://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/) with a twofold goal: 1) extending back in time the knowledge of seismic induced environmental effects so as to be able to forecast scenarios of future large events (i.e. with M>5.5), and 2) to develop new empirical relationships connecting landslide distribution and seismic parameters.
Method: We first revised the database of seismic-induced environmental effects connected to the CFTI historical seismic catalogue,
collecting and analysing new historical sources and revising those already studied in the past. In addition, we analysed recent scientific
articles and technical reports and made comparisons with other digital archives such as the CEDIT (https://doi.org/10.4408/IJEGE.2012-
02.O-05) and the EEE catalogues (http://eeecatalogue.isprambiente.it/). As a second step, we tried to accurately locate the historical EILs
in a GIS environment using the coeval descriptions and comparing them with topographic maps and geographic names. In some cases, it
was possible to associate individual EILs with landslides already included and described in the Italian Landslide Inventory (IFFI database
https://www.progettoiffi.isprambiente.it/). The third step was aimed at the development of new empirical attenuation relationships
using the implemented database. To do so, we related the variation of EILs density with distance from the epicentre as a function of
the earthquake magnitude. The seismic events were subdivided into three magnitude classes to account for the different extent of the
maximum area affected by EILs and released energy. In addition, using the shake maps of 38 out 159 historical earthquakes of our dataset,
we also developed a new empirical relationship relating the variation of EILs density with distance as a function of the peak ground
acceleration.
Results: The result of this work is a new database of historical EILs, composed of more than 1,000 landslides associated with more than
150 historical earthquakes or seismic sequences occurred between 117 b.C.E. and 1997. Each EIL is classified on the basis of the accuracy
of its location and of the slope movement type. The updated dataset is collected in the new CFTI Landslides database, connected to but
independent from the CFTI5Med database, and it is publicly accessible online through a dedicated open-source geographic interface,
designed to be interoperable with both INGV and external databases through dedicated web services. As empirical results, we found that
the cumulative density of EILs decreases with distance from the earthquake epicentre following a power law relationship and the power
law relationship derived from PGA value shows the increasing landslide density with increasing acceleration, defining a threshold value
of PGA between 0.2-0.3 g.
Conclusions: The implementation of the new historical EIL database for the Italian territory, on one hand allowed for a better definition of the environmental effects triggered following large earthquakes, on the other hand, dramatically increased the number of data points available for deriving empirical relationships and consequently their statistical significance.PublishedFirenzeOST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremot
Seismic source identification of the 9 November 2022 Mw 5.5 offshore Adriatic sea (Italy) earthquake from GNSS data and aftershock relocation
No full textThe fast individuation and modeling of faults responsible for large earthquakes are fundamental for understanding the evolution of potentially destructive seismic sequences. This is even more challenging in case of buried thrusts located in offshore areas, like those hosting the 9 November 2022 Ml 5.7 (Mw 5.5) and ML 5.2 earthquakes that nucleated along the Apennines compressional front, offshore the northern Adriatic Sea. Available on- and offshore (from hydrocarbon platforms) geodetic observations and seismological data provide robust constraints on the rupture of a 15 km long, ca. 24° SSW-dipping fault patch, consistent with seismic reflection data. Stress increase along unruptured portion of the activated thrust front suggests the potential activation of longer portions of the thrust with higher magnitude earthquake and larger surface faulting. This unpleasant scenario needs to be further investigated, also considering their tsunamigenic potential and possible impact on onshore and offshore human communities and infrastructures.Published11474OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremotoOST3 Vicino alla fagliaJCR Journa
Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network
No full textIn September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest.
We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely
tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply
increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid
expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes
within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO2 flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO2 flux
marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending
crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021.
These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic
source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some
areas, soil CO2 degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November,
the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous
decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several
months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying
processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the
multiple hazards.Published1405OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametriciJCR Journa