National Library of Finland DSpace Services
Not a member yet
86391 research outputs found
Sort by
Quality of Planning and the Interface Between Road Planning and Construction : Case of Finnish State-Owned Roads
Get PDFInvisible experts in primary care : Tasks and development opportunities for advanced clinical nurses in primary care in the Ostrobothnia welfare area
No full textAvhandling grundar sig på en kvalitativ undersökning som är genomförd inom Österbottens välfärdsområde 2023, där syftet är att kartlägga avancerade kliniska sjukskötares (AKS) arbetsuppgifter inom primärvården idag samt att synliggöra deras syn på utveckling och lyfta fram ledarskapets betydelse. AKS - rollen handlar om avancerat kliniskt vårdarbete där man har en övergripande förståelse för komplexa behov samt beredskap att göra beslut i självständigt arbete såväl som i samverkan med andra professioner.
Resultatet visar att arbetsbilden idag är varierad och saknar samstämmighet, vidare saknas strukturer för jämlik tillgång till AKS i Österbottens välfärdsområde. Det råder en avsaknad på en övergripande modell, befattningar, generiska uppgiftsbeskrivingar och adekvat ersättning för arbetet. AKS idag ser positivt på utveckling och har framtidstro. AKS - rollen behöver definieras och synliggöras. AKS kan bidra med betydelsefull kunskap och service inom primärvården i samverkan med läkare och andra sjukskötare. Ledarskapets betydelse för implementering av nya arbetsmodeller lyfts fram. Det finns önskan om en gemenskap, en vi-anda och en gemensam klinisk ledare som kan leda verksamheten in i framtiden bland de utmaningar som redan finns och kommer att finnas.This thesis is based on a qualitative study carried out in the Ostrobothnia Welfare Area 2023, where the purpose is to map the tasks of advanced practical nurses (APNs) in primary care in the present context and to highlight their views on development and emphasise the importance of leadership. The APN role is about advanced clinical care work where you have an overall understanding of complex needs and readiness to make decisions in independent work as well as in collaboration with other professions.
The results show that the work is currently varied and lacks coherence, and there are no structures for equal access to AKS in the Ostrobothnia welfare area. There is a lack of an overall model, positions, generic task descriptions and adequate compensation for the work. APN at present looks positively at development and has faith in the future. The APN role needs to be defined and made visible. APN can contribute significant knowledge and service in primary care in collaboration with doctors and other nurses. The importance of leadership for the implementation of new working models is emphasised. There is a desire for a sense of community, a "we" spirit and a common clinical leader who can lead the activity into the future among the challenges that already exist and will exist
Towards the True Universality of Human Rights? : An analysis of the Strasbourg Court’s development of a Functional Approach to Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and the Implications for the Protection of the Human Rights of Civilians Abroad During Conflicts
Get PDFCurrent conflicts increasingly affect civilians, involve multiple parties, and are of ambiguous nature. Therefore, international law and international human rights bodies, must develop new methods to approach alleged human rights violations taking place in such contexts. This thesis analyses one of these methods, i.e., the extraterritorial application of international and regional human rights treaties. Especially the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), has adopted a restrictive approach concerning the extraterritorial application of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and is therefore the main focus of this thesis. The core issue concerning extraterritorial application of human rights treaties is the notion of jurisdiction. Thus, the understanding of jurisdiction in this capacity is analysed, and how the development of a new understanding of jurisdiction, that is functional jurisdiction, can be seen in the Court’s judgments within the area. However, the issue is controversial as the exercise of jurisdiction is closely tied to the autonomy of a State and a State’s territory. Nevertheless, the expansion of State jurisdiction and the development of a functional approach to jurisdiction would make it possible to take all facts into consideration during all stages of military operations abroad to sufficiently safeguard individual’s human rights.
The finding and establishment of the exercise of jurisdiction is of utmost importance, as the exercise of jurisdiction is a necessary condition for a State to be able to be held responsible for acts or omissions imputable to it. Additionally, international human rights law only binds States vis-á-vis their relations with individuals within their jurisdiction. In its findings, the Court has mostly relied on the principle of territoriality and the traditional bases for extraterritorial jurisdiction, which is State agent authority and control (personal jurisdiction) as well as, effective control over an area (territorial jurisdiction). This thesis, through an analysis of decisions and judgments by the Court, seeks to identify the progression of these traditional principles to also include elements of functionality. This thesis, thus, sets out to explore in what instances the Court has found there to be a jurisdictional link between individuals and a Convention State acting abroad. However, when analysing the judgments, it becomes evident that there is no clear approach by the Court, and instead of developing a comprehensive framework on extraterritorial State jurisdiction, most of its conclusions are based on a case-by-case basis, resulting in judicial ambiguity. It is clear that the Court still needs to develop its approach to such matters. Nevertheless, recent judgments indicate a shift in the reasoning by the Court in favour of the protection of civilians’ human rights, and a functional approach to jurisdiction, which takes into account the broader framework military operations abroad are conducted in
Turku Moving with Human Rights? : A Case Study on the Localisation of Human Rights at the City of Turku
Get PDFThis study aims to generate a locally informed understanding of the current human rights practice in Turku, using a participatory approach to gauge the perception and prioritisation of human rights among its residents via a survey. The study analyses city’s approach to human rights by evaluating its policies and practices, specifically focusing on areas emphasised by the residents’ survey feedback. Accordingly, the thesis primarily reviews policies in the context of health and well-being, specifically focusing on sports and physical activities as a means to enhance the quality of life for its residents.
The study uses a Human Rights-Based Approach to analyse Turku's policies, aligning with the PANEL -principles (Participation, Accountability, Non-Discrim ination, Empowerment, and Legality) to assess their effectiveness in implementing human rights. It highlights Turku's worthy emphasis on the health and well-being of its residents and its legal adherence to national and international regulations concerning health, well-being, and sports development.
Key findings suggest that while Turku's policies and initiatives embody a rights-based approach, there is a distinct shortfall in the explicit use of human rights language in policy-making and public communications. The city's efforts reflect an ideological commitment to empowerment and inclusivity, but fail to educate residents about their rights and entitlements.
Study also reveals a widespread concern across diverse demographics regarding non -discrimination and equality. Turku's policies demonstrate a commitment to these principles, aiming to integrate them into various aspects of governance and service provision. The city strategy and initiatives like the Moving Turku -policy are focused on addressing the needs of vulnerable groups and promoting inclusivity, recognising that preventing social exclusion is key to advancing equality and non-discrimination.
The study reinforces the importance of localising human rights to enhance their relevance in local contexts. It underlines the role of local governments like Turku in this process. It shows that local authorities can actively contribute to the realisation of residents' human rights. To further these efforts, the study recommends Turku to explicitly use human rights language, foster social cohesion and promote human rights awareness.
The study's timing aligns with the current global focus on localising human rights and the ongoing impetus on increasing awareness among local authorities of the benefits in embracing a rights-based approach in their governance.
To conclude, the thesis presents Turku as a city that, while implementing human rights in practice, remains detached from the rights discourse due to the lack of explicit acknowledgment and education on human rights. The recommendations urge the city to bridge this gap through an active commitment to human rights
Mogilisatsiya – The Rights and Refugee Status Eligibility of Russian Absolute and Selective Conscientious Objectors during the War in Ukraine
Get PDFThis thesis sets out to define and contextualize the right to conscientious objection to military service within the field of international human rights law and refugee law. Practicing conscientious objection to military service during wartime is difficult, whether selectively objecting to the current conflict or to any military service in an absolute sense. As Russia entered a state of partial mobilization due to their invasion of Ukraine such an issue became highly relevant. It concerns a non-democratic state, with certain protections for conscientious objectors, conducting a war of aggression that has come to feature many cases of accused war crimes and that has strongly repressed any domestic opposition to its conduct.
Examining the human rights instruments binding (pre-war) Russia, the ICCPR and ECHR, the status of conscientious objection as a derivative human right under the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion will be contrasted to its practical implementation in Russian society through the civilian alternative to military service. This institutionalization of conscientious objection is examined through the domestic law establishing alternative service, the ECtHR judgement examining the law’s implementation as well as reports of current practice of its implementation in Russia – pointing to some grave inadequacies. Among these are the problematic process of applying for alternative service before the military authorities as well as the arbitrary inaccessibility of making such an application. Adding to this is recent domestic Russian reforms which restrict the rights of persons who do not comply with draft calls and reported cases of persons being threatened as well as forced into armed service when attempting to appeal such draft calls. The case is therefore made that Russian practice towards conscientious objectors could amount to persecution.
Focusing on international protection in the EU, relevant international legal sources is examined to point out what conditions a Russian conscientious objector would have to meet to qualify for refugee status in Europe, or if not then some form of subsidiary protection. With a basis in doctrine and UNHCR guidelines on international protection regarding interpreting the relevant legal sources the case is made that Russian conscientious objector’s asylum applications should be given due regard on account of the persecution their conscientious stances would bring about. This is however contrasted with state practice of EU member states, both in past application processes, as well as through contemporary statements by government officials and heads of state being reluctant or outright dismissive of such applications. Thus, potentially neglecting to provide adequate protection to persons conscientiously objecting to a war that the same member states also strongly condemn
Experiences of remote leadership : A qualitative study about care managers experiences of to lead remotely
No full textDistansledarskap inom vården ökar, vilket gör att ledarskapet förändras. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vårdledares upplevelser av att leda vårdverksamhet på distans. Avsikten var att studien skulle ge en bild av hur vårdledarna upplever distansledarskap inom vården.
En kvalitativ forskningsdesign användes och som datainsamlingsmetod genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sju kvinnliga ledare inom social- och hälsovården deltog i studien och den insamlade datamassan blev analyserad induktivt genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.
Fyra kategorier framkom i resultatet, vilka var kontroll, gemenskap, kommunikation och balans. Distansledarskapet kunde upplevas svårt och ovant till en början, men med hjälp av goda rutiner kunde ledarskapet underlättas. Det fanns även behov av ökat digitalt kunnande och kunskap i distansledarskap. Det framkom även att arbetsmängden var stor och att det var viktigt att få stöd i ledarskapsarbetet. Distansledarskapet kunde även inverka på gemenskapen och fysiska träffar ansågs därför vara viktiga. Dessutom upplevdes det svårare att identifiera hur arbetstagarna mår när man var på distans. Vårdledarna upplevde även att distansledarskapet inverkade på kommunikationen på arbetsplatsen samt att det fanns både fördelar och nackdelar med användningen av digitala verktyg. Slutligen framkom det även att det kunde vara utmanade att hitta en balans mellan att vara närvarande och att få arbetsro eftersom det kunde förekomma mycket avbrott i arbetet och ledarna önskade samtidigt vara närvarande för sin personal.
Trots att alla ledare inte upplever distansledarskapet på samma sätt så kan studiens resultat användas som stöd vid utformningen av ens eget ledarskap eller för att stöda andra människor i deras ledarskapsroll
Skapandet av datastrukturscheman för dynamiskt webbinnehåll – en fallstudie
No full textWhen producing content to be used online for e-commerce purposes, organisations are often faced with challenges around efficiency, scalability, and reusability. A strenuous process is carried out, where designers or content creators conceptualise their ideas and present them to a developer team who creates the content in HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and JavaScript (JS). This workflow requires a considerable amount of time and limits the reusability of the content, especially when multiple channels such as websites, apps, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are involved.
The proposed solution in this Master’s thesis is to alleviate these issues by building the content as a data structure schema, separating the controllers of the content from the representation. This will allow a designer or content creator to manipulate the data in the schema and drive the final render of this data, without any developer experience needed.
The thesis will describe and compare various data serialisation formats for this purpose, as well as consider several Application Programming Interface (API) protocols and the advantages and disadvantages of these. Finally, a proposal for a data structure schema utilising the data serialisation format JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) along with the API protocol Representational State Transfer (REST) is introduced and discussed
GloBE minimum tax: effects on investment and tax competition in low-tax countries
Get PDFThis paper builds a model to show that the substance-based income exclusion (SBIE) rule in the OECD's Pillar 2 provides multinational firms with an incentive to locate investment in low-tax countries. SBIE allows the multinational to deduct a share of its tangible assets and payroll expenses from the tax base of the Pillar 2 top-up tax. The size of the incentive increases as the corporate tax rate of the low tax country decreases. We also consider a tax competition model and show that some countries may respond to the GloBE rules by lowering their corporate tax rates even to zero. We argue that the mechanism causing these results is that the tax base of the GloBE top-up tax and the income concept used to calculate the GloBE effective tax rate are defined differently.nonPeerReviewe
Locating appropriation
Get PDFThere is little about globalized modern magical-religious Witchcraft that isn’t borrowed. It is well established that it is a creative response to modernity rather than an ancient continuous practice. Its inventiveness also makes it ripe for charges of religious appropriation. Complaints are compounded by claims that Nature Religions and New Age are consumerist movements, shaped by principles of alienated capitalism, fostered by ethnocentric views and coloniality. For British practitioners, anxieties about ethical practices mean they have recently turned to scrutinizing their own practice, but their questions focus on whether the entangled colonial histories of modern Witchcraft mean it is an inherently appropriated practice. In part this reflects changing political conditions, but it is also informed by the alignment of history with formal accounts over twenty years ago. I consider whether Liz Bucar’s (2022) valuable advice – to borrow more and better – will help shine some light on these debates