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Design and Implementation of a DIS-Integrated Proxy for Real-Time Command Control and Simulation Communication
No full textIntegration between C2 (command and control) systems and simulated worlds is something critical for practicing real-time information exchange in a complex real-world scenario. This thesis focuses on the design and implementation of a proxy that bridges these two systems for interoperability. It is important to note that such a system should provide responsiveness and scalability, along with the flexibility to operate in various scenarios. This thesis project will mainly be used to bridge a binary information exchange protocol to a distributed interactive system (DIS) information exchange protocol, which is used by C2 systems and simulated world simulators respectively. DIS serves as the information exchange protocol for relaying information between modeling and simulations. It is an IEEE-standardized way of exchanging sensor and state information between units within these simulations, to make simulations lifelike as well as accurate. C2 systems are systems that control, map out, and command units within a battlefield. Systems such as these allow for better visualization of the positioning of both allied and enemy units within a battlespace and are used in both military and non-military applications. C2 systems mainly use a binary information exchange control while the simulated world simulators use a DIS-based information exchange protocol. These two protocols are not directly interchangeable and intraoperative with each other and therefore an interface that both translates and exchanges this information is needed. This interface should work as a robust proxy framework that allows for the exchange of data reliably, in real time, and with accuracy of information to work seamlessly with both systems. It should also allow for multidirectional communication between the systems so that a range of testing scenarios and features of both systems can be used to their fullest potential. To validate the performance of such a proxy, it should be evaluated through its responsiveness, accuracy of information, and reliability in exchanging information under load. The proof of concept created as this thesis project provides a seamless data translation and data synchronization solution which can be used as a building block for further development. The thesis concludes by addressing the limitations of the developed system and implementation, as well as suggesting what potential future improvements could be made with further research on implementation
Cyber Threats in Hospitals : GDPR and NIS2 Regulations in Preventing USB Injections
No full textCybersecurity is crucial in healthcare due to the escalating use of digital technologies and the rise in cyber-attack risks. This research demonstrates the necessity for robust strategies to safeguard physical and digital infrastructures, ensuring the security of patient data and healthcare services. Healthcare providers can protect themselves from the prevalent cyber-attack risks by establishing robust security measures, protocols, and actions. The study aims to demonstrate the importance of aligning cybersecurity measures with the stringent regulatory demands of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Network and Information Systems Directive (NIS2). The security, privacy, and integrity of patient data within systems require a commitment to technical enhancements and procedural changes. Adhering to these regulations is not just obligatory, but also advantageous, as a secure information environment bolsters patients' confidence in the healthcare system. However, it is not easy to achieve a healthcare environment that is completely safe and compliant due to many challenges. Numerous challenges exist, such as enforcing uniform security measures across disparate systems and integrating new security technologies into legacy environments. The rising use of USB devices by healthcare staff has made hospital work areas more accessible to non-employees, including patients, their families, and students at university hospitals. Staff members may not fully comprehend the risks associated with using USB devices for exchanging clinical information. A virus infection in a portable USB device connected to Point of Care Testing (POCT) equipment can result in a partial denial of service. Navigating the complicated regulatory requirements adds to the complexity of this vital task. Although there are many obstacles, the proposed strategies provide a clear path to move forward. Organisations can fortify themselves against rising cyber threats by fostering a culture of continuous improvement and dedication, investing in the modernisation of outdated systems, and placing cybersecurity at the forefront of healthcare service delivery. This proactive approach is about safeguarding the core of healthcare, which is the health and safety of patients. The research questionis: What vulnerabilities do USB devices introduce into healthcare systems, and how do they conflict with GDPRand NIS2 standards?ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Information influencing in wars and conflicts in the early 21st century
No full textTermi ”informaatiosodankäynti” oli vielä viisitoista vuotta sitten vain harvojen asiaan vihkiytyneiden huulilla. Nopean kehityskulun myötä informaatiovaikuttaminen on nyt suuren yleisön tiedossa ja siltä osataan myös suojautua. Tähän nopeaan kehityskulkuun sisältyy myös teknologian nopea kehittyminen – internetliittymällä varustetuista älypuhelimista on tullut uusi normaali, ehkä jopa kansalaisoikeus, sillä yhteiskunnan digitalisoituessa internetyhteys ja päätelaite ovat jo melko pitkälti edellytyksenä sille, että voi nykyaikana omia asioitansa hoitaa pankin, koulun, terveydenhoidon tai kauppojen suuntaan.
Tämä nopea kehityskulku on tuonut myös varjopuolia tullessaan – tietoa manipuloidaan ja väärää tietoa levitetään joko tahattomasti tai tahallaan ja tällä voi olla kauaskantoisia seurauksia, kuten esimerkiksi Iso-Britannian eroaminen EU:sta tai Trumpin valinta Yhdysvaltojen presidentiksi vuonna 2016 (ja uudestaan vuonna 2024). Taisteluita voidaan vielä voittaa taistelukentällä, mutta sodat voitetaan lopunperin ihmisten mielissä – se, kuka mielletään voittajaksi, on voittaja huolimatta taistelukenttien tuloksista.
Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkin informaatiovaikuttamista ja strategista viestintää erilaisissa yhteyksissä; keskiössä ovat 2000-luvun alkupuolen sodat ja konfliktit. Asetelmat kaikissa tapaustutkimuksessa ovat erilaiset ja niiden avulla pyritään luomaan kuva informaatiovaikuttamisesta taktisella, operatiivisella ja strategisella tasolla valtiollisten ja ei-valtiollisten toimijoiden näkökulmista. Väitöskirja on vertaisarvioitujen artikkelien pohjalle rakennettu tapaustutkimuksittain. Ensimmäinen tapaustutkimus käsittelee Ukrainan sodan alkuvaiheita 2010-luvun alussa, jolloin alun perin vapaaehtoispohjalta syntynyt Azov-pataljoona keräsi huomiota niin hyvässä kuin pahassakin. Tutkimus perehtyy Azovin informaatiovaikuttamiseen ja operointiin taktisella tasolla ja tämä tutkimus muodostaa ensimmäisen artikkelin. Toisessa tapaustutkimuksessa keskiössä on Israelin informaatio-operaatioiden kehittyminen neljän eri sodan kautta tarkasteltuna. Tämä tapaustutkimus käsittää väitöskirjan artikkelit 2–4 ja se kuvaa operatiivisen tason toimintaa tuoden hyvin eron taistelukentän menestyksen ja sen perusteella muodostuvan mielikuvan välillä. Kolmannessa tapaustutkimuksessa käsitellään strategisen tason informaatiovaikuttamista Ukrainan ja Venäjän välisessä sodassa. Keskiössä on valtiollisten voimankäytön välineiden käyttö päämäärien saavuttamisessa informaatiovaikuttamisen näkökulmasta.
Näiden tapaustutkimusten kautta muodostuu kokonaiskuva informaatiovaikuttamisesta aikana, jolloin internetyhteydellä ja älypuhelimella varustettu henkilö on sekä uhka että mahdollisuus.Fifteen years ago, the term “information warfare” was still familiar to only a few experts. However, with rapid technological development, information influence has become widely recognized by the general public, and people are increasingly aware of how to protect themselves against it. This swift progression includes the rapid advancement of technology – smartphones with internet access have become the new norm, perhaps even a civil right. In today’s digitalized society, having an internet connection and a device is almost a prerequisite for managing personal matters with banks, schools, healthcare, or stores. However, this rapid development also has its downsides – information is manipulated, and false information is spread, whether unintentionally or deliberately, which can have far-reaching consequences, such as the United Kingdom’s exit from the EU or Donald Trump’s election as President of the United States in 2016 and again in 2024. Battles may still be won on the battlefield, but wars are ultimately decided in people’s minds – the one perceived as the victor is the winner, regardless of the battlefield results.
In this dissertation, I examine information influence and strategic communication in various contexts, focusing on wars and conflicts in the early 21st century though several case studies. The scenarios in each case study differ. In this way, I aim to create an understanding of information influence at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels from the perspectives of both state and non-state actors. The dissertation is based on peer-reviewed articles, organized in relation to the respective case studies. The first case study addresses the early stages of the war in Ukraine in the early 2010s, where the Azov Battalion, originally formed on a volunteer basis, garnered both positive and negative attention. This study explores Azov’s information influence and operations at the tactical level, forming the basis of the first article. The second case study focuses on the evolution of Israel’s information operations across four different wars. This case study comprises articles 2–4 of the dissertation and highlights the difference between battlefield success and the perceptions that follow. The third case study examines strategic-level information influence in the war between Ukraine and Russia, focusing on the use of state power tools to achieve objectives from the perspective of information influence.
Through these case studies, a comprehensive picture of information influence emerges in an era where a person equipped with an internet connection and a smartphone is both a threat and an opportunity.navigointi mahdollist
ROOT-hanke
No full textEsitys Digime2025 – Verkostot kulttuuriperinnön voimavarana -seminaarissa 4.9.2025.kuvilla vaihtoehtoiset kuvauksettaulukot saavutettavialooginen lukemisjärjesty
Valorisation of Phosphogypsum via Leaching : Evaluating Phosphorus and Calcium Separation
No full textPhosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct of phosphoric acid production, contains valuable elements such as phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and rare earth elements (REE). However, it is largely landfilled, posing environmental risks and wasting recoverable resources. This study, conducted within the EU-funded FIC-Fighters project, aims to develop sustainable valorisation strategies by selectively separating P and Ca to produce an ultrapure gypsum phase suitable for CaCO3 synthesis, while enabling P recovery.
Leaching experiments were carried out on two PG types: one from Finland, derived from magmatic phosphate ore, and one from Croatia, derived from sedimentary ore. Leaching experiments were conducted using acidic and basic solvents (HCl, H2SO4, citric acid, NH3 and NH4Cl) at concentrations of 0.1 M and 1 M with L/S ratios of 100, 50, 20 and 10 ml/g. Analytical techniques included UV-Vis spectroscopy, EDTA titration, ICP-OES and SEM-EDS, to quantify Ca and P and assess method reliability. Reproducibility of the experiments was validated by performing a set of experiments in triplicate.
Results showed that higher L/S ratios significantly enhanced the dissolution and recovery of both P and Ca. Elevated temperatures also improved dissolution, though additional research is needed to validate these results. Across all experiments, 1 M solvents consistently outperformed their 0.1 M counterparts. The origin of the PG had a negligible impact on the recovery trends, indicating comparable behaviour across phosphate ore types. The highest recovery rates were achieved with 1 M HCl at an L/S ratio of 100 ml/g, though co-dissolution limited selective separation. NH4Cl demonstrated potential for selective Ca recovery with reduced P solubility. However, co-dissolution levels remained too high.
Among analytical methods, ICP-OES proved the most versatile, while UV-Vis and EDTA titration offered cost-effective options for routine analysis, depending on sample composition. Although REE recovery was not assessed, future research should explore their potential, alongside further optimisation of HCl and NH4Cl systems. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of tailored solvent systems for sustainable PG treatment and resource recovery
Minne yritysten voitot katoavat?
No full textSuomalaisten yritysten maksamat osingot lähtivät jyrkkään nousuun 1990-luvun puolivälissä, mutta yritysten voitot eivät ole kasvaneet läheskään samaa tahtia. Kehityksen taustalta löytyy poliittisia päätöksiä, jotka ovat suosineet rahoitusalaa ja osinkojen maksua, mutta hillinneet tuotannollisia investointeja.nonPeerReviewe
Molecular and Tissue-Level Insights into Jagged1-Notch Signaling
No full textTissue morphogenesis is a complex process where cells grow, specialize, and shape their environment to form functional tissue. This process relies on active intercellular communication, which coordinates cell fate decisions in a locally restricted manner. The Notch signaling pathway mediates many cell fate decisions, such as division, differentiation, and death, through direct cellcell contact and guides tissue morphogenesis and maintenance.
This thesis shows how Notch signaling is regulated 1) at the ligandreceptor interface through modifications on the functional molecular domains and 2) at a tissue level based on the abundance and the temporal dynamics of different Notch receptors. An N-glycosylation site conserved in the C2 domain of Jagged1, but not the Delta-like family ligands, is important for the ligand´s configuration in the intermembranous space and ability to activate the Notch receptor. Disease-linked single amino acid mutations in this site perturb the lipid-binding properties of Jagged1 and its ability to activate the Notch receptor.
Jagged1 binds and activates two structurally distinct Notch receptor paralogs expressed in arterial smooth muscle cells, Notch2 and Notch3, equally well. When activated by Jagged1, Notch2 and Notch3 co-regulate a large set of genes related to smooth muscle development and maturation. However, Notch3 relies on higher expression levels due to the weak interactions between its intracellular domain and the transcriptional factor RBPJκ. The loss of Notch2 nearly abolishes all canonical Notch activity in smooth muscle cells except for those in smaller muscular arteries like the brain arteries, which express high levels of Notch3 and Jagged1.
These studies together provide mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of Notch-related perivascular diseases and their region-specific consequences.Vävnadsmorfogenes är en komplex process där celler växer, specialiserar sig och formar sin omgivning för att bilda funktionell vävnad. Denna process är beroende av aktiv intercellulär kommunikation, som samordnar cellödesbeslut på ett lokalt begränsat sätt. Notch-signalvägen förmedlar många cellödesbeslut, såsom celldelning, differentiering och celldöd, genom direkt cell-till-cell-kontakt och styr vävnadsmorfogenes och underhåll.
Denna avhandling visar hur Notch-signalering regleras 1) vid ligandreceptor-gränssnittet genom modifieringar av funktionella molekylära domäner och 2) på vävnadsnivå baserat på förekomst och tidsmässig dynamik av olika Notch-receptorer. En N-glykosyleringsplats som är bevarad i C2-domänen hos Jagged1, men inte hos ligander i Delta-liknande familjen, är viktig för ligandens konfiguration i det intermembranösa utrymmet och dess förmåga att aktivera Notch-receptorn. Sjukdomskopplade mutationer av enskilda aminosyror i denna plats stör Jagged1:s lipidbindande egenskaper och dess förmåga att aktivera Notch-receptorn.
Jagged1 binder och aktiverar två strukturellt distinkta Notchreceptorparaloger som uttrycks i artärers glatta muskelceller, Notch2 och Notch3, lika effektivt. När de aktiveras av Jagged1 samreglerar Notch2 och Notch3 ett stort antal gener som är relaterade till utveckling och mognad av glatt muskulatur. Dock är Notch3 beroende av högre uttrycksnivåer på grund av svaga interaktioner mellan dess intracellulära domän och transkriptionsfaktorn RBPJκ. Förlusten av Notch2 eliminerar nästan all kanonisk Notch-aktivitet i glatta muskelceller, förutom i mindre muskulära artärer såsom hjärnans artärer, vilka uttrycker höga nivåer av Notch3 och Jagged1.
Dessa studier ger tillsammans mekanistisk insikt i den molekylära grunden för Notch-relaterade perivaskulära sjukdomar och deras regionsspecifika konsekvenser.navigointi mahdollist
Penedo muuttuu, mutta muistaa juurensa : aineistonkeruumatka Penedon suomalaiseen utopia-yhteisöön 4.-12.5.2025
No full textei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Development Needs of Finnish Incident Management and Leadership in the Future Operating Environment
No full textThis study examines the development needs of Finland’s incident management and leadership systems in a changing security environment under normal legislative conditions. The future will require preparedness for increasingly complex and unpredictable incidents. This transformation requires a reassessment of the leadership system and the search for new solutions. The Finnish incident management and leadership management system is based on the principle of comprehensive security, in which public authorities and the private sector jointly safeguard vital functions. Legislation and the rule of law are key considerations in evaluating the management system. International organizations, such as NATO and NORDEFCO, significantly influence Finland’s incident management system. From the perspective of comprehensive security, NATO is not merely a military alliance. The complexity of the security environment demands flexibility, cooperation, and resilience from the management system. The theoretical framework of the study is based on complexity leadership theory and systems theory. The empirical data consists of 18 expert interviews, analyzed using inductive content analysis. Based on the analysis, three main themes were found: preparedness of the management system for future challenges, legislative requirements for management system development, and the need for improvements in incident management from the perspective of leadership responsibility. The findings indicate that leadership responsibilities and legislation require clarification, and international cooperation structures should be more effectively integrated into the national system. Additionally, the roles of municipalities and the private sector need further specification. In the future, society must decide which interests should be secured and where the focus of preparedness should lie in the development and management of the management system.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Luottamus arvostavassa kohtaamisessa : Näkökulmia ja työkaluja työntekijöille monikielisten asiakkaiden kohtaamiseen
No full textStrategisen tutkimuksen neuvosto (STN), Suomen Akatemianavigointi mahdollist