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A new antisemitic stereotype in the Finnish Press after the October Revolution
No full textAt the turn of the twentieth century, Jews were mostly blamed for small-scale and local conspiracies, but during and after the First World War global antisemitic theories started to emerge. In 1917, even before the Communist revolution, rumours spread around Russia that there was a close connection between the Bolshevist movement and Jews. Fear of Communism was prevalent in Finnish society, especially after the Civil War in the spring of 1918. This article focuses on one of the main manifestations of this fear, the development and spread of the Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy theory in the Finnish press after the Russian Revolution. The main sources for this article are Finnish newspapers and magazines published between 1917 and 1920. The goal is to describe how and whence the idea of a Jewish-Bolshevist conspiracy spread to Finland, and how new antisemitic ideas were connected to the millennia-old hatred of Jews
Suomessa julkaistujen ruotsinkielisten sanomalehtien digitointi- ja käyttöönavaamisprojekti Kansalliskirjastossa 2021–2023–2026
No full textProper metadata and how it is created with URN and other persistent identifiers
No full textPresentation given in Liber 2024 conference (Limassol, Cyprus).First published in Zenodo, Liber community.https://zenodo.org/records/12704477Metadata matters, especially if you wish your digital objects to live long and flourish. Currently most people turn to search engines when in need of information on any subject. But no search engine knows anything other than what it is told. Telling is not possible without names or locations. In the era of digitalisation, high quality machine-readable metadata and machine-actionable identifiers have become more important than ever before.
With this in mind, the National Library of Finland has been providing persistent identifier services to higher education and cultural heritage organisations since the late 1990s. This free-of-charge, actionable and persistent identifier URN – Uniform Resource Name – is an internet standard able to encompass other identifiers under the same umbrella. URN is not limited to identifying documents, but rather it can be assigned to any kind of digital object. The functionalities of URNs are rather similar to DOIs and they can be used in similar ways, but they are not mutually exclusive. The URN standard includes sophisticated functionalities that can be tailored to the namespaces. However, there have been no practical implementations of this as of yet.
Based on feedback from URN end users as well as our in-house specialists, we now have developed new versions of the National Library of Finland’s open-source URN harvester and resolver. This aims to improve the use of persistent identifiers as means of interaction. The new features make integration of URNs easier and smoothen the flows of information. For example, the current URN resolver distinguishes between normal URLs and legal deposit URLs, allowing it to inform the end user if the object is only available in the legal deposit collection. Previously, mapping functioned as one-to-one. Now mapping functions as one-to-many.
By using URNs, one serves libraries, search engines, and, at the end of the day and most importantly, the end users. URNs realise FAIR by making the identified object findable, accessible and re-usable
Förskolepersonalens upplevelser av deltagande i fortbildning i positiv psykologi som stöd för deras välbefinnande i arbetet
No full textVegetable oils epoxidation : from batch to continuous process
Get PDFEpoxides are a class of compounds characterized by the oxirane functional group, a polar three-terms strain ring composed by two carbon atoms and an oxygen atom. These two properties make the oxirane ring a highly reactive moiety. For this reason, epoxides are important and valuable industrial building blocks for the synthesis of several organic compounds, e.g., di- or polyalcohols, lactones, β-hydroxesters, carbonates etc. In this scenario, Epoxidized Vegetable Oils (EVOs), which are obtained from renewable feedstock, represent noteworthy green platforms to produce chemicals and biomaterials. Epoxides originating from vegetable oils, as well as from derivates of vegetable oils, have already been successfully applied, among others, as plasticizers in the poly(vinyl-chloride) resins, partially replacing phthalates, as intermediates to produce polyurethane, representing an environmentally friendly route compared to the toxic isocyanate process, and as bio-lubricants. Thus, it is possible to understand the ongoing interest, in both academic and industrial research, to this class of value-added chemical compounds. Nevertheless, the industrial synthesis still relies on a semibatch technology, limiting the productivity and selectivity to this platform chemical.
The epoxidation via the Prilezhaev reaction method is the synthesis pathway studied in the present work to produce of epoxides from vegetable oils, both edible and not. The choice of studying this synthesis path is because it is the only one with relevant current industrial application in the epoxidation of this promising feedstock and, more importantly, it belongs to the category of green chemistry and green process technology. The reaction system is composed of two immiscible liquid phases and consecutive reactions take place in the two phases and at the interphase between them. The work was mainly focused in the study of the different reaction steps of the Prilezhaev reaction method in order to efficiently shift to a continuous operation.
A new and fast analytical method based on protonic nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) was developed in alternative to the traditional volumetric analytical methods to evaluate the double bond conversion and the selectivity to the target product. At first, the system was studied in semibatch operation in the presence of linseed oil to evaluate the reactivity of this highly unsaturated organic substrate. The aim was to develop a biphasic kinetic model able to predict the behavior of organic substrates with different amounts of double bonds, in a backmixed reactor, in terms of conversion, selectivity and, more importantly, thermal profile. Next, the research was focused on the kinetic study of the percarboxylic acid formation and its decomposition. The former reaction, indeed, is the preliminary reaction step before the epoxidation reaction. An important aspect of the reaction system, because of the immiscibility of the two phases, is the partition of the species, especially the oxygen donor. For this reason, the partition coefficients of formic acid, the precursor of the oxygen donor, were experimentally determined. Finally, the epoxidation reaction via the Prilezhaev concept was successfully carried out in a continuous device obtaining satisfactory results in terms of conversion and selectivity adopting milder conditions than the semibatch process.Epoxider är kemiska komponenter som karakteriseras av funktionella oxirangrupper, Oxiran är en triangulär ring, som består av två kolatomer och en syreatom. Denna struktur innebär att oxiranringen är synnerligen reaktiv. På grund av den höga reaktiviteten är epoxiderna viktiga och värdefulla byggstenar i industriell syntes av flera organiska komponenter, t.ex. di- och polyalkoholer, β-hydroxiestrar och karbonater. I detta scenario representerar epoxiderade växtoljor, som erhålls från förnyelsebar råvara, en betydelsefull grön plattform för produktion av kemikalier och biomaterial. Epoxider som härstammar från växtoljor samt oljederivat har redan tillämpats bl.a. som biosmörjmedel, som mjukgörare i polyvinylkloridhartser, som ersättare av ftalater, och som intermediärer för framställning av polyuretan, där användning av epoxider möjliggör en miljövänlig reaktionsrutt jämfört med den giftiga isocyanatreaktionen. På grund av detta är det lätt att förstå det intensiva akademiska och industriella forskningsintresset för dessa mycket värdefulla kemiska komponenter. Beklagligtvis baserar sig den industriella syntesmetoden av epoxiderade växtoljor fortfarande på halvkontinuerlig teknologi, vilket begränsar både produktiviteten och selektiviteten av dessa eftertraktade plattformkemikalier.
Epoxidering av växtoljor enligt Prilezhaevmetoden är den syntesrutt som studerades i detta doktorsarbete för produktion av epoxider utgående från ätbara och icke-ätbara växtoljor. Valet av syntesmetoden baserade sig på det faktum att Prilezhaevmetoden är hittills den enda industriellt relevanta tillämpningen för epoxidering av den miljövänliga råvaran och metoden hör definitivt till kategorierna grön kemi och grön processteknologi. Reaktionssystemet består av två icke-blandbara vätskefaser, där konsekutiva perhydrolys-, epoxiderings- och ringöppningsreaktioner pågår inne i dessa faser och vid fasgränsytan. Arbetet fokuserades huvudsakligen på studier av de olika reaktionsstegen i Prilezhaevmetoden för att effektivt kunna övergå från den nuvarande prekära halvkontinuerliga produktionsprocessen till en kontinuerlig process, som skulle innebära en snabbare syntes och förbättad processäkerhet.
En ny och snabb analysmetod baserad på kärnmagnetisk resonansspektroskopi (1H-NMR) utvecklades som alternativ till traditionella volymetriska metoder för att bestämma dubbelbindningarnas omsättning och produktselektivitet. Först studerades den halvkontinuerliga reaktorteknologin i närvaro av linfröolja för att evaluera reaktiviteten av denna i högsta grad omättade organiska råvara. Målet var att utveckla en kinetisk modell för reaktionshastigheterna i tvåfassystemet så att beteendet av organiska molekyler med olika antal dubbelbindningar kan kartläggas i avseende på råvarans omsättning, produktens selektivitet och värmeeffekter. I följande steget fokuserades forskningen på kinetiska studier av bildningen och sönderfallet av perkarboxylsyror. Bildningen av perkarboxylsyra ur tillsatt karboxylsyra, t.ex. myrsyra och väteperoxid är de facto det första reaktionssteget före själva epoxideringsreaktionen. En speciellt viktig aspekt beträffande själva reaktionssystemet är att vatten- och oljefaserna är icke-blandbara, vilket innebär att komponenternas fördelning mellan faserna är av oerhört stor betydelse. Därför bestämdes fördelningskoefficienten av syrekällan, myrsyra experimentellt. I sista skedet kulminerade arbetet i utvecklingen av en helt ny kontinuerlig reaktorteknologi för att uppnå tillfreds-ställande resultat för reaktantomsättningen och produktselektiviten. Den kontinuerliga teknologin som baserar sig på en eller flera seriekopplade kolonnreaktorer visade sig vara överlägsen jämfört med det existerande halvkontinuerliga förfarandet: en klart högre reaktantomsättning och produktselektivitet uppnåddes i den kontinuerliga reaktoranläggningen som också modellerades matematiskt.Gli epossidi sono una classe di composti caratterizzati da un gruppo funzionale ossiranico, un anello a tre termini rigido e polare, composto da due atomi di carbonio ed un atomo di ossigeno. Tali caratteristiche fanno dell’anello ossiranico un gruppo altamente reattivo. Per questa ragione, gli epossidi sono importanti e preziosi intermedi industriali per la sintesi di un’ampia gamma di composti organici, i.e. di- o polialcoli, lattoni, β-idrossiesteri, carbonati etc. A tal proposito, gli oli vegetali epossidati, ottenuti a partire da fonti rinnovabili, rappresentano materiali di partenza notevoli e sostenibili per la produzione di agenti chimici e biomateriali. Gli epossidi ottenuti da oli vegetali, così come dai derivati degli oli vegetali, sono già stati ampiamente utilizzati come plasticizzanti nelle resine poliviniliche, sostituendo parzialmente gli ftalati, come intermedi per la produzione di poliuretano, rappresentando una via di sintesi ecosostenibile rispetto il processo via isocianato, e come biolubrificanti. Quindi, è possibile capire l’attuale interesse, sia da un punto di vista accademico che industriale, verso questa classe di composti chimici. Ciononostante, la sintesi industriale fa ancora affidamento su un processo semicontinuo, limitandone produttività e selettività.
Nel presente lavoro di tesi è stata studiata nel dettaglio la reazione di epossidazione, condotta secondo il metodo Prilezhaev, attualmente considerata la via più comune di sintesi per la produzione di epossidi a partire da oli vegetali, edibili e non. La scelta nello studiare tale processo risiede nel fatto che quest’ultimo è l’unico metodo con ampia applicazione nell’attuale pratica industriale per la produzione di epossidi a partire da materiali di partenza promettenti quali gli oli e, molto più importante, tale sintesi appartiene alla categoria della chimica verde e dei processi ecosostenibili. Il sistema di reazione si compone di due liquidi immiscibili e alcune reazioni consecutive che avvengono sia nelle due fasi che all’interfaccia tra le stesse. Il lavoro è stato prevalentemente focalizzato sullo studio dei differenti passaggi nella reazione secondo il metodo Prilezhaev, con lo scopo di trasferire efficientemente il processo in continuo.
Un metodo di analisi nuovo e rapido incentrato sulla risonanza magnetica protonica (1H-NMR) è stato sviluppato come alternativa ai tradizionali metodi volumetrici per la valutazione della conversione dei doppi legami e selettività del prodotto desiderato. Inizialmente, il sistema reattivo è stato studiato in presenza di olio di lino in un reattore semicontinuo per valutare la reattività di un substrato organico ad alto contenuto di doppi legami. Lo sviluppo di un modello reattoristico in grado di predire il comportamento di substrati organici a diverso contenuto di doppi legami in un reattore miscelato, in termini di conversione, selettività e, molto più importante, profilo termico, ero lo scopo principale dell’investigazione. Successivamente, la ricerca si è focalizzata sullo studio della cinetica della reazione di formazione e decomposizione dell’acido percarbossilico. La prima reazione infatti è propedeutica all’epossidazione. Un aspetto importante del sistema reattivo, a causa dell’immiscibilità delle due fasi, è la ripartizione delle specie, specialmente la specie ossidante. Per questa ragione, il coefficiente di partizione dell’acido formico, precursore della specie ossidante, è stato determinato sperimentalmente. Infine, il processo di epossidazione secondo il metodo Prilezhaev è stato condotto con successo in un’apparecchiatura operante in continuo, ottenendo eccellenti valori di conversione e selettività in condizioni meno severe rispetto al processo semicontinuo.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Economic Policy Council Report 2023
Get PDFThe 2023 Report of the Economic Policy Council was published on 24.1.2024. The council's tenth report evaluates the government's economic policy.
Talouspolitiikan arviointineuvoston vuoden 2023 raportti julkistettiin 24.1.2024. Arviointineuvoston kymmenes raportti käsittelee hallituksen talouspolitiikkaa. Raportti on kirjoitettu englanniksi.nonPeerReviewe
CurreChat – Generatiivisen tekoälyn skaalaaminen Helsingin yliopistolla
Get PDFEsitys Tekoälykahvit kulttuuriperintöammattilaisille -webinaarissa 17.1.2024
