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66 Droonisodankäynti : sodankuvan muutos ja autonomia
No full textDroonit ovat muokanneet sodankäynnin luonnetta, koska ne tarjoavat joustavuutta, nopeutta ja tarkkuutta, joita on hyvin vaikeaa ja kallista saavuttaa perinteisillä asejärjestelmillä. Droonisodankäynti on saamassa jopa ratkaisevaa roolia, erityisesti nykyisissä konflikteissa, ja sen merkityksen on ennustettu vain kasvavan, kun autonomiset ja tekoälypohjaiset järjestelmät kehittyvät.
Miten autonomiset järjestelmät muuttavat sodankäynnin sääntöjä? Millaisia etuja ja haasteita autonomisuus tuo mukanaan? Entä millaisia tekijöitä droonisodankäynnistä tulee huomioida sotilaiden koulutuksessa? Apulaissotilasprofessori Samu Raution kanssa aiheesta keskustelemassa on väitöskirjatutkija, kapteeni Aleksanteri Sirén
Experience rating the unemployment insurance tax: simulation results for Finland
No full textI study the potential effects of introducing experience rating for the unemployment insurance tax in Finland. I simulate an array of potential rating systems using register data for all wages and unemployment from 2001 to 2021. Under the current tax regime, about half of all unemployment costs are attributable to employers who pay less than 10% of the UI tax. All the simulated systems would significantly reduce this discrepancy but also differ markedly from each other. The choices in designing the system are reflected in its administrative burden, how strongly it incentivises hirings and discourages dismissals, and how quickly it responds to employment changes.nonPeerReviewe
Russian economy on wartime footing
No full textRussia’s invasion of Ukraine in February led to unprecedented international sanctions against the aggressor. Yet, after a quick drop in GDP, Russia’s economy has recovered. We show that the Russian government has boosted production in war-related industries and construction with a major increase in public spending. Moreover, especially military spending is set to increase even more in 2024 supported by elevated oil revenues. Fiscal expansion and needs of war have led to a very tight labor market. Sanctions have been partially successful in curbing Russia’s access to many high-tech goods and components. Nevertheless, level of production in war- related industries remains high, and therefore military assistance to Ukraine remains critical. War and sanctions have exacerbated Russia’s long-term growth problems, and its growth potential is now clearly lower than it was before the invasion. In this paper we concentrate on Russia’s long-term growth potential following its full-scale invasion of Ukraine
Battling war economies : innovating and adapting the defence industrial base during major wars
No full textThe question we pose is how the Russian and Ukrainian states have adapted to the unique challenges of managing their war economies. Those challenges include everything from the development of new weapons, to their production, to the maintenance of macroeconomic stability, and the provision of personnel to both defence industries and the armed forces. We take as our starting point for this endeavour the existing literatures on military innovation and adaptation, particularly as they pertain to the higher level direction of wars. We exploit unique data, generated from interviews during our trips to Kyiv and our collaborations with Ukrainian economists collecting data on Russia’s war economy
Train loads on existing railway embankments : Part 2: 3D FEM analyses
No full textThis study builds upon the 2017 Finnish Transport Agency report 2D Loads for Stability Calculations of Railway Embankments – 3D FEM Comparison Between Load Models and Uniformly Distributed Area Loads in Stability Calculations. While the 2017 study emphasized the LM 71 load, this study examines the E4, D4, coil steel, and timber wagon loads in greater detail. Using Plaxis 3D, the slope stability of railway embankments with different heights and subgrade materials was analyzed. The equivalent 2D line loads for these 3D models were determined, allowing for comparison with previous findings.
Results showed that load intensity and axle configurations influence the effective stress under em-bankments, with greater impacts observed for 1.5 m embankments compared to 2.5 m. Differences in results between this study and the 2017 study, ranging from 0% to 17%, were attributed to the finer mesh used in the 2024 study, which provided more accurate stress distribution under heavy loads.
This study provides updated equivalent line load values for different load models, enhancing the un-derstanding of embankment stability under diverse loading conditions
Intersectional Vulnerability and Forced Marriage : Criminal Justice Reform as a Mechanism for Human Rights Implementation
No full textAt the beginning of 2025 an amendment to the criminal code of Finland entered into force, expanding the purposes for human trafficking under the Criminal Code to explicitly include forced marriage. While the amendment improves the applicability of the Criminal Code to cases of forced marriage significantly, the employment of criminal law as a mechanism of human rights protection comes with some risks too. The thesis explores the impacts of criminal justice reforms on the vulnerability of victims of gross human rights violations against the background of the reform and the specific circumstances and risks pertinent to forced marriage in Finland.
The research methods consist of a combination of traditional legal dogmatics and more contemporary reform-based, foundational, empirical and critical perspectives. The discussion is supported by a variety of sources of legal, academic or empirical nature. The legal discussion is further developed through the theoretical perspectives of intersectionality and vulnerability theory. The combined approach of ‘intersectional vulnerability’ is introduced in the assessment of the circumstances impacting the vulnerability of victims of forced marriage in Finland. The aim of the research is to provide a broad and comprehensive perspective on the risks and challenges stemming from vulnerability with a view to answer the research question: What are the consequences of intersectional vulnerability in the context of criminal justice as an implementation mechanism of human rights? The pursuit of an answer will further include a critical discussion on the potential weaknesses in both national and international law creating so-called protection gaps.
The conclusions of the research provide that the legal challenges posed by intersectional vulnerability seem to originate from implementation rather than the legal protection itself. While the challenges posed by intersectional vulnerability should be adequately addressed by both the international human rights framework and the Finnish law, the complex and dynamic circumstances creating intersectional vulnerability seem to be overlooked in the execution of protective measures. Criminalisation is only one part of the state’s protective obligations, thus the success of the Finnish reform is reliant on the reinforcement of other preventative and protective measures to support implementation
Household heterogeneity in valuation of heating energy costs
No full textThis study analyses household heterogeneity in the valuation of lifetime heating energy costs. The valuation is estimated from the willingness to pay higher upfront costs at the moment of installing a residential heating system to obtain savings in heating costs over its lifetime. We combine extensive administrative register data on new houses built in Finland during 2010-2011 with local electricity prices and engineering estimates of heat consumption and estimate a mixed logit model of heating system choice. The data allow defining the valuation as a function of several observable household characteristics. On average, households are willing to pay €7 more in upfront costs to obtain annual savings of €1 in heating costs over the lifetime of the heating system. However, we find considerable heterogeneity across households and a valuation ranging from €2 to €15 in higher upfront costs. The relatively low valuation indicates policy measures could be needed to accelerate energy efficiency investments in the detached housing stock. Furthermore, the notable heterogeneity suggests the cost-effectiveness of policy measures can be improved by targeting the households with lowest valuations.peerReviewe
Kuortti–Miekansalmi-tie, Mäntyharju ; Museotien kunnossapitosuunnitelma
No full textSuuri Savontie, Kuortti–Miekansalmi, kuuluu valtakunnallisesti merkittäviin kulttuurihistoriallisiin ympäristöihin (RKY). Alue on helposti ja turvallisesti saavutettavissa. Kohteen saavutettavuutta parannetaan uusimalla opastaulut ja parantamalla viitoitusta kohteelle. Kuortti–Miekansalmi-tie otettiin museokohteeksi 1982. Päätökselle ei kuitenkaan ole säilynyt perusteluita.
Kuortti–Miekansalmi-tie kuuluu keskiaikaiseen Hämeenlinnan ja Olavinlinnan väliseen Suureen Savontiehen. Tie tukeutui vesireitteihin, joita voitiin käyttää talviteinä. Vaunuliikenteelle tie parannettiin 1600-luvulla, mutta sen mäkisyys ja mutkaisuus haittasi liikennettä. 1840-luvulla Savontie siirrettiin hevosliikenteen kannalta helppokulkuisemmalle uralle ja alkuperäinen linjaus jäi parantamatta. Tien asema muuttui 1800-luvun lopulla, jolloin nykyisen Miekankosken kohdalle avattiin lauttayhteys Tarhaveden yli ja erityisesti 1900-luvun alussa, jolloin alueen vesiväyliä parannettiin uitolle. Tällöin rakennettu Miekankosken silta teki Kuortti–Miekansalmi-tiestä väylän Pertunmaan ja Mäntyharjun välille. Ilmeisesti tämä kunnantie parannettiin autoliikenteelle ja alueen kautta oli jo ennen toista maailmansotaa suunnitteilla rakentaa uusi valtatie 5, mitä heijastavat Kuortti–Miekansalmi-tien varrelle 1920–30-luvuilla pystytetyt valtatiemallin kilometripylväät.
Kuortti–Miekansalmi-tie edustaa Väyläviraston arvokohteiden joukossa keskiajan tiestöä ja sen nykyasu periytyy toista maailmansotaa edeltäneen ajan autoliikenteen tarpeisiin tehdyistä tiestön parannustöistä. Museaalisesta näkökulmasta katsottuna tien kunto on hyvä, mutta käyttäjien näkökulmasta sitä ympäristöineen on syytä kunnostaa kunnossapitosuunnitelman mukaisesti. Toimenpiteillä pyritään korostamaan tien ja sen ympäristön tulkittavuutta, sekä parantamaan sen käytettävyyttä ja liikenneturvallisuutta. Suunnitelmassa on esitetty toimenpiteitä tien ja sen lähiympäristön kehittämiseksi ja hoitamiseksi tienpitäjän ja matkailijan näkökulmasta. Suunnitelma sisältää alueurakkaan sisällytettävät tieympäristön hoitotoimenpiteet sekä kohteen ympäristön kunnostustoimenpiteitä ja suuntaviivoja tien mahdolliselle korjaukselle. Alueurakkaan sisällytettävät hoitotoimenpiteet on esitetty tiivistetysti työkohtaisessa tarkennuksessa ja kohdekortissa.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
