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Legal remedies against greenwashing
No full textPovečano povpraševanje po zelenih dobrinah in storitvah je povzročilo poplavo zelenih trditev in trditev o trajnosti produkta. Težava nastopi, ko podjetja uporabljajo lažne ali zavajajoče trajnostne trditve, ki izkrivljajo ekonomsko voljo potrošnikov ter posledično spodkopavajo trg trajnostnih izdelkov. Namen prispevka je predstaviti in primerjati ključne regulatorne pristope s poudarkom na načelu transparentnosti ter oceniti njihovo učinkovitost pri preprečevanju in sankcioniranju zelenega zavajanja. Težišče primerjave je namenjeno oblikam zasebnopravnega varstva, ob vzporedni analizi javnopravnih mehanizmov, pri čemer obe skupini skupaj tvorita celovit sistem varstva potrošnikov in trga, kar deluje tako preventivno kot retributivno. Prispevek temelji na primerjalnopravni analizi med common law sistemom (ZDA) in kontinentalnim sistemom (EU), z vključitvijo relevantnih aktualnih primerov sodne prakse. V zaključnem delu pa se avtorica posveti tudi slovenskemu pravnemu okvirju potrošniškega varstva pred zelenim zavajanjem ter izpostavi izzive in priložnosti za nadaljnji razvoj.The growing demand for green goods and services has led to a proliferation of environmental and sustainability claims. Problems arise when companies use false or misleading sustainability statements that distort consumer choices and, consequently, undermine the market for genuinely sustainable products. The purpose of this article is to present and compare key regulatory approaches with an emphasis on the principle of transparency, and to assess their effectiveness in preventing and sanctioning greenwashing. The focus of the comparison lies on forms of private-law protection, complemented by an examination of public-law mechanisms. Together, these instruments constitute a comprehensive system of consumer and market protection operating both preventively and retributively. The article is based on a comparative legal analysis of the common law system (U.S.) and the continental system (EU), including relevant and recent case law. In its concluding section, the author also examines the Slovenian legal framework on consumer protection against greenwashing, highlighting key challenges and opportunities for further legislative development
Celovit pristop k merjenju skrbi za informacijsko zasebnost v spletnih okoljih
No full textInternet technologies have considerable implications for the perception and protection of information privacy, and users are often concerned about the potential misuse of their data. While significant focus has been put on individuals’ information privacy concerns (IPCs) and how they relate to individuals’ behaviour, a clear and unified conceptual and measurement approach to this important concept is still missing. This can lead to inconsistent empirical findings and limit advancement of the research field. This dissertation addresses this knowledge gap by building on the distinction between vertical and horizontal privacy. The former describes privacy relationships between individuals and institutions, the latter privacy relationships among individuals. Given the contextual dependency of privacy, this distinction improves the completeness of IPCs research while ensuring its comparability across studied contexts. To develop a comprehensive measurement framework for IPCs in online environments, the study proceeded in four sequential and interrelated steps: (1) the development of a conceptual typology of contexts based on actors with access to individuals and their information(2) a systematic literature review of survey scales measuring IPCs on social network sites(3) an in-depth qualitative analysis of internet users’ understanding of vertical and horizontal IPCsand (4) a quantitative survey study testing the validity of scales measuring vertical and horizontal IPCs and examining their associations with individuals’ willingness to share personal information in three distinct online contexts (i.e., e-commerce, social network sites, and instant messaging). These activities provide a validated conceptual typology of contexts, an overview and evaluation of survey scales for measuring IPCs, a revised definition of IPCs, and a set of validated scales for measuring vertical and horizontal IPCs. The original findings of this dissertation thus represent a significant methodological and substantive contribution to the field of information privacy in online environments.Internetne tehnologije imajo pomembne posledice za dojemanje in varovanje informacijske zasebnosti, uporabnike pa pogosto skrbijo morebitne zlorabe njihovih podatkov. Čeprav je bilo veliko pozornosti namenjene pojmu skrbi za informacijsko zasebnost (SIZ) kot tudi njegovim vplivom na posameznikovo vedenje na spletu, še vedno manjka jasen in enoten konceptualni in merski pristop k temu pojmu. To lahko vodi do nasprotujočih si empiričnih rezultatov in preprečuje konsolidacijo raziskovalnega polja. Pričujoča disertacija naslovi to vrzel z upoštevanjem razlike med vertikalno in horizontalno zasebnostjoprva označuje zasebnost v odnosih med posamezniki in institucijami, druga pa v odnosih med posamezniki. Ker so pogledi na zasebnost močno pogojeni z značilnostmi posameznega konteksta, upoštevanje omenjene razlike zagotavlja bolj celovito preučevanje SIZ ter hkrati omogoča primerjavo med preučevanimi konteksti. Z namenom razvoja celovitega pristopa k merjenju SIZ v spletnih okoljih so raziskovalne aktivnosti v okviru disertacije potekale v štirih zaporednih in medsebojno povezanih korakih, ki so vključevali: (1) razvoj konceptualne tipologije kontekstov glede na akterje, ki lahko dostopajo do posameznikov in njihovih informacij(2) sistematičen pregled anketnih lestvic za merjenje SIZ na družbenih omrežjih(3) poglobljeno kvalitativno analizo razumevanja vertikalnih in horizontalnih SIZ med uporabniki internetater (4) kvantitativno anketno študijo, ki je potrdila veljavnost lestvic za merjenje vertikalnih in horizontalnih SIZ ter preverila njuno povezanost s posameznikovo pripravljenostjo deljenja osebnih podatkov v treh različnih spletnih kontekstih (tj. spletno nakupovanje, družbena omrežja in storitve za takojšnje sporočanje). Disertacija tako razvije konceptualno tipologijo kontekstov, pregleda in oceni mersko kakovost obstoječih anketnih lestvic za merjenje SIZ, predstavi posodobljeno opredelitev SIZ in potrdi veljavnost dveh lestvic za merjenje vertikalnih in horizontalnih SIZ. Disertacija s svojimi izvirnimi ugotovitvami tako predstavlja pomemben metodološki in vsebinski prispevek k raziskovalnemu področju informacijske zasebnosti v spletnih okoljih
Analysis of healthcare financing in Slovenia
No full textZdravstveni sistem zajema širok nabor dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na njegovo delovanje, med katerimi pomembno vlogo igra področje financiranja, ki nakazuje, kako je sistem vzdržen, kar je v času nenehnih sprememb in nepredvidljivih tveganj še kako pomembno. Za lažje razumevanje ureditve področja zdravstvenega varstva v Sloveniji je slednji primerljiv z ureditvijo v Nemčiji, saj imata obe državi urejen sistem na osnovi Bismarckovega modela, vendar je kljub temu na področju delovanja sistema zaznati razlike.
V magistrskem delu je obravnavano spremljanje kvantitativnih podatkov, uporaba kvalitativnih, induktivne ter komparativne metode, ki so podkrepljene s SWOT analizo. Na temelju omenjenih metod je bilo ugotovljeno, da je v Sloveniji na področju delovanja zdravstvenega sistema zaznati precej monopolističen pristop, medtem ko je v Nemčiji sistem nekoliko bolj razdrobljen, zaradi česar je posledično zaznati tudi vidike konkurenčnosti. V obeh državah je prepoznano prevladovanje javnih virov financiranja, pri čemer pomembno vlogo igrajo še zasebni viri, katerih večinski del predstavljajo izdatki iz žepa. V Sloveniji je sistem močno odvisen od delovno aktivnega prebivalstva, kar lahko vpliva na vzdržnost sistema v prihodnje, dodatno pa poslabšuje pomanjkanje jasne določitve obveznih rezerv.
Prikazana je uporabnost analize delovanja dveh zdravstvenih sistemov, ki sicer temeljita na istem modelu, a je kljub temu mogoče prepoznati razlike v izvajanju obeh. S prikazom ključnih razlik, na osnovi katerih so ugotovljene priložnosti in nevarnosti na področju njune ureditve in delovanja, se bralcu ponudi širši vpogled v ozadje delovanja sistemov, ki pravzaprav zasledujeta enake cilje.The health system encompasses a wide range of factors that affect its functioning, among which the area of financing plays an important role, which ultimately indicates how sustainable the system is, which is very important in times of constant change and unpredictable risks. To facilitate the understanding of the regulation of health care in Slovenia, it is compared with the regulation in Germany, as both countries have a regulated system based on the Bismarck model, but differences are still noticeable in the area of system operation.
The master thesis uses quantitative data monitoring, qualitative methods, inductive method and comparative method, which is supported by the SWOT analysis. On the basis of these methods, it was found that in Slovenia there is a rather monopolistic approach to the operation of the healthcare system, while in Germany the system is somewhat more fragmented and consequently aspects of competitiveness are also detected. In both countries, public sources of funding are predominant, but private sources also play an important role, the majority of which is out-of-pocket expenditure. In Slovenia, the system is highly dependent on the working-age population, which may affect the sustainability of the system in the future, which is further exacerbated by the lack of a clear definition of minimum reserves.
The usefulness of the analysis of the functioning of two healthcare systems, which are based on the same model, but it is still possible to recognize differences in its implementation. By showing the key differences, on the basis of which it is possible to detect opportunities and dangers in the field of their regulation and operation, the reader is shown a broader insight into what constitutes the background of the functioning of systems that actually pursue the same goals
Reinforcement learning in spiking neural networks
No full textV diplomskem delu obravnavamo spodbujevano učenje na impulznih nevronskih mrežah, ki se obnašajo podobno kot človeški možgani. Predstavimo in rešimo ključne izzive učenja impulznih mrež ter razvijemo rešitve, ki upoštevajo tako biološko smiselnost kot zahtevnost simulacije. S prilagoditvijo klasične oblike sinapse, odvisne od nagrajevanja in časovne razporeditve impulzov (R-STDP), omogočimo učinkovito učenje in dodeljevanje zaslug preteklim odločitvam, pri čemer ohranimo osnovni princip R-STDP, kjer sinapse kodirajo vpliv pretekle aktivnosti nevronov na izbrane akcije brez uvedbe negativnih nagrad ali nerealističnih mehanizmov.
Razviti sistem razširimo v arhitekturo akter-kritik, ki omogoča reševanje problemov z zakasnjenimi nagradami s prenosom pričakovane nagrade iz cilja v prejšnja stanja. Sistem ovrednotimo na poenostavljenih in nato na kompleksnejših nalogah, kot sta igra Pong in problem mrežnega sveta (gridworld). V igri Pong rezultati kažejo postopno daljše sekvence igranja brez zgrešitve žogice, v nalogi mrežnega sveta pa postopno izboljševanje strategije in krajšanje poti do cilja.In this thesis, we study reinforcement learning in spiking neural networks, a type of neural network that behaves similarly to the human brain. We present and address key challenges in training spiking networks and develop solutions that account for both biological plausibility and simulation complexity. By adapting the classical form of reward modulated spike timing dependent plasticity (R-STDP), we enable efficient learning and the assignment of credit to past decisions, while preserving the core principle of R-STDP, in which synapses encode the influence of past neuronal activity on selected actions, without introducing negative rewards or unrealistic mechanisms.
We then extend the developed system into an actor-critic architecture, enabling it to solve problems with delayed rewards by propagating the expected reward from the goal back to previous states. The system is first evaluated on simplified tasks and then on more complex problems, such as the game Pong and the gridworld problem. In Pong, the results show progressively longer sequences of play without missing the ball, while in the gridworld task the strategy gradually improves and the path to the goal becomes shorter
500+ FACs Perovskite Solar Cells under Long-Term Stability Testing
No full textThe long-term stability of more than 500 FACs perovskite solar cells has been systematically investigated under various conditions. We first analyze resilience to moisture and show that with the 30 nm Al2O3 capping, we can perform long-term tests in air and eliminate moisture-related degradation. In the long-term MPP tracking tests, we then confirm that light is the driving degradation contributor by performing cyclic tests and testing under different light intensities. Visual changes of the perovskite absorber during the testing and spatial and spectral photoluminescence measurements reveal that phase segregation and the perovskite/C60 interface are the main culprits for degradation, while the perovskite degrades faster in electrically inactive areas. We thus show that by removing bromide ions from the FACs composition, cell stability, evaluated by the t80 lifetime, can improve 5-fold in the best case and that there is a linear correlation between t80 time and bias voltage during stability tracking. By testing a large number of samples (>500), we show with statistical relevance that long-term stability measurements show significantly higher spread (both batch-to-batch and intrabatch) than J–V measurements
Impact of music on human spiritual life
No full textV nalogi se ukvarjam z vplivom glasbe na duhovni svet. Ob večnih vprašanjih, ali je človek najprej pel ali govoril, je gotovo le to, da glasba človeštvo spremlja od samih začetkovz nami je ob vseh pomembnejših dogodkih – pa naj bodo sakralni ali posvetni. Dandanes je glasba pravzaprav prisotna že povsod. Je najbolj priljubljena veja umetnosti, vse pogosteje jo tudi tako “zlorabimo”, da bi lahko govorili tudi o glasbenem “onesnaženju”. Včasih pomislim, da mogoče ni samo glasba tista, ki pritegne, temveč sam zvok. Predvsem akustični zvok, ki z nekaterimi frekvencami in alikvotnimi toni menda celo zdravi in blagodejno vpliva na naše telo popolnoma fiziološko. Nato je tu glasba, ki vpliva na naše razpoloženje, spodbuja imaginacijo in domišljijo, nas vživlja v “kot da” svetove in nas v nekaterih skladbah skupaj z besedilom nagovarja še bolj neposredno.This seminar is about inner world and the impact music has on our spiritual world. Wether it was first singing and then talking or vice-versa one thing is for sure - music exist as long as human, from the very beginning and we use it for every sacral or secular occasion. Music nowadays is literally everywhere. It is the most popular form of art and sometimes we are surrounded by it at every step in our lives so in that case we can start talking about “music pollution”. Sometimes I wonder if it is a music that attracts us or the sound itself - especially the acoustic sound with its frequency and overtones which we were told could have a healing power for our body in physiological aspect. And then there is music that can affect our mood, improve our imagination, our metaphoric sense and when combined with lyrics it speaks to us even more straightforward
Voyage to the frozen continent
No full textThis paper presents a unique 200-day dataset of raw GNSS single-frequency L1 receiver measurements collected aboard a research vessel during a continuous Antarctic expedition from October 7, 2024, to April 24, 2025. The dataset comprises daily-segmented binary UBX files containing multi-constellation L1-band observations, including position and time (UBX-NAV-PVT), satellite metadata (UBX-NAV-SAT), RF front-end diagnostics (UBX-MON-RF), FFT results of the received signal spectrum (UBX-MON-SPAN), raw satellite pseudorange and carrier-phase data (UBX-RXM-MEASX), and intermittent Galileo SAR return-link messages (UBX-RXM-RLM). Files are organized by UTC date to streamline batch parsing and maintain file sizes under ≈ 600 MB. Synchronized receiver state metrics and high-resolution spectrum waterfalls allow for a detailed characterization of multipath propagation, the consequences of unintentional interference from ground systems, and intentional jamming conditions in all types of maritime environments, from Mediterranean to polar regions. This dataset facilitates GNSS performance modeling, enables diverse radio-frequency interference analysis, and allows for antenna performance characterization in harsh marine environments. Furthermore, it aids in resilient PNT algorithm development for autonomous vessels and assists in benchmarking Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning in low signal-to-noise and dynamic motion scenarios
Global and European adult education policies in times of crisis
No full textWe examine possible shifts in epistemic and normative ideas between the 2011 European Agenda for Adult Learning of the European Union (EU) and the 2009 Belém Framework for Action of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), adopted in the period marked by the global financial crisis, and the 2021 European Agenda for Adult Learning of the EU and the 2022 Marrakech Framework for Action of UNESCO, adopted in the period marked by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. We build on the epistemological framework developed by Bagnall and Hodge (2018, 2022) and method of document analysis. Our findings indicate shifts in desirable ends adult education should fulfil in society between the analysed European (EU) and global (UNESCO) adult education policies, and unchanged epistemologies over the decade, as in European policy ‘design’ or ‘instrumental’ epistemology remain dominant, while in global policy ‘design’, ‘developmental’ and ‘emancipatory’ epistemologies still coexist and compete. We conclude by pointing out the relevance of the epistemological framework developed by Bagnall and Hodge for adult education policy scholars
Mapping co-creation and co-production in public administration
No full textThis study presents a comprehensive bibliometric and science mapping analysis of research on co-creation and co-production in public administration, based on 819 publications indexed in the Web of Science (WoS). The analysis of scientific production in this field shows sparse early contributions before 2005, followed by steady growth after 2010 and accelerated expansion from 2016 onward, driven primarily by European and United States research communities. In terms of scholarly influence, the results identify a stable core of highly productive and influential authors, institutions, and countries, with strong concentration in Northern and Western Europe and Anglo-Saxon contexts. To address the intellectual structure of the field, science mapping identifies four dominant thematic clusters: (1) coproduction and value creation, (2) participation and public engagement, (3) governance and policy, and (4) knowledge development, lessons learned, and evaluative insights. Examining thematic and keyword evolution over time, the findings indicate a shift from early conceptual and normative discussions toward more applied and implementationoriented research, with increasing attention to barriers, challenges, and enabling conditions in recent years. Overall, the findings show that research on co-creation and co-production has evolved from conceptual fragmentation toward greater thematic consolidation and analytical maturity, while persistent implementation challenges remain. By systematically mapping these developments, the study provides a structured overview that supports future conceptual integration and informs both research agendas and practice-oriented discussions on co-creation and co-production in public administration