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International efforts to clarify the crime of aggression and its application in the case of Russian aggression against Ukraine
No full textThe crime of aggression was prosecuted as a crime against peace for the first time at the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials after the Second World War, which was then followed by a decades-long effort to create a functioning unified legal system to limit wars and their effects, that culminated in the creation of the Rome Statute and the International Criminal Court. However, creating legislation for the crime of aggression turned out to be a great challenge, and although, after lengthy meetings, it was finally made part of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, Russia's war against Ukraine has revealed that the jurisdictional regime of the crime has been left completely ineffective and subsequently forgotten, mainly due to the resistance of the major powers during the negotiations.
Such issues arise from the disproportionate system in which the major powers set the rules for the community as a whole but do not abide by them themselves. This calls into question the reliability of the international legal system. The phenomenon has reached its peak in the current war of aggression that Russia wages on Ukraine, as the international community is still lacking consensus relating to the individual responsibility of the Russian decision-makers.
Hence, the main objective of this working paper is to assess the sustainability of our current international legal system by reflecting on the ongoing war of aggression in Ukraine and to show that it has become a decisive factor for the future of the said system. The sustainability of the international legal system is assessed by considering how the international community's reactions and willingness to regulate aggressive war have developed from the 20th century to the present day. The goal is to create a better understanding of the still missing elements that are needed to make lasting peace.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Yleisesikuntaupseerin tutkinto : opetussuunnitelma 2023-2025 (YET OPS 2023-2025)
No full textYleisesikuntaupseerin koulutuksen perustehtävä on määritelty Puolustusvoimien (PV) ja Rajavartiolaitoksen (RVL), yliopistojen ja Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun (MPKK) nykyisten tehtävien pohjalta.
Yleisesikuntaupseerin tutkinnon perustehtävä on kouluttaa Puolustusvoimille ja Rajavartiolaitokselle yleisesikuntaupseereita, joilla on vaadittavat tiedot ja taidot sekä tutkijavalmiudet upseerin ylimpiin normaali- ja poikkeusolojen tehtäviin. Käytännön työssä saavutetun osaamisen ja hankitun kokemuksen myötä tutkinnon suorittaneella on mahdollisuus edetä komentajatehtäviin ja muihin ylimpiin Puolustusvoimien, puolustushallinnon, Rajavartiolaitoksen tai kansainvälisiin johtotehtäviin.
Edellä kuvattu toimintaympäristö edellyttää yleisesikuntaupseerilta laajojen kokonaisuuksien ja asiayhteyksien hallitsemista. Toimintaympäristössä korostuu kyky luovaan tietojen ja taitojen sekä uusien lähestymistapojen soveltamiseen. Toimintaympäristössä on kyettävä johtamaan vastuullisesti sekä ihmisiä että asioita. Valmiudet jatkuvaan oppimiseen korostuvat. Kansainvälistyvä toimintaympäristö edellyttää monipuolisia viestintä- ja vuorovaikutustaitoja.
Yleisesikuntaupseereiden on oltava luotettavia, ammattitaitoisia ja yhteistyökykyisiä. Heidän on kyettävä johtamaan ammattitaitoista henkilöstöä ja osattava hyödyntää tekniikan tuomat mahdollisuudet johtamistoiminnassaan.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Filopodia : novel discoveries in molecular architecture and cell-cell communication
No full textFilopodia are thin antenna-like actin protrusions extending from the cell surface. They are essential in many developmental processes but also contribute to cancer progression, which makes them potential therapeutic targets. The most well-studied function of filopodia is their ability to explore the surrounding environment and anchor cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) through integrin engagement. Filopodia also mediate diverse types of cell-cell communication processes including formation of adherens junctions and transport of cellular material and signalling substances between cells. Formation of filopodia is driven by the elongation of parallel actin filaments which is regulated by a diverse interplay of actin regulatory proteins. Despite comprehensive research efforts proving that they can enhance invasive behaviours of cancer cells, filopodia are still poorly understood on many levels, which has hindered development of clinical treatments targeting filopodia functions. The precise apparatuses that underlie filopodia formation remain unclear. Moreover, we also lack understanding on how filopodia mediate cell-cell communication, and how this process affects cancer cell behaviour. The overall aim of this thesis is to describe new insights into filopodia formation and study the role of filopodia in cell-cell communication. The first study behind this thesis examines the role of TLNRD1 in filopodia formation. TLNRD1 shares homology with talin, a common protein in filopodia and a key component of integrin-based adhesions. TLNRD1 had previously been described as a potential oncogene that can bind actin filaments, but its potential role in filopodia had not been studied. We discovered that TLNRD1 is an actin bundling protein that modulates filopodia formation and cell migration in cancer cells. The second study behind this thesis investigates a cell-cell communication pathway mediated by filopodia in cancer cells. By using super-resolution microscopy, we show that filopodia transiently embed into neighboring cells where they induce the recruitment of membrane traffic regulators PACSIN2, dynamin-2 and caveolin-1, and mediate trans-endocytosis. Taken together, this thesis sheds light on novel filopodia apparatuses that can be utilized by cancer cells to modulate cell migration and cell-cell communication processes. These findings may provide important cues for research that aim to develop targeted therapies against filopodia
Follow-up study of macrophytes and drifting algae in shallow sea bays in the Åland Islands
No full textIn the summer of 2024, a vegetation mapping of 11 shallow bays around the Åland Islands was carried out at the request of the Government of Åland. The aim of the study was to describe how harmful drifting algae have changed since the same study was carried out in 1997. The mapping included both mapping of percentual macrophyte coverage and biomass sampling of drifting algae mats, to get a value of every bay’s total biomass. The coverage of macrophytes was estimated by a 50x50 cm frame and the biomass of drifting algae was estimated by a sampling corer with 19.8 cm in diameter. The algae species from the biomass samples was sorted as thorough as possible to get an understanding of the relationships between filamentous algae, charophytes and angiosperms in drifting algae mats. Every local was revisited three times.
The results showed that there were non-significant results regarding the change in total biomass between 1997 and 2024. However, it was possible to see an increase in the average value of the total biomass between the years. Charophytes were also seen to have decreased largely since the earlier sampling, and depending on the local, filamentous algae and angiosperms had increased. Studies on drifting algae are important and gives a good picture of the environment in a bay. Therefore, studies of drifting algae could be a tool to better access the ecological status of shallow bays.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Nomaderna : Finlandssvensk emigration och återflyttning 2000–2023 i statistikens ljus
No full textÄnda sedan Amerikaemigrationen har det varit ett faktum att svenskspråkiga
i Finland har en betydligt högre emigrationsbenägenhet än
finskspråkiga. Benägenheten att röra på sig har inte avtagit. Sociologen
Kjell Herberts visar hur omfattande utflyttningen hittills varit
under 2000-talet. Med en betydligt större utflyttning och en mindre
återflyttning sker en sakta men märkbar åderlåtning av det svenska
i Finland, hävdar han. Genom den stora rörlighet finlandssvenskar
uppvisar dristar sig författaren att förlikna dem med nomader.Innehåll
Figurer och tabeller. 5
1. Inledning . 7
2. Migrationsströmmarna under 2000-talet. 10
3. Flyttning till och från Skandinavien . 17
3.1. Sverige som det andra hemlandet 17
3.2. Norge 21
3.3. Danmark 22
4. Utomnordiska destinationer . 24
4.1. Övriga Europa 24
4.2. Nordamerika 25
4.3. Sydamerika 27
4.4. Afrika 27
4.5. Asien 28
4.6. Oceanien 30
5. Flyttningsbenägenhet. 32
6. Demografiska följder 36
7. Sammanfattning och slutdiskussion 40
Källor 44
Författaren 451ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
"I've taken on too much" : manifestations of poverty in the experiences of three women with invisible disabilities in Åland
No full textResearch demonstrates that women with disabilities are particularly exposed to poverty and are more likely to encounter inequity in various areas of their lives. Due to their disabilities and gender, these women tend to fall into a path of poverty that is difficult to escape from both due to structural and attitudinal reasons. These affect their income, well-being, and ultimately their capacity to live the kind of life they would value. Little research still exists on the poverty realities as expressed by women with disabilities themselves. This study addresses their experiences of economic hardship in Åland. Through capability theorisation, emphasising individuals' real opportunities, and intersectional lenses, poverty is viewed as extending beyond economic deprivation. These approaches allow for the recognition of sites of injustice in their lives and for these women to be heard in the broader societal context of human rights. This thesis is a qualitative study based on three semi-structured interviews with women who share the common characteristic of having a so-called invisible disability. This enabled deeper reflection on this demographic and its links to the experience of poverty. The discussions took place in the winter of 2022-2023, and the interviewees were identified through work contacts. Qualitative content analysis served as a tool to elaborate on the vast data, and by engaging with the idea of thinking with theory, value was given to the first-hand experiences of the participants. The narratives of poverty among women with invisible disabilities appear as constraining factors resulting from the intersection of the nature of the disability, poverty, and gender. Poverty manifested in the women's experiences as prejudices and misunderstandings, economic struggles and scarcity, and everyday coping and emotional balancing. The outcome indicates that poverty is experienced as a multifaceted condition in which intertwined deprivations limit women’s daily life, and together contribute to their positioning aligning with previous research. In addition to the cumulative economic and socio-cultural dimensions of poverty, the experiences highlighted to a significant extent personal encounters and excessive coping, thus the psychosocial dimension linked to the phenomenon reflecting more broadly a society in which it is challenging for individuals to enhance their overall well-being. Simultaneously, these manifestations illustrate areas to shift the focus in efforts to support women with invisible disabilities and prevent their further marginalisation
Till Some Other State Do Us Part : Pre-Departure Civic Integration Tests and Family Reunification of Third-Country Nationals in the EU
No full textFamily reunification is a primary legal avenue for migration into the EU, yet it remains one of the most contentious. Under EU law, Member States enjoy broad discretion over family reunification policies. They can regulate entry, determine eligible family members, and set conditions for family reunification. Though not recognized as a right under international law, Family Reunification Directive (2003/86/EC, FRD) provides a subjective family reunification right for TCNs, allowing Member States to impose pre- and post-departure civic integration tests on Third-Country Nationals. Yet, Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights, while not granting a right to family reunification, through its ‘limitation clause,’ upholds the right to family life and limits state interference, also requiring positive actions toward admission.
Pre-departure civic integration tests often bar TCNs who fail to meet these requirements from reuniting with family members living in EU member states. The same can result when the best interest of the child is inconsistently applied, insufficiently weighted, or even overlooked in family reunification cases. For these reasons, this thesis will investigate whether pre-departure civic integration tests comply with the right to family life as outlined in Article 8 ECHR. Additionally, it examines the extent to which the best interest of the child is considered in family reunification cases involving TCNs.
Employing a dogmatic method, this thesis analyses both primary and secondary sources. It includes an analysis of cases from the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, alongside a specific administrative case of family reunification refusal by the German Embassy in Kosovo. The latter illustrates the practical challenges of such requirements and questions their alignment with Article 8 ECHR. This thesis will find that although these tests align with the FRD, they may conflict with Article 8 ECHR. Furthermore, the thesis will demonstrate that the BIC is either overlooked or inadequately applied in the family reunification context. Further, I agree with many authors who argue that integration requirements, while purportedly aimed at supporting social cohesion, serve primarily as tools of immigration control. Such requirements could be deferred to a post-arrival phase without compromising integration goals.
Well-established ECtHR case law views immigration control as a legitimate aim and family reunification as ‘voluntary.’ This results in no guaranteed entry and weak protection for TCNs’ family reunification. Despite challenges and skepticism, the Court still has a vital opportunity to right this wrong. This thesis advocates for strengthening the two-way integration model alongside judicial intervention, to protect family life and prevent immigration control from overriding fundamental rights
Environmental policy drivers in Europe : A study of ideological and national influences on MEPs' voting behaviour
No full textKlimatförändringen utgör ett hot för EU och för hela världen. För att hantera problemen som uppkommer på grund av klimatförändringen samt för att motverka framtida problem krävs kollektiva åtgärder av hela världen. EU har sedan länge setts som en föregångare i miljöpolitiken, och unionen har förbundit sig till att följa flera klimatmål, bland annat att fram till år 2030 minska på sina utsläppsnivåer med 55 procent jämfört med 1990 års nivåer och att fram till år 2050 uppnå klimatneutralitet.
Den europeiska miljöpolitiken styrs av både europeiska och nationella intressen. Detta betyder att medlemsstaterna har möjlighet att påverka utformningen av miljöpolitiken enligt vad som är förenligt med deras nationella ställning och enligt vad de enligt deras ideologiska ställning. I denna avhandling analyseras hur ideologi och nationell politik påverkar Europaparlamentarikers (MEP:ars) ställningstaganden i miljöpolitiken. Genom en kvantitativ analys av tio stycken miljörelaterade omröstningar i Europaparlamentet studeras hur stödet för miljöförslaget fördelar sig mellan ideologiska och nationella kategorier som MEP:arna delats in i.
Resultaten från avhandlingen tyder på att det finns rätt så distinkta skillnader i hur MEP:ar röstar beroende framför allt deras ideologiska ställning men även beroende på den nationella politiken. Vänsterideologi anses vara mer förenligt med en ambitiös miljöpolitik, likaså en ekocentrisk ideologi. Högerideologier och teknocentirska ideologier anses vara mindre engagerade i miljöpolitiken och visar sig i större utsträckning rösta emot förslagen i EP
Is device-measured physical activity associated with musculoskeletal disorders among young adult Finnish men?
No full textBackground: Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders represent a significant burden to society and can be unpleasant for the affected individuals. Physical activity (PA) can prevent MSK disorders while conferring other health benefits. The present study aimed to investigate associations between device-measured PA
and perceived MSK disorders among young adult men.
Methods: PA at different intensity levels, standing, and sedentary behavior were measured with a hip-worn accelerometer in a cohort of 422 young adult Finnish men aged 26 years on average. The incidences of three common MSK disorders (viz., knee pain, lumbar radicular pain, and lumbago pain) during the last month were inquired by a questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the associations between the MSK outcomes and explanatory PA variables (PA times at different intensity levels, standing, and sedentary times). The models were controlled for age, education, smoking, BMI, and maximal oxygen uptake.
Results: PA, standing, and sedentary times were not significantly associated with the incidence of perceived MSK pain during the last month, except for lumbago pain. Lumbago pain was slightly more probable if the time spent in light PA increased, even after controlling for potential confounding factors, including moderate-to vigorous PA, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02–1.14). Sedentary time
showed an opposite association, with an OR of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96–1.00).
Conclusions: There were neither positive nor negative clinically meaningful associations between PA and recent MSK disorders among young adult men. The result is surprising and requires further confirmation
Understanding Russia’s war against Ukraine : Political, eschatological and cataclysmic dimensions
No full textWe apply Anatol Rapoport’s typology of war to reconstruct how Russian research communities explain war against Ukraine. We argue that the initial three-dimensional framework can be divided into two explanatory models: military-political and eschatological-cataclysmic. The first model explains the war with reference to classical calculus about military threats and national interests. The second model interprets war as an act of creating a new world order and as a struggle existential for Russia. These two models are not mutually exclusive, yet they illuminate evolution of meanings given for the war during the first two years of Russia’s large-scale invasion against Ukraine