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Medierar social hypervigilans associationen mellan ensamhet och tillit?
No full textLoneliness is a ubiquitous and growing problem. Loneliness can be defined as a mismatch between one’s desired and actual social relationships. From an evolutionary perspective, can loneliness be seen as a signal to form the social connections an individual needs to survive.
Loneliness can, however, affect human cognition in a maladaptive way, causing individuals to interpret social situations as negative and withdraw from social interaction. Furthermore, feelings of loneliness can cause a dysfunctional attribution and appraisals of other people (i.e., social hypervigilance).
Here, I used data from 9753 participants who provided measures of loneliness. Of these, 6476 were female (66.4%) and 3277 were male (33.6%). The mean age of the participants was 44.51 years (SD=16.65). A causal mediation analysis was performed to investigate whether social hypervigilance does mediate the association between loneliness and low interpersonal trust or not.
There was a significant negative direct effect of loneliness on interpersonal trust. The total effect was also negative and significant, and a substantial part of the total effect was mediated by social hypervigilance.
As hypothesized, social hypervigilance did mediate a substantial part of the negative effect loneliness has on interpersonal trust. This is new information on this topic as to my knowledge, there are no studies on the association between social hypervigilance and interpersonal trust. More research is, however, needed to specify the direction of the effects
Balancing the Best Interests of the Child with States' Interests in Protecting the Democratic Society : - An Analysis of the Balancing Act in Cases of Expulsion
No full textThe European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has extensive jurisprudence involving expulsion cases. These cases are examined under Article 8 of the ECHR, which protects the right to respect for private and family life. These applicants who risk being expelled as a result of their criminal or administrative offences, argue that the expulsion interferes with their right to respect for family life. The ECtHR has developed guiding principles to determine whether the expulsion was proportionate to the harm caused i.e., whether the separation of the applicants from their families due to the expulsion was proportionate. One of the guiding principles is the best interests and well-being of the children involved in these cases. The Court has developed this principle by interpreting the Convention in the light of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, where the principle of the best interests of the child is established. The ECtHR has stated that where children are involved, their best interests shall be given significant weight and shall be sufficiently considered in the domestic proceedings.
Some of these expulsions have been seen by the ECtHR as violations of Article 8 due to the expulsions interference on the relationship between the applicant and their child or children. Whilst in other cases the expulsions have not been seen as in violation of Article 8 even if it would cause an interference in the applicants and their children’s relationship. Scholars have argued that the ECtHR applies the best interests principle varying and the outcome is a case-by-case lottery. They describe the case-law as inconsistent and unpredictable. Different forms of review has been proposed to provide more consistency to the case-law, such as pure procedural review. The ECtHR’s case-law has also seen a shift from substantive review to a review that is oriented toward the procedural review. However, it seems as if the ECtHR is more likely to use a review that is in between the substantive and procedural review, namely the semi-procedural review.
This thesis finds that the only cases where the ECtHR will consistently find a violation of Article 8 is when the applicants are divorced from their child’s other parent and have access arrangements in place. The outcomes of other cases depend on how well the domestic authorities have considered the guiding principles and if the ECtHR needs to assess the facts of the case again, or if the facts of the case themselves lead to a finding of a non-violation or violation. Depending on these circumstances, the ECtHR may either find a violation because of a lack of consideration of the child’s best interests by the domestic authorities or the ECtHR may find that there has been no violation if the domestic authorities have considered the child’s best interests. In some rare cases, the ECtHR has substituted the domestic courts decision-making process with its own, if the ECtHR finds that the balancing exercise conducted by the domestic court failed to take into account the relevant guiding criteria
Tieturvallisuusdirektiivin mukainen verkonlaajuinen tieturvallisuusarviointi, osa 1: Onnettomuusperusteinen arviointi
No full textEuroopan Unionin (EU) liikenneturvallisuustavoitteena on kuolemien ja vakavien loukkaantumisten puolittaminen vuoteen 2030 mennessä vuoden 2019 tasosta, ja että liikennekuolemia ei enää tapahdu vuonna 2050 (Euroopan komissio 2020). Lisäksi Suomen liikenneturvallisuusstrategia pyrkii vuoteen 2050 mennessä siihen, että kenenkään ei tarvitsisi kuolla tai loukkaantua vakavasti liikenteessä (LVM 2022). EU:n tieturvallisuusdirektiivi (2008/96/EY, kuten muutettuna direktiivissä 2019/1936) sekä liikennejärjestelmästä ja maanteistä annetun lain (503/2005) 43 § edellyttää direktiivin soveltamisalaan kuuluvien teiden turvallisuusarviointia vähintään viiden vuoden välein. Arvioitava verkko sisältää Suomessa TEN-T-tiet, pääväyläasetuksen mukaiset pääväylät ja moottoritiet.
Verkonlaajuinen tieturvallisuusarviointi on tehty Suomessa kahdessa osassa. Tässä raportoidun onnettomuusperusteisen arvioinnin ja erikseen tehtävän tien suunnitteluominaisuuksiin perustuvan arvioinnin yhdistetty tulos muodostaa arvioinnin lopullisen tuloksen. Yhdistetyn tuloksen perusteella tunnistetaan tieosuudet, joille on tarve tehdä kohdennettu tieturvallisuustarkastus tai suoria parantamistoimenpiteitä.
Tässä työssä selvitettiin tieturvallisuusdirektiivin soveltamisalan laajuisen tieverkon liikenneturvallisuuden nykytila ja tunnistettiin tielinkkien ja maantieliittymien onnettomuusalttius. Onnettomuusalttius tunnistettiin ohjausryhmän määrittämien kriteerien perusteella, ja linkit ja liittymät luokiteltiin erittäin korkean, korkean, keskitason ja matalan onnettomuusalttiuden luokkiin. Lisäksi koko direktiivin verkolle sekä erikseen TEN-T-verkolle tehtiin erillinen taustatarkastelu, jossa onnettomuusalttiita linkkejä ja liittymiä tunnistettiin edellisen verkonlaajuisen turvallisuusarvioinnin luokituksen mukaisesti. Molemmat tarkastelut perustuivat onnettomuuskustannuksiin, mikä mahdollistaa vakavuudeltaan erilaisten onnettomuuksien tarkastelua yhdessä, kun vakavuus saa painoarvon yksikkökustannusten kautta.
Verkonlaajuisen tieturvallisuusarvioinnin onnettomuusperusteisen arvioinnin tuloksena tunnistettiin erittäin korkean onnettomuusalttiuden tiejaksoja yhteensä 353 kilometriä, joista aiheutuu onnettomuuskustannuksia yhteensä arviolta 36,5 miljoonaa euroa vuodessa. Korkean onnettomuusalttiuden teitä tunnistettiin 415 kilometriä, joista aiheutuu vuosittain 31,4 miljoonan euron kustannukset. Erittäin korkean onnettomuusalttiuden liittymiä tunnistettiin yhteensä 39, joista aiheutuu onnettomuuskustannuksia yhteensä arviolta 5,8 miljoonaa euroa vuodessa. Korkean onnettomuusalttiuden liittymiä oli 54, joista aiheutuu vuosittain 6,2 miljoonan euron kustannukset
Driftstudie av en integrerad Power-to-X anläggning i Kristinestad
No full textTransitioning away from the excessive use of fossil fuels and natural resources requires a green transition. Hydrogen produced with renewable electricity and various products further refined by the so-called Power-to-X products is a tool for transitioning to this change. This thesis examines the operational strategies of a planned 200 MW Power-to-X plant in Kristinestad, Finland. The plant will produce green hydrogen and synthetic methane using local renewable energy sources. This is achieved by combining produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide captured from the flue gases of a local Waste-to-Energy plant. The thesis is conducted with a detailed examination of the plant's technical specifications, the availability of renewable energy, and a process modeling of green hydrogen and methane production. The thesis is conducted on behalf of Prime Capital AG.
The study aims to explore and simulate the operating strategies of a plant designed to produce green hydrogen and synthetic methane using local renewable energy sources. The research also focuses on the supply of renewable energy to hydrogen production, including power purchase agreements, the spot electricity market, and the utilization of own wind power production. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the overall performance of operational scenarios and the ideal Power-to-X scenarios for green hydrogen and synthetic methane production.
The methods consisted of a thorough literature study and the development of a process simulation tool. The literature review examines relevant literature on hydrogen, hydrogen production, renewable energy, Power-to-X technology, and the production of synthetic methane. The thorough literature review provides a comprehensive understanding of a theoretical frame of references and existing knowledge in the field. A simulation tool was developed with technical plant specifications, initial operating scenarios, system boundaries, and stoichiometric mass balances for the process. Data from Historical wind power production was utilized in the tool.
The results of the study include an assessment of the availability of renewable energy, the performance of different operating scenarios, and the overall feasibility of producing sustainable green hydrogen and synthetic methane. An optimal operational strategy is essential to ensure its effectiveness. The results and insights presented in the thesis are of foremost importance for achieving the goals for a sustainable energy transition.För att övergå från en överdriven användning av fossila bränslen och naturresurser krävs en grön omställning. Vätgas som producerats med förnybar el och diverse produkter som vidareförädlats av de, så kallade Power-to-X produkter, är ett verktyg för att övergå till denna förändring. Denna avhandling fördjupar sig i de operativa strategierna för en planerad 200 MW Power-to-X anläggning i Kristinestad, Finland. Anläggningen ska producera grön vätgas och syntetisk metan med hjälp av lokala förnybara energikällor. Detta görs genom att kombinera producerad vätgas och koldioxid som fångats upp från rökgaserna från en lokal avfallsförbränningsanläggning. Avhandlingen genomförs med en detaljerad undersökning av anläggningens tekniska specifikationer, tillgången på förnybar energi och en processmodellering av produktionen av grön vätgas och metan. Avhandlingen utfördes på uppdrag av Prime Capital AG.
Syftet med studien är att utforska och simulera driftsstrategierna för en anläggning som är utformad för att producera grön vätgas och syntetisk metan med hjälp av lokala förnybara energikällor. Forskningen fokuserar också på tillförsel av förnybar energi till väteproduktionen, inklusive energiköpsavtal, spot el-marknad och utnyttjande av egen vindkraftsproduktion. Denna omfattande analys ger värdefulla insikter om den övergripande prestandan för driftsscenarier och de idealiska Power-to-X scenarierna för produktion av grön vätgas och syntetisk metan.
Metoderna bestod av en grundlig litteraturstudie samt utveckling av ett processimuleringsverktyg. I litteraturstudien undersöks relevant litteratur om vätgas, vätgasproduktion, förnybar energi, Power-to-X teknik och produktion av syntetisk metan. Den grundliga genomgången av litteraturen ger en omfattande förståelse av en teoretisk referensram och befintlig kunskap inom området. Utvecklingen av ett simuleringsverktyg genomfördes med tekniska anläggningsspecifikationer, inledande driftsscenarier, systemgränser och stökiometriska massbalanser för processen. Data från Historiska vindkraftsproduktion matades in i verktyget.
Resultaten av studien inkluderar bedömningen av tillgången på förnybar energi, prestandan för olika driftsscenarier och den övergripande genomförbarheten av att producera hållbar grön vätgas och syntetisk metan. En optimal driftsstrategi är avgörande för att säkerställa dess effektivitet. De resultat och insikter som presenteras i avhandlingen är av stor betydelse för att uppnå målen för en hållbar energiomställning
Fördelarna av generativ artificiell intelligens i forskning och utvecklings projekt
No full textIn this study, to analyse the impact of utilising Generative A.I. (G.A.I.) on Research and Development (R&D) projects, a novel design of quantitative parameters and thematical interviews was explored. With the advancement of large language models and prompt engineering, the integration of A.I. in R&D processes has shown promising results in enhancing productivity, innovation, and project management. This research presents insights into the utilization of A.I. for innovation and its influence on various R&D tasks through aspects like time, quality and work satisfaction. This is done by working closely with three development managers who had no previous experience in G.A.I. before this study. Moreover, the study addresses the challenges and possible solutions associated with the implementation of G.A.I. in R&D. These findings contribute to the current understanding of A.I.'s role in R&D
Comparative analysis of STPA for safety and security
No full textThis thesis dives deep into comparing two methodologies, STPA (SystemsTheoretic Process Analysis) for Safety and STPA for Security, used for analyzing complex systems. STPA for Safety, rooted in systems thinking, focuses on identifying hazards and reducing risks throughout a system's life. On the other hand, STPA for Security expands this approach to intentional threats, using scenarios and wargaming.
The comparison explores where they overlap, differ, and how they're applied in different areas, revealing a shared foundation in system analysis. The discussion highlights what they have in common, what sets them apart, and suggests areas for future research. The research method includes reviewing literature, analyzing frameworks, looking at real-world applications, understanding mitigation strategies, and finding common ground and unique considerations.
Future research areas include understanding human factors better, using more automation, and making the approach scalable. The practical side emphasizes the importance of training, staying up to date with technology changes, and using a unified framework. The study wraps up by pointing out opportunities to integrate different aspects and transfer knowledge for better system analyses
Sodan usvaa III : varautuminen, valmius ja nykyaikainen sodankäynti
No full textTämä teos on alan parhaiden kansallisten asiantuntijoiden ja ammattilaisten muodostama näkemys varautumisesta, valmiudesta ja nykyaikaisesta sodankäynnistä sekä niiden välisestä vuorovaikutussuhteesta.
Artikkelien kokonaisuus muodostaa lukijalle paremman ymmärryksen nykyaikaisten sotien monimuotoisuudesta. Kirjan päätarkoituksena on korostaa, että turvallisuusympäristön jatkuva muutos on vaikuttanut ja tulee edelleen vaikuttamaan yhteiskuntiin ja yksilöihin entistä kokonaisvaltaisemmin. Tämä edellyttää meiltä kansalaisina, yksilöinä ja yhteiskuntana parempaa ymmärrystä varautumisen ja valmiuden tärkeydestä.
Venäjän sota Ukrainassa on osoittanut, että iskut siviilikohteisiin ja kriittiseen infrastruktuuriin ovat saaneet keskeisen roolin aseellisissa konflikteissa. Tämä saattaa aiheuttaa monella valtiolla muutoksia varautumiseen, yhteiskunnan kriisinsietokyvyn kriittiseen arviointiin, pelastustoimen järjestelyihin, sotilaalliseen suunnitteluun, sotilasoppeihin ja -koulutukseenei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Generell hyperparameteroptimering inom STGEM
No full textHyperparameter tuning and optimization are investigated through a review of literature and by conducting experiments utilizing the solution implemented in this thesis. The experiments are conducted within the toolkit STGEM, which is a toolkit that focuses on testing cyberphysical systems utilizing optimization algorithms and machine learning models. The goal is to find some good hyperparameters for a novel machine learning algorithm (online generative adversarial networks), determine which search-based optimization algorithm is most suitable for this purpose and implement a generic hyperparameter tuning functionality within STGEM.
The results show that the default hyperparameter configuration of online adversarial networks that specify discriminator_lr and generator_lr are nearly optimal for the assigned task. Bayesian optimization seems to be the best searchbased optimization algorithm for optimization of hyperparameter values when a continuous search space is investigated and the problem is seen as a black-box function
Ensuring digital accessibility : state obligations for persons with disabilities under convention on the righs of persons with disabilities and EU law
No full textAccessibility has always been a feature required for persons with disabilities to be able to enjoy various fundamental human rights. In modern society, information and communication technologies and all its forms has proven to be present in all aspects of life including education, culture, health and therefore is an underlying foundation for the participation of persons with disabilities to enjoy of their rights. Digital exclusion exists through barriers and obstacles such as a lack of adaptations to technology, assistive technology, economic barriers and the rapid developments of technology advancing faster than the ability to make them accessible and on. The digital divide contributes to discrimination and inequality for persons with disabilities as they are denied the full enjoyment of their human rights if digital accessibility is not ensured. Intersectional issues affect the digital sphere and can result in further issues connected to a lack of digital accessibility such as inadequate healthcare and poverty.
On the other hand, when technology is developed with a effort to include persons with disabilities through concepts like universal design, barriers and obstacles are eliminated. By having legislation that addresses the digital divide through state obligations, persons with disabilities right to accessibility itself and as a precondition to various rights should be strengthened. The United Nations Convention to the Rights of Persons with disabilities (UNCRPD) adopts a psychosocial and human rights model of disability, which has a positive effect on the Member States of the European Union given that they are a party to the Convention.
For persons with disabilities, the attitudinal shifts as a result of the UNCRPD are very important given the history of the medical models and the difficulties and limits to rights and opportunities which that mindset brought with it. The Convention creates positive state obligations to digital accessibility in multiple ways from requirements on promoting and encouraging inclusive design and devlopment through to requiring implementation into national law and monitoring frameworks. The United Nations Committee to the UNCRPD provides valuable contributions by intepreting the content of digital accessibility in the Convention further through comments and other communications. The EU has taken steps to ensure digital accessibility through Directives and soft law instruments in order to comply with the obligations of the UNCRPD.
Despite there being progress in the field of digital accessibility and inclusion through legislation, there are still challenges with implementation and potential future obstacles in the form of the development of artificial intelligence. In order for persons with disabilities to achieve independence and equality, digital accessibility must be ensured by States proactively and with a forward-thinking perspective