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The impact of therapeutic exercise on the incidence of recurrent ankle sprains
No full textUvod: Redna telesna dejavnost pozitivno vpliva na zdravje, hkrati pa povečuje tveganje za akutne in kronične mišično-skeletne poškodbe. Med pogostejšimi so akutni zvini gležnja, predvsem pri telesno aktivnih posameznikih. Ponovni zvini gležnja predstavljajo tveganje za nastanek kronične nestabilnosti gležnja, kar vodi v pogoste zvine in rehabilitacijo. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil s sistematičnim pregledom literature ugotoviti, kako različne oblike terapevtske vadbe po akutnem zvinu gležnja vplivajo na tveganje za ponovne poškodbe. Metode dela: Sistematični pregled je bil izveden po smernicah PRISMA. Literaturo smo iskali v podatkovnih bazah PubMed in Cochrane Library s kombinacijo ključnih besed in operatorjev (»ankle sprain« OR »ankle sprains«) AND (»exercise« OR »rehabilitation« OR »therapy« OR »physical therapy« OR »exercise therapy«). Kvaliteta vključenih člankov je bila ocenjena s pomočjo podatkovne baze PEDro. Rezultati: V končno analizo je bilo vključenih sedem raziskav. V večini je bila pojavnost ponovnih zvinov manjša pri skupinah, ki so izvajale vadbo (vaje za propriocepcijo in/ali izboljšanje senzomotorike), v primerjavi s kontrolnimi skupinami, ki so prejele običajno oskrbo brez dodatnega vadbenega programa. Štiri raziskave so pokazale statistično značilne razlike, v dveh razlik ni bilo, ena pa je zabeležila enako število ponovnih zvinov v obeh skupinah. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovitve kažejo, da imata proprioceptivna in senzomotorična vadba pomembno vlogo pri rehabilitaciji po akutnem zvinu gležnja. Ključni člen pri preprečevanju ponovnih poškodb predstavljata proprioceptivna in senzomotorična vadba. Kljub temu zaradi heterogenosti metod in omejenega števila raziskav rezultati nakazujejo predvsem smernice in ne dokončnih zaključkov. Za natančnejšo oceno učinkov vadbe na pogostost ponovitev zvina gležnja bodo potrebne večje in metodološko enotnejše randomizirane kontrolirane raziskave.Introduction: Regular physical activity has a positive impact on health but also increases the risk of acute and chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Among the most common are acute ankle sprains, particularly in physically active individuals. Recurrent ankle spains pose a risk for the development of chronic ankle instability, which leads to frequent sprains and repeated rehabilitation. Purpose: The aim of this thesis was to systematically review the literature to determine how different forms of exercise after an acute ankle sprain affect the risk of recurrent injuries. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Literature was searched in PubMed and Cochrane Library databases using a combination of keywords and operators: (»ankle sprain« OR »ankle sprains«) AND (»exercise« OR »rehabilitation« OR »therapy« OR »physical therapy« OR »exercise therapy«). The quality of included studies was assessed using the PEDro database. Results: Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. In most of them, the recurrence rate of ankle sprains was lower in groups performing exercise interventions (proprioceptive and/or neuromuscular training) compared to control groups receiving standard care without additional exercise programs. Four studies reported statistically significant differences, two found no significant differences, and one reported an equal number of recurrences in both groups. Discussion and conclusion: The findings suggest that proprioceptive and neuromuscular training plays an important role in rehabilitation after an acute ankle sprain. Proprioceptive and neuromuscular training appear to be key elements in preventing recurrent injuries. However, due to methodological heterogeneity and the limited number of studies, the results provide mainly guidelines rather than definitive conclusions. Larger and more methodologically consistent randomized controlled trials will be needed to accurately assess the effects of exercise on the recurrence rate of ankle sprains
Delovni pogoji vplivnežev na platformah družbenih medijev v Sloveniji
No full textThe dissertation explores the working conditions of social media influencers in Slovenia with the aim of examining what shapes those conditions. The research conducted draws on actor-network theory, relational economic sociology, and social reproduction theory. Methodologically, it is based on 52 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with influencers and 11 marketers as well as ethnographic observations made at marketing events. The findings reveal that influencers in Slovenia are a diverse group, which leads to the distinction between entrepreneurial and supplemental influencers. Although there are fewer of the former, they are typically self-employed, whereas supplemental influencers operate with a range of legal and borderline illegal statuses. Both groups use and develop similar skills, express similar motivations and acquire work equipment in similar ways. They are also comparable with regard to when and where they pursue their work, which I have conceptualised as monetised leisure/care, a notion that addresses the new temporal dimension afforded by social media platforms that transforms previously unpaid time into paid time. None of the influencers rely solely on influencing to cover their basic living expenses, and family members play an important role in shaping their working conditions, making influencing in Slovenia a collective family endeavour. Social media influencing is thus becoming part of ‘Slovenia’s subsistence-oriented, risk-sharing system’, albeit not with respect to subsistence, but to improve the material living standard of households. This likely explains why both groups express their autonomy relative to platforms, which is conceptualised as ‘platform lethargy’, referring to influencers\u27 indifference to platform governance. By tracing the actors that impact the working conditions of influencers in Slovenia, I identified four main ones: marketers, audiences, platforms, and influencers’ family members. Variations in influencers’ working conditions are also introduced by gender, caregiving responsibilities, and socio-economic background. The study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of actors beyond social media platforms in shaping influencers\u27 working conditions. The mainstream view that platform governance is the primary factor is challenged, while a relational perspective revealing how various context-specific actors interact in forming these conditions is presented.Pričujoča doktorska disertacija raziskuje delovne pogoje vplivnežev na platformah družbenih medijev v Sloveniji, z namenom raziskati, kaj oblikuje njihove delovne pogoje. Teoretsko temelji na teoriji akter-mreža, odnosni ekonomski sociologiji in teoriji socialne reprodukcije. Metodološko temelji na 52 pol-strukturiranih poglobljenih intervjujih z vplivneži in 11 predstavniki oglaševalskih agencij ter etnografskih opazovanjih na oglaševalskih konferencah, povezanih z vplivnostnim marketingom. Vplivneži v Sloveniji so raznolika skupina, zato predlagam razlikovanje med podjetniškimi in suplementarnimi vplivneži. Podjetniških vplivnežev je manj. Običajno delajo kot samozaposleni, medtem ko suplementarni vplivneži delajo v raznolikih delovno-pravnih oblikah, tudi nelegalnih. Vplivneži v obeh skupinah uporabljajo in razvijajo podobne veščine, izražajo podobne motivacije za delo ter si na podobne načine priskrbijo delovno opremo. Prav tako jih druži, kdaj in kje opravljajo svoje delo, kar sem konceptualizirala kot monetiziran prosti čas/monetizirana skrb, ki opisuje novo časovno dimenzijo, ki jo omogočajo platforme. Prek deljenja vsebin na platformah vplivneži svoje neplačane prostočasne ali skrbstvene aktivnosti spremenijo v plačane aktivnosti. Za slovenske vplivneže je dohodek iz vplivništva dopolnilni vir in ne primarni vir preživetja. Družinski člani igrajo pomembno vlogo pri oblikovanju delovnih pogojev vplivnežev. Te ekonomske prakse odslikavajo Slovenski tradicionalni preživetvni model, vendar ne gre več za preživetje, ampak za izboljšanje materialnih pogojev gospodinjstev. V tem kontekstu lahko razložimo, zakaj vplivneži v Sloveniji izražajo visoko stopnjo avtonomije v odnosu do platform, kar sem konceptualizirala kot platformna letargija. Disertacija odkriva štiri glavne akterje, ki oblikujejo delovne pogoje vplivnežev: oglaševalce, občinstvo, platforme in družinske člane. Ključne razlike v delovnih pogojih vplivnežev v Sloveniji predstavljajo tudi spol, skrbstvene obveznosti in socio-ekonomski status. Raziskava pomembno prispeva k obstoječi mednarodni literaturi o delovnih razmerah vplivnežev, ker poleg platform prepoznava številne druge akterje pri oblikovanju delovnih pogojev vplivnežev in izziva prevladujoče izsledke, ki pravijo, da so upravljavski mehanizmi platform ključni pri oblikovanju delovnih pogojev vplivnežev. Pričujoča raziskava uporablja relacijsko perspektivo in prikaže, kako različni, kontekstualno specifični akterji medsebojno delujejo pri oblikovanju delovnih pogojev vplivnežev
Usporedba kvadratne Msplit metode i apsolutne Msplit metode - studija slučaja
No full textIn this paper we analyse and compare two modern methods of deformation analysis: the squared Msplit method and the absolute Msplit method. The comparison is made on cases of simulated and actually measured horizontal geodetic networks. The squared Msplit method is based on the assumptions of the least square method, while the absolute Msplit method is based on the assumptions of the least absolute deviation method. For each method, we developed a computer programme and used it to calculate point displacements in both a simulated and a measured 2D geodetic network. The purpose of this article is to compare the displacements. The results of the two methods differ by up to about one centimetre in the simulated network and by less than two centimetres in the actually measured geodetic network
Women’s bourgeois clothing and dress styles in selected narrative prose by Ivan Tavčar
No full textPrispevek obravnava ubeseditve ženskih meščanskih in aristokratskih ob-lačil, oblačilne kulture in mode v štirih Tavčarjevih pripovednih besedilih: Ivan Slavelj (1876), Otok in Struga (1881), Mrtva srca (1884) in Cvetje v jeseni (1917). Iz omenjenih literarnih del kakor tudi iz neliterarnih zapisov o oblačilih in modi razbiramo, da se je pisatelj precej posvečal oblačilom in ženski modi, zagovarjal modno zmernost in estetiko preprostih oblačil, še posebej narodne noše. Semantično polje ženskih gosposkih oblačil v obravnavanih besedilih obsega žensko obleko, krilo, klobuk, ruto, okrasni robec, ogrinjalo, bluzo, čevlje, rokavice, nakit in druge modne dodatke (trak, okrasni glavnik in cvetje). Ženska oblačila v analiziranih literarnih besedilih se zapisujejo kot znak meščanske ali aristokratske in narodne identitete, oblikovanja gosposkega ambienta, za razkrivanje lažnega meščanstva, družbeno in kulturno pogojenih spolnih identitet, za maskiranje prave identitete, opisovanje erotičnega vznemirjenja in konstruiranje estetskih stilizacij ženskih likov.The paper examines the representation of women’s bourgeois and aristocratic clothing, dress culture, and fashion in four of Ivan Tavčar’s prose works: Ivan Slavelj (1876), Otok in Struga (1881), Mrtva srca (1884), and Cvetje v jeseni (1917). These literary works, alongside non-literary accounts of clothing and fashion, reveal that Tavčar devoted considerable attention to clothing and women’s fashion, supported moderate fashion and the aesthetics of simple garments, and especially the Slovenian national costume. The semantic field of women’s upper-class clothing in the analysed texts encompasses women’s dresses, skirts, hats, shawls, decorative han-dkerchiefs, cloaks, blouses, shoes, gloves, jewellery, and other accessories (ribbons, ornamental combs, and flowers). Women’s clothing items in the analysed literary works function as a signifier of bourgeois or aristocratic and national identity, form the upper-class settings, expose the false bourgeoisie, reveal socially and culturally conditioned gender identities, enable masking of identity, depict erotic excitement, and help construct the aesthetic stylizations of female characters
Eigenspace embeddings of imprimitive association schemes
No full textFor a given symmetric association scheme and its eigenspace there exists a mapping of vertices of to unit vectors of , known as the spherical representation of in , such that the inner products of these vectors only depend on the relation between the corresponding verticesfurthermore, these inner products only depend on the parameters of . We consider parameters of imprimitive association schemes listed as open cases in the list of parameters for quotient-polynomial graphs recently published by Herman and Maleki, and study embeddings of their substructures into some eigenspaces consistent with spherical representations of the putative association schemes. Using this, we obtain nonexistence for two parameter sets for -class association schemes and one parameter sets for a -class association scheme passing all previously known feasibility conditions, as well as uniqueness for two parameter sets for -class association schemes
The natural attenuation of bioavailable sulfur loads in soil around a coal-fired power plant 20 years after ceasing pollution
No full textThe coal-fired Plomin Thermal Power Plant (Plomin TPP) in Croatia is located in the center of the east coast of the Istrian peninsula (northern Adriatic) and is considered the main source of historical air pollution in the region. Between 1970 and 2000, sulfur-rich coal from the local Raša coal mine was primarily used. In this study, a screening of content and fate of TPP-derived sulfur in soil around the power plant was made two decades after the S-rich coal was banned from use. Soil samples were collected at varying distances from the TPP in the prevailing wind direction (NE), along with a control sample taken more than 10 km away. The samples were analyzed for total sulfur, sulfate, organic sulfur (humic and fulvic), and the stable isotope composition of total sulfur (δ34S). Additionally, coal and coal ash were analyzed for total sulfur, sulfate and δ34S. Soil sampling along the prevailing wind direction from the Plomin TPP revealed markedly elevated sulfur content, with levels at 100 m downwind reaching up to 4 wt.%, which is over 100 times higher than the 0.04 wt.% measured at the control site located upwind. Sulfur content decreases sharply with increasing distance from the TPP, reflecting the deposition gradient along the prevailing wind path. Speciation analysis showed that over 95% of the sulfur in the soil is now present in organic form, mainly bound to humic acids. The δ34SVCDT values of the bulk coal used in the TPP ranged from −10.0 to −5.0‰. In most soil samples, the bulk δ34S values were positive (+7.0 to +20.0‰). The values of sulfate in soil range from +1.0 to +5.5‰, while those in organic sulfur range from −3.5 to +6.0‰. This indicates that atmospheric deposition of 34S-depleted fly ash and sulfate from coal are the most important sulfur sources, while some of the sulfur in the soil is also of marine origin. Finally, we showed that natural attenuation was a significant and efficient process within the sustainable management of the site historically contaminated by anthropogenic atmospheric sulfur deposition
Analysis of tryptophan and its metabolites in urine of children with autism spectrum disorders
No full textMotnje avtističnega spektra (MAS) predstavljajo skupino kompleksnih nevrorazvojnih motenj, za katere so značilni trajni primanjkljaji v socialni komunikaciji ter omejeni in ponavljajoči se vedenjski vzorci. Kljub številnim raziskavam, etiologija MAS še vedno ni povsem pojasnjena. V zadnjem desetletju se povečuje zanimanje za iskanje novih bioloških označevalcev, ki bi lahko prispevali k zgodnejši diagnostiki in boljšemu razumevanju motenj avtističnega spektra. Med zanimivimi področji preučevanja je presnova triptofana, ki kot esencialna aminokislina sodeluje v treh glavnih presnovnih poteh – serotoninski, kinureninski in indolni – ki povezujejo imunski sistem, črevesno mikrobioto in delovanje možganov.
V tem magistrskem delu smo analizirali koncentracije triptofana in njegovih metabolitov v urinu otrok z MAS ter jih primerjali z rezultati zdravih otrok brez nevroloških motenj. Analizo smo izvedli z namenom, da bi ugotovili, ali obstajajo biokemične razlike v presnovi triptofana med otroki z MAS in zdravimi otroki. Dodatno smo preverjali razlike med spoloma znotraj skupine otrok z diagnozo ter povezavo med koncentracijami metabolitov in izraženostjo simptomov glede na lestvico CARS (Childhood Autism Rating Scale). V raziskavo smo vključili 100 otrok, starih od 6 do 17 let, od tega 57 otrok z MAS in 43 zdravih otrok v kontrolni skupini. Analize so bile izvedene na Kliničnem inštitutu za klinično kemijo in biokemijo Univerzitetnega kliničnega centra Ljubljana.
Rezultati so pokazali, da imajo otroci z MAS višje mediane presnovkov iz serotoninske in kinureninske poti, predvsem triptofana, kinurenina (KYU) in 5-hidroksiindol-3-ocetne kisline (5-HIAA), medtem ko so imeli zdravi otroci višje mediane indolnih presnovkov, kot so indol-3-ocetna kislina (IAA), indol-3-aldehid (IALD) in indol-3-mlečna kislina (ILA). Statistično značilnih razlik med skupinama nismo potrdili, mejo značilnosti pa je dosegla koncentracija triptofana (p = 0,050). Pri starejših otrocih (nad 11 let) smo opazili značilno višje koncentracije kinurenina in N-acetiltriptofana v skupini otrok z MAS, kar nakazuje na povečano aktivnost kinureninske poti. Primerjava koncentracij metabolitov med spoloma ni pokazala statistično značilnih razlik. Kljub pričakovanju, da bodo koncentracije triptofana in njegovih metabolitov v urinu povezane s stopnjo izraženosti simptomov MAS, se razlike med skupinama glede na CARS oceno niso izkazale za statistično značilne.
Rezultati kažejo, da imajo otroci z MAS spremenjeno presnovo triptofana, pri čemer se ta preusmerja iz indolne poti v kinureninsko in serotoninsko pot. Takšne spremembe lahko kažejo na povečano delovanje imunskega sistema ali neravnovesje črevesne mikrobiote. Za bolj zanesljive rezultate in jasnejše ugotovitve bi bilo smiselno raziskavo razširiti na večje število preiskovancev ter vključiti dodatne biološke vzorce, kar bi pomagalo potrditi diagnostični pomen teh metabolitov in poglobiti razumevanje presnovnih procesov, povezanih z MAS.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a group of complex neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. Despite extensive research, the etiology of ASD is not fully understood. In recent years, there has been growing interest in identifying new biological markers that could contribute to earlier diagnosis and a better understanding of autism spectrum disorders. Among the promising areas of study is tryptophan metabolism, as this essential amino acid participates in three main metabolic pathways – the serotonin, kynurenine, and indole pathways – which connect the immune system, gut microbiota, and brain function.
In this master’s thesis, we analyzed the concentrations of tryptophan and its metabolites in the urine of children with ASD and compared them with healthy children without neurological disorders. The purpose of the analysis was to determine whether there are biochemical differences in tryptophan metabolism between children with ASD and healthy controls. Additionally, we examined differences between sexes within the ASD group and explored the relationship between metabolite concentrations and symptom severity based on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). The study included 100 children aged 6 to 17 years, of whom 57 had ASD and 43 were healthy controls. Analyses were conducted at the Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana.
The results showed that children with ASD had higher median concentrations of metabolites from the serotonin and kynurenine pathways – particularly tryptophan, kynurenine (KYU), and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) – whereas healthy children had higher median levels of indole metabolites, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-aldehyde (IALD), and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA). Although no statistically significant differences were confirmed between the two groups, the concentration of tryptophan reached the threshold of significance (p = 0,050). In older children (over 11 years), significantly higher concentrations of kynurenine and N-acetyltryptophan were observed in the ASD group, suggesting increased activity of the kynurenine pathway. Comparison of metabolite concentrations between sexes showed no statistically significant differences. Despite expectations that urinary tryptophan and metabolite concentrations would correlate with ASD symptom severity, no statistically significant differences were observed between groups based on CARS scores.
The findings suggest that children with ASD exhibit altered tryptophan metabolism, characterized by a shift from the indole pathway toward the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. Such changes may indicate increased immune system activity or gut microbiota imbalance. To obtain more reliable and conclusive results, future studies should include a larger number of participants and additional biological samples. This would help confirm the diagnostic relevance of these metabolites and deepen our understanding of the biochemical processes associated with ASD
Probationary period of a judicial mandate
No full textV pravnem sistemu Republike Slovenije je zagotovljena neodvisnost sodstva. Ob neodvisnem sodstvu kot glavnem sodnem načelu je zagotovljena tudi trajnost sodniškega mandata. Neodvisnost in trajnost sodniškega mandata sta zagotovljeni z ustavo in z zakonom. Sodniki opravljajo svoje naloge samo in izključno v mejah pravic, ki so jim dodeljene z določenimi pravnimi pravili.
V sodobnih sodnih sistemih v drugih demokratičnih državah obstajajo drugačna pravna pravila glede urejanja vprašanja trajnega sodniškega mandata in imenovanja sodnikov v sodniški mandat. Po osamosvojitvi Republike Slovenije je z ustavo in z zakonom zagotovljen trajni sodniški mandat in imenovanje s strani državnega zbora. V nekdanji Socialistični federativni republiki Jugoslaviji je obstajal princip izbire sodnikov s strani državnega zbora na osem let. Po poteku določenih letih in pozitivnega mnenja usposobljenega ocenjevalca bi sodnik dobil trajni mandat. Ta vprašanja so še vedno urejena na ta način in v ustavi ni prišlo do sprememb.
Danes se inštitut trajnega sodniškega mandata sooča s kritiko stroke, politike in javnega mnenja. Že nekaj časa nazaj se je govorilo o spremembi ustave glede na trajanje sodniškega mandata in imenovanja sodnikov. Sedaj se spet pojavljajo predlogi o spremembi ustave in pravosodnem sistemu po vzoru večine demokratičnih evropskih držav s poskusno dobo sodniškega mandata, saj naj bi, kot navajajo, sedanji sistem vodil do velikih zaostankov v sodni praksi. Pravni strokovnjaki so medtem mnenja, da takšen vpliv politike na spremembe ustave ne bo koristil, veliko dosegel ali spremenil pravosodnega sistema v demokratičnega in učinkovitega.The legal system of the Republic of Slovenia guarantees the independence of the judiciary. In addition to an independent judiciary as the main judicial principle, the permanence of the judicial mandate is also ensured. The independence and permanence of the judicial mandate are guaranteed by the Constitution and the law. Judges perform their duties only and exclusively within the limits of the rights conferred on them by certain rules of law.
In modern judicial systems in other democratic countries, there are different legal rules governing the issue of permanent judicial mandate and the appointment of judges to judicial office. After the independence of the Republic of Slovenia, the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia and the law provided for a permanent judicial mandate and appointment by the National Assembly. In the former Yugoslavia, there was a principle of selection of judges by the National Assembly for eight years. After the lapse of certain years and a positive opinion from a qualified assessor, the judge would be given a permanent mandate. These issues are still settled in this way, and there have been no changes to the constitution.
Today, the institute of a permanent judicial mandate faces criticism from the profession, politics and public opinion. Some time ago, there was talk of amending the Constitution with regard to the length of judicial term of office and the appointment of judges. Now, there are again proposals to amend the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia and the judicial system, following the example of most democratic European countries with a probationary period of judicial mandate, because, as they state, the current system should lead to large backlogs in judicial practice. Legal experts, meanwhile, are of the opinion that such influence of politics on changes to the constitution will not benefit, achieve much, or make the judicial system a democratic and efficient one
Analysis of administrative and offence competences of health inspection authorities in the field of food supplements
No full textMagistrsko delo analizira upravne in prekrškovne pristojnosti Zdravstvene inšpekcije Republike Slovenije (ZIRS) na področju prehranskih dopolnil. Osrednji namen raziskave je preučiti razmerje med upravnim in prekrškovnim ukrepanjem ter izzive, s katerimi se inšpektorji srečujejo pri hkratnem vodenju obeh postopkov v isti zadevi. Delo izhaja iz sistemske pravne ureditve, ki jo tvorijo Zakon o inšpekcijskem nadzoru (ZIN), Zakon o splošnem upravnem postopku (ZUP) in Zakon o prekrških (ZP-1), ob upoštevanju evropskega pravnega reda in nacionalnih podzakonskih aktov.
Raziskava temelji na normativni in deskriptivni metodi, empirični analizi, vključno z analizo Letnih poročil ZIRS ter izbranih primerov iz prakse v obdobju 2020–2024. Rezultati kažejo, da se v praksi število prekrškovnih postopkov povečuje na račun upravnih, kar lahko vodi v zmanjšano preventivno funkcijo inšpekcijskega nadzora. Ključni problemi so ugotavljanje odgovornosti pri predstavljanju in oglaševanju prehranskih dopolnil, težave pri identifikaciji zavezancev ter dokazovanju kršitev, zlasti na družbenih omrežjih.
Delo prepoznava potrebo po upravnem in prekrškovnem postopku, vodenem s strani pristojnih organov, ter stremenju k boljši koordinaciji med pristojnimi organi, s poudarkom na pomenu preventivne funkcije inšpekcij.
Magistrsko delo nudi celovito analizo upravnih in prekrškovnih pristojnosti ZIRS na področju prehranskih dopolnil. Teoretični del ponuja poglobljen pregled zakonodajnih podlag (ZIN, ZUP, ZP-1 ter pravo EU) in njihovo medsebojno razmerje, medtem ko empirični del na podlagi primerov iz prakse ZIRS prikazuje izvajanje inšpekcijskega nadzora v obdobju 2020–2024. Delo prispeva k boljšemu razumevanju razlik in povezav med upravnim in prekrškovnim ukrepanjem ter izpostavlja izzive pri njunem hkratnem vodenju v isti zadevi, s fokusom na predstavljanju prehranskih dopolnil.The master’s thesis analyzes the administrative and offence-related competences of the Health Inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia (ZIRS) in the field of food supplements. The main objective of the research is to examine the relationship between administrative and offence proceedings, as well as the challenges faced by inspectors when conducting both types of procedures simultaneously in the same case. The thesis is based on the systemic legal framework composed of the Inspection Act (ZIN), the General Administrative Procedure Act (ZUP), and the Minor Offences Act (ZP-1), while also taking into account the European legal order and national implementing regulations.
The research is grounded in normative and descriptive methods and empirical analysis, including the examination of annual reports of ZIRS and selected case studies from practice in the period 2020–2024. The findings show that the number of offences procedures is increasing at the expense of administrative ones, which may reduce the preventive function of inspection control. The key issues identified include determining responsibility in the presentation and advertising of food supplements, difficulties in identifying liable persons, and problems with gathering evidence, particularly in relation to social media.
The thesis recognizes the need for administrative and offence proceedings conducted by the competent authorities, as well as the need for improved coordination between the competent bodies. The importance of the preventive function of inspections is also emphasized.
The thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the administrative and offence-related competences of the ZIRS in the field of food supplements. The theoretical part offers an in-depth overview of the legal foundations (ZIN, ZUP, ZP-1, and EU law) and their interrelation, while the empirical part, based on ZIRS practice, illustrates the actual implementation of inspection procedures in the 2020–2024 period. The study contributes to a better understanding of the distinctions and connections between administrative and offence-related actions and highlights the challenges arising from their parallel implementation in the same case
Occupational therapy and independence of children with autism spectrum disorder
No full textUvod: Samostojnost predstavlja temeljno življenjsko zmožnost, ki posamezniku omogoča
izvajanje vsakodnevnih življenjskih aktivnosti in aktivno vključevanje v skupnost. Pri
otrocih z motnjo avtističnega spektra je ta spretnost pogosto omejena zaradi težav na
področju komunikacije, socialne interakcije in motoričnih spretnosti. Delovna terapija z
različnimi pristopi in strategijami pomembno prispeva k razvoju spretnosti, ki izboljšujejo
samostojnost in kakovost življenja otrok z motnjo avtističnega spektra. Namen: Namen
raziskave je predstaviti vlogo delovne terapije pri razvoju samostojnosti otrok, starih od 6
do 12 let, z motnjo avtističnega spektra. Metode: Izveden je bil sistematični pregled
literature. Članki so bili pridobljeni s pomočjo podatkovnih baz CINAHL, PubMed, Web
of Science, ProQuest, Scopus in ScienceDirect. Viri so bili ocenjeni glede na relevantnost
in kakovost, pridobljeni podatki so bili analizirani in tematsko razvrščeni. Rezultati: V
pregled je bilo vključenih osem raziskav, objavljenih med letoma 2015 in 2025, ki so
obravnavale delovno terapijo pri otrocih z motnjo avtističnega spektra, starih od 6 do 12
let. Analiza je pokazala, da ima delovna terapija pomembno vlogo pri razvoju
samostojnosti otrok z motnjo avtističnega spektra, zlasti pri izvajanju vsakodnevnih
dejavnosti, socialni vključenosti in motoričnih spretnostih. Razprava in zaključek:
Pregled literature potrjuje pomembno vlogo delovno-terapevtske obravnave pri izboljšanju
samostojnosti otrok z motnjo avtističnega spektra. Ključna je individualizirana in celostna
obravnava, usmerjena na posameznikove potrebe, želje in cilje. Raziskave so pokazale, da
se kot učinkoviti izkazujejo terapevtski pristopi, kot so pristop kognitivne usmerjenosti v
izvajanje vsakodnevnih aktivnosti, pristop, ki združuje samoregulacijo in terapijo s konji
ter gibalno-zaznavne igre. Pomembno je tudi sodelovanje z otroki, starši in
interdisciplinarnimi timi, kar spodbuja dolgoročne učinke in trajnost izboljšav. Kljub
pozitivnim rezultatom posploševanje ugotovitev omejujejo majhni vzorci, kratkoročne
študije in omejena raznolikost populacije. To odpira možnost za nadaljnje raziskave, ki bi
potrdile učinkovitost pristopov delovne terapije.Introduction: Independence represents a fundamental life skill that enables individuals to
carry out daily activities and actively participate in their communities. In children with
Autism Spectrum Disorder, this skill is often limited due to challenges in communication,
social interaction, and motor abilities. Occupational therapy, through various approaches
and strategies, significantly contributes to the development of skills that enhance
independence and improve the quality of life for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Purpose: The purpose of the research is to present the role of occupational therapy in the
development of independence in children aged 6 to 12 with autism spectrum disorder.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted. Articles were retrieved from
databases including CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, Scopus, and
ScienceDirect. Sources were evaluated based on relevance and quality, and the collected
data were analyzed and thematically categorized. Results: Eight studies published between
2015 and 2025 were included, focusing on occupational therapy for children with Autism
Spectrum Disorder aged 6 to 12. The analysis revealed that occupational therapy plays a
significant role in developing independence in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder,
particularly in performing daily activities, promoting social inclusion, and improving
motor skills. Discussion and Conclusion: The literature review confirms the important
role of occupational therapy in enhancing independence in children with Autism Spectrum
Disorder. A personalized and holistic approach, tailored to the individual’s needs,
preferences, and goals, is essential. Effective therapeutic approaches include cognitive-
oriented strategies for daily activities, approaches combining self-regulation concepts with
equine-assisted therapy, and sensory-motor play. Collaboration with children, parents, and
interdisciplinary teams supports long-term outcomes and sustainable improvements.
Despite positive results, generalization is limited by small sample sizes, short-term studies,
and limited population diversity. This highlights the need for further research to confirm
the effectiveness of occupational therapy approaches