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Flood fill game problem
No full textV diplomskem delu obravnavamo problem poplavljanja barv, v literaturi
znan kot igra Flood-It, pri kateri je cilj z minimalnim številom potez
prebarvati mrežo kvadratkov v enotno barvo. Problem formalno definiramo
na diskretni mreži in ga posplošimo na poljubno povezane grafe. V
teoretičnem delu podamo dokaz NP-težkosti problema s pomočjo
polinomske prevedbe iz problema najkrajšega skupnega nadniza (SCS).
Za iskanje optimalnih rešitev problem prevedemo v obliko logične
izpolnljivosti (SAT) v konjunktivno normalno obliko (CNF). Z uporabo
sodobnih SAT-reševalnikov analiziramo meje rešljivosti problemov in
ugotavljamo, da so eksaktne metode učinkovite predvsem pri manjših in
srednje velikih primerkih. Z regresijsko analizo na generiranih grafih
identificiramo ključne topološke metrike, kot sta povprečna dolžina poti
in število barv, ki močno korelirata z zahtevnostjo problema.
Zaradi eksponentne časovne zahtevnosti eksaktnih metod v zadnjem delu
razvijemo in ovrednotimo več hevrističnih algoritmov. Rezultati kažejo, da
globalna hevristika, ki minimizira vsoto razdalj do neobiskanih vozlišč,
dosega rezultate, ki so blizu teoretičnim optimalnim vrednostim tudi na
velikih mrežah dimenzij do$300 x 300.In this thesis, we address the flood-fill problem, known in the literature as the
game Flood-It, where the objective is to unify the color of a grid of squares in
the minimum number of moves. The problem is formally defined on a discrete
grid and generalized to arbitrary connected graphs. In the theoretical section,
we present a proof of the problem’s NP-hardness via a polynomial reduction
from the Shortest Common Supersequence (SCS) problem.
To find optimal solutions, we transform the problem into a Boolean Sat
isfiability (SAT) problem in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF). Using state
of-the-art SAT solvers, we analyze the limits of solvability and find that
exact methods are effective primarily for small and medium-sized instances.
Through regression analysis on generated graphs, we identify key topolog
ical metrics, such as average path length and the number of colors, which
correlate strongly with the problem’s complexity.
Due to the exponential time complexity of exact methods, the final part
of the thesis involves the development and evaluation of several heuristic
algorithms. The results indicate that a global heuristic, which minimizes
the sum of distances to unvisited nodes, achieves results close to theoretical
optimal values even on large grids with dimensions up to 300 × 300
Misliti, česar ni mislil še nihče drug
No full textFor the advancement of humanity, scientific creativity is a crucial skill for coming up with innovations, addressing existing issues and interpreting particular scientific phenomena. The present study aimed to determine the scientific creativity level of 23 primary school students. In a single cross-sectional study, a descriptive survey questionnaire modelled on the Scientific Structure Creativity Model (SSCM) incorporated a seven-item scientific creativity test specifically designed to align with the backgrounds of primary school students. The results show that the students have a balance between a low or intermediate scientific creativity level. Of the 23 respondents, 8 have a low scientific creativity level, 8 have an intermediate scientific creativity level and 7 have a high scientific creativity level. The respondents are the most scientifically creative in creative science problem solving. The researchers recommend an intervention such as integrating the arts into the STEM curriculum to help develop students\u27 scientific creativity.Znanstvena ustvarjalnost je za napredek človeštva ključna spretnost pri snovanju inovacij, reševanju obstoječih vprašanj in razlagi določenih znanstvenih pojavov. Namen te študije je bil ugotoviti raven znanstvene ustvarjalnosti pri 23 osnovnošolskih učencih. V enkratni presečni študiji je opisni anketni vprašalnik, oblikovan po vzoru t. i. modela strukture znanstvene ustvarjalnosti (Scientific Structure Creativity Model ali SSCM), vključeval sedemdelni test znanstvene ustvarjalnosti, ki je bil posebej oblikovan tako, da je ustrezal predznanju osnovnošolcev. Rezultati so pokazali, da so učenci uravnoteženi med nizko in srednjo stopnjo znanstvene ustvarjalnosti. Od 23 anketirancev jih ima osem nizko raven znanstvene ustvarjalnosti, osem jih je pokazalo srednjo raven znanstvene ustvarjalnosti in sedem anketirancev visoko raven znanstvene ustvarjalnosti. Anketiranci so najbolj znanstveno ustvarjalni pri ustvarjalnem reševanju naravoslovnih problemov. Raziskovalci priporočajo uvedbo ukrepa, kot je vključevanje umetnosti v učne načrte pri predmetih s področij naravoslovja, tehnologije, inženirstva in matematike (angl. STEM), ki bi pomagala razvijati znanstveno ustvarjalnost učencev
Ali so prednosti izobraževanja na daljavo v sili resnično prednosti? Etične dileme in izsledki raziskav o izobraževanju na daljavo v sili z vidika bodočih učiteljev in temeljev pedagoških študijskih programov
No full textCommencing in March 2020 and continuing during the 2020/2021 academic year, all university education was forced to introduce emergency remote education due to restrictions imposed in countries affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. In the present empirical study, which includes a representative sample of students from one of the education faculties in Slovenia, data was obtained on the conditions and implementation of study programmes via emergency remote education. The areas of study were the material conditions for studying, the pedagogical process in emergency remote education, the ethics of the rules of performance and assessment, and the academic community. The study provides an analysis of the changes that took place in the implementation of the pedagogical process during emergency remote education from the students\u27 perspective and an examination of the extent to which it provided equal opportunities for students. The results show that the success of students in their studies depends on technical conditions and the environmentthat rapid transitions from one type of studying to another (from emergency remote education to hybrid or entirely at the faculty) are not recommendedthat the teaching process was based on the concept of face-to-face teaching, partly adapting to different conditions on this basisand finally, that the “desire for comfort†entered into the assessment of the quality and fairness of the educational process. Based on the values of our professional ethical judgement and the results of the study, we conclude that higher education teachers should be aware that providing comfort to some students who have the appropriate conditions for studying or simply preferring to teach from the comfort of home are not adequate reasons to maintain online delivery of courses compared to the criteria of justice and quality in education.Z marcem 2020 in v študijskem letu 2020/21 je bilo vse univerzitetno izobraževanje zaradi omejitev, uvedenih v državah, ki jih je prizadela pandemija covida-19, prisiljeno uvesti izobraževanje na daljavo v sili. V tej empirični študiji, ki vključuje reprezentativni vzorec študentov ene izmed pedagoških fakultet v Sloveniji, so bili pridobljeni podatki o pogojih in izvajanju študijskih programov prek izobraževanja na daljavo v sili. Področja preučevanja so bila: materialni pogoji za študij, pedagoški proces v izobraževanju na daljavo v sili, etičnost pravil izvedbe in ocenjevanja ter akademska skupnost. Študija prinaša analizo sprememb, ki so se zgodile pri izvajanju pedagoškega procesa med izobraževanjem na daljavo v sili z vidika študentov, in preučitev, v kolikšni meri je ta študentom zagotavljal enake možnosti. Izsledki kažejo, da je uspešnost študentov pri študiju odvisna od tehničnih pogojev in okoljada hitri prehodi iz ene vrste študija v drugo (iz izobraževanja na daljavo v sili v hibridno ali v celoti na fakulteti) niso priporočljivida je pedagoški proces temeljil na konceptu neposrednega poučevanja in da se je na tej podlagi deloma prilagajal različnim razmeramin končno, da je v oceno kakovosti in pravičnosti izobraževalnega procesa vstopila »želja po udobju«
Anxiety in patients referred for elective coronary angiography
No full textBackground: Medical procedures have the potential to elicit feelings of anxiety, which have been associated with reduced health-related quality of life and cardiac dysfunction. The prevalence of anxiety in patients referred for elective coronary angiography (CA) ranges from 24% to 72%. Anxiety, in combination with coping, was rarely assessed apart from depression in these patients. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of anxiety, assess its correlation with coping traits, and with elective CA findings in non-depressed patients. Methods: This was a single-center, prospective cohort study. Anxiety was evaluated: two weeks before, on the day of CA, 24-hours post CA, and one month post CA. Psychological parameters were determined using self-administered questionnaires and anxiety was analyzed on those without depressive symptoms. The association between anxiety and psychological variables was assessed by multiple linear regression and by linear mixed effect model. Results: Out of 393 patients screened for depression and anxiety, 259 non-depressed patients (age 65 years, 36% women) were analyzed. Anxiety was present in 91/259 (35%) of patients. Avoidance-oriented coping was a significant predictor of higher trait anxiety (p < 0.001) and lower state anxiety 24-hours post CA. CA indicated no intervention in 183 patients (71%), while revascularization, either percutaneous (49 patients, 19%) or surgical (27 patients, 10%), was performed in the remaining patients. Anxiety decreased between the baseline and all subsequent time points (p < 0.001) in all groups. Conclusions: More than one third of non-depressed patients experience clinically significant anxiety before CA. Avoidance-oriented coping has a significant impact on anxiety. The findings of our study suggest the routine screening for anxiety and coping strategies prior to elective CA might be helpful to identify those individuals who are in need for additional psychological interventions
Mi in Slovani, to je star boj! Freytag, nacionalna čustva in Slovani
No full textPrispevek se ukvarja s fenomenom knjige V breme in v dobro (v izvirniku Soll und Haben, 1855) Gustava Freytaga, ki je bil nekoč najbolj bran nemški roman. Obravnavane so podobe tujih narodov. Freytag je ustvaril enega najbolj antisemitsko zasnovanih nemških romanesknih junakov, Poljake pa je kritiziral, da nimajo meščanskega stanu in so zato brez kulture. Na koncu prispevek oriše reakcijo na Freytagovo slavofobijo pri Josipu Jurčiču.This article examines the phenomenon of Gustav Freytag’s novel Soll und Haben (Debit and Credit, 1855), which at one point was the most widely read German novel. Specifically, it focuses on the images of non-German nations: Freytag created one of the most anti-Semitically conceived novel protagonists while criticizing Poles for their lack of bourgeoisie and, consequently, culture. The article concludes with an account of Josip Jurčič’s reaction to Freytag’s Slavophobia
Vrednotenje veščin računalniškega mišljenja in angažiranosti
No full textDeveloping computational thinking in early primary education has gained increasing attention, with unplugged methods recognised as particularly effective for young learners. However, teachers\u27 assessment of computational thinking, especially through process-oriented approaches, remains underexplored. The present study investigates how the participating Slovenian primary school teachers assessed computational thinking practices and students\u27 engagement during an unplugged activity based on Bebras Challenge tasks. The results show that the teachers most frequently identified algorithmic thinking, pattern recognition and debugging, while decomposition and abstraction were observed less commonly. The activity received high ratings regarding the students\u27 motivation and engagement, which several of the teachers attributed to the fact that it was conducted outdoors and involved physical movement. Collaboration and communication were also positively evaluated, although some teachers noted that competitiveness occasionally distracted the students. Overall, the findings support the feasibility of using process-oriented observation to assess computational thinking practices in unplugged settings, highlighting the need for targeted professional development to help teachers implement and assess computational thinking meaningfully. These insights contribute to the growing body of research on computational thinking assessment in primary education, underscoring the importance of providing teachers with structured support and context-specific tools.Razvijanje računalniškega mišljenja v začetnih letih osnovnošolskega izobraževanja dobiva vse večjo pozornost, pri čemer je pristop računalništva brez računalnika posebej učinkovit pri mlajših učencih. Kljub temu ostaja vrednotenje računalniškega mišljenja na strani učiteljev, zlasti z uporabo procesno usmerjenih pristopov, premalo raziskano. V tej študiji analiziramo, kako so sodelujoči slovenski učitelji razredne stopnje vrednotili veščine računalniškega mišljenja in angažiranost učencev pri dejavnosti računalništva brez računalnika, zasnovani na nalogah tekmovanja Bober. Izsledki kažejo, da so učitelji najpogosteje prepoznali algoritmično mišljenje, vzorce ter prepoznavanje in odpravljanje napak, medtem ko sta bila dekompozicija in abstrakcija zaznani redkeje. Dejavnost je prejela visoke ocene glede motivacije in angažiranosti učencev, kar so učitelji pogosto povezovali z izvedbo na prostem in vključevanjem fizičnega gibanja. Sodelovanje in komunikacija sta bila prav tako pozitivno ocenjena, čeprav je nekaj učiteljev opozorilo, da je lahko učence občasno ovirala tekmovalnost. Ugotovitve kažejo, da je pri pristopu računalništva brez računalnika smiselno uporabiti procesno usmerjeno vrednotenje veščin računalniškega mišljenja, hkrati pa poudarjajo potrebo po profesionalnem usposabljanju, ki učiteljem omogoča učinkovito izvajanje in vrednotenje pristopov računalniškega mišljenja. Rezultati naše študije prispevajo k naraščajočemu korpusu raziskav o vrednotenju računalniškega mišljenja v osnovni šoli ter poudarjajo pomen zagotavljanja strukturirane podpore in kontekstno specifičnih orodij za učitelje
Urban Collage - Concept Design for the Revitalisation of the Šiška Market Area
No full textŠiška je danes ena najbolj gosto poseljenih in urbanih mestnih četrti Ljubljane, kljub temu pa ji primanjkuje kakovostnih trgov in javnih površin za srečevanje ter zadrževanje prebivalcev. Celovška cesta, ena glavnih prometnih vpadnic mesta, močno zaznamuje identiteto območja. Ob njej se merilo prostora poveča, hkrati pa gre za izrazito tranzitni prostor, ob katerem se oblikuje pas storitvenih dejavnosti in trgovin.
Šiška je območje nasprotij in kontrastov, kjer se urbano srečuje z ruralnim. Socialistične soseske, bloki in stolpnice stojijo ob starih meščanskih predmestnih vilah, prostor pa je rezultat spontane rasti, različnih urbanističnih pristopov in časovno raznolikih arhitekturnih slogov. Redek primer javnega prostora, ki v Šiški deluje, je prostor pred Kinom Šiška, ki se ob dogodkih spontano preoblikuje v prostor srečevanja, druženja in javnega življenja.
Tržnica Šiška je danes predvsem simbolni prostor, saj njena obstoječa zasnova deluje razpršeno, nepovezano in improvizirano. Začasne rešitve na lokaciji ne ustvarjajo koherentnega javnega prostora, tržnica s svojo zasnovo ne privablja uporabnikov, parkirišče pa deluje zapuščeno in neurejeno. Gre za izjemno izpostavljeno lokacijo na stičišču Celovške ceste in Drenikove ulice, dveh ključnih prometnih osi Šiške, v neposredni bližini mestnega središča, katere prostorski potencial trenutna ureditev ne izkorišča.
Naloga predlaga novo urbanistično ureditev območja, ki z dodatnimi volumni ob Celovški cesti nadaljuje obstoječi pas storitvenih dejavnosti ob mestni vpadnici, ter z novim stanovanjskim objektom ob Drenikovi ulici jasno zameji in definira osrednji prostor. Z rušitvijo obstoječe tržnice se v središču območja oblikuje nov odprt javni prostor, ki programsko nadgrajuje tržnično in kulinarično dejavnost z dodatkom kulturnega programa ter s tem vzpostavlja tudi novo kulturno os v Šiški.
Nov trg in park ustvarjata manjkajoče kakovostne javne površine, osrednji objekt pa deluje kot pokrit, prehoden paviljon, ki povezuje oba prostora. Arhitekturna zasnova objekta temelji na odprti, zračni strukturi z loki, ki omogočajo prehodnost, fleksibilno rabo in zaščito pred vremenskimi vplivi. Naravna svetloba se v notranjost uvaja skozi steklene prizme, zelenje pa se pojavlja tako v parku kot v obliki dreves in zasaditev na objektu. Vzpostavi se sodoben urbani hibrid, ki združuje tržnico, kulturo in javni prostor ter oblikuje nov prostor srečevanja ter kulturno-kulinarično središče Šiške.Šiška is today one of the most densely populated and urbanised districts of Ljubljananevertheless, it lacks high-quality squares and public spaces for social interaction and everyday use by its residents. Celovška cesta, one of the city’s main routes, strongly defines the identity of the area. Along this corridor, the scale of the built environment increases, while the space functions primarily as a transit zone, accompanied by a continuous strip of service-oriented activities and retail.
Šiška is an area of contrasts, where the urban meets the rural. Socialist housing estates, blocks, and high-rise buildings stand alongside historic bourgeois suburban villas. The area is the result of spontaneous growth, diverse urban development approaches, and architecturally varied periods. A rare example of a well-functioning public space in Šiška is the area in front of Kino Šiška, which during events spontaneously transforms into a space of gathering, social interaction, and public life.
Today, Tržnica Šiška functions primarily as a symbolic place, as its existing spatial configuration appears fragmented, incoherent, and improvised. Temporary interventions on the site fail to create a cohesive public spacethe market’s layout does not attract users, and the parking area appears neglected and unstructured. The site occupies a highly prominent location at the intersection of Celovška Road and Drenikova Street—two of the most important traffic axes in Šiška—situated in close proximity to the city centre. However, its current spatial arrangement does not reflect or utilise this significant potential.
The thesis proposes a new urban design for the area, in which additional building volumes along Celovška Road extend the existing strip of service-oriented activities along the city’s main route, while a new residential building along Drenikova ulica clearly encloses and defines the central space. With the demolition of the existing market structure, a new open public space is formed at the heart of the site. This space programmatically upgrades the existing market and culinary activities through the introduction of a cultural programme, thereby establishing a new cultural axis within Šiška.
The new square and park provide the area with much-needed high-quality public spaces, while the central building functions as a covered, permeable pavilion that connects both open spaces. The architectural design of the building is based on an open and airy structure with arches, enabling permeability, flexible use, and protection from weather conditions. Natural light is introduced into the interior through glass blocks, while greenery is integrated both within the park and as trees and planted elements on the building itself. The result is a contemporary urban hybrid that combines market, culture, and public space, forming a new place of gathering and a cultural–culinary centre for Šiška
Calprest ELISA vs. Liaison® chemiluminescence
No full textBackground: Ulcerative colitis (UC) management relies on accurately assessing disease activity. Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a promising non-invasive biomarker, but method-specific differences in measurement can affect interpretation. Objective: To compare the performance of Calprest ELISA and DiaSorin Liaison CLIA in measuring FC concentrations and their correlation with endoscopic findings in UC. Methods: Stool samples from 40 UC patients were analyzed using both methods, with 138 samples collected across three clinical timepoints. Spearman’s correlation, Wilcoxon test, Bland–Altman analysis, and ROC curves were used to evaluate method agreement and diagnostic performance relative to Mayo endoscopic scores. Results: A total of 135 paired results showed strong correlation (ρ = 0.795, p < 0.001) but significant inter-method differences (p = 0.039). Liaison tended to yield higher FC values. ROC analysis established optimal cut-offs for detecting endoscopic remission and active disease: 47.95/69.55 µg/g (Liaison) and 65/125 µg/g (Calprest). Calprest demonstrated slightly better diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions: Both methods are reliable for monitoring UC activity. Calprest offers greater dynamic range, while Liaison excels in automation and speed. Method-specific thresholds should guide clinical interpretation to ensure accurate disease monitoring
Skrivnosti nasedlega slovarskega projekta
No full textAnton Breznik je za Slovensko-srbohrvatski slovar 1935/1950 zasnoval svojo oblikonaglasno tipologijo, ker pa je projekt iz nepojasnjenih vzrokov zastal in je anonimno izšel samo prvi zvezek priročnika (A–O) brez navodil za izreko in zašifriranih pregibnostnih vzorcev, nimamo celovitega pregleda nad sistemom. V marsičem odlično delo je v slovenistiki ostalo prezrto in brez vpliva na razvoj tonemske norme v knjižni slovenščini.Anton Breznik designed his own morphoaccentual typology for his 1935/1950 Slovensko-srbohrvatski slovar (Slovenian–Serbo-Croatian Dictionary). For unknown reasons, the project came to a standstill with only the first volume (A–O) of the work published anonymously, without providing any pronunciation instructions or coded inflectional paradigms, and so no comprehensive overview of this system is available. Breznik’s work, which was excellent in many aspects, has remained overlooked in Slovenian studies and has had no impact on the development of the tonemic norm in standard Slovenian
Automated testing of position sensors in a thermal chamber
No full textV magistrskem delu je predstavljena aplikacija za avtomatizacijo testiranja magnetnih dajalnikov pozicije znotraj toplotne komore.
Zaradi časovne potratnosti in dovzetnosti za napake pri ročnem testiranju se pojavi želja po preprosti, zanesljivi in učinkoviti rešitvi za preverjanje delovanja dajalnikov pri različnih temperaturnih pogojih.
Za rešitev problema je bila razvita aplikacija v programskem jeziku Python z uporabo ogrodja za razvoj grafičnih vmesnikov Qt. Aplikacija je razvita modularno in se drži vzorca načrtovanja Predstavnik prvi, ki loči grafični vmesnik od aplikacijske logike. Za standardiziran opis zgradbe in delovanja aplikacije smo uporabili UML diagrame.
Testna strojna oprema, ki se je uporabljala pri razvoju in testiranju aplikacije, vključuje toplotno komoro, referenčni in testni dajalnik pozicije, komunikacijski vmesnik, aktuator in nadzorni računalnik. Tekom razvoja smo se, za odpravo odvisnosti med posamezno strojno in programsko komponento, poslužili tudi nadomeščanja strojne opreme.
Na koncu naloge smo prikazali delovanje aplikacije z izvedbo testa točnosti.
Razvita aplikacija omogoča konfiguracijo testnega mesta, dodajanje večih dajalnikov pozicije preko konfiguracijskih datotek, izbiro do desetih kombinacij temperatur in časov namakanja in izvajanje tako standardnih integriranih kot tudi dodatnih testov. Aplikacija omogoča sprotno spremljanje poteka testiranja in izris grafa temperature komore v času. Ob koncu testiranja aplikacija samodejno generira poročilo.
Z avtomatizacijo testiranja se je skrajšal čas izvedbe, predvsem pa se je skrajšal čas, ki ga mora uporabnik nameniti testiranju dajalnikov znotraj toplotne komore. Z možnostjo testiranja večih dajalnikov in večih kombinacij temperatur in časov namakanja hkrati, se je zmanjšala možnost napak zaradi človeškega vpliva.The master’s thesis presents an application for automatization of testing of magnetic encoders inside a temperature chamber.
Due to the time-consuming nature and susceptibility to errors of manual testing, there is a need for a simple, reliable, and efficient solution to verify the operation of encoders under different temperature conditions.
To address this problem, an application was developed in the Python programming language using the Qt framework for graphical user interface development. The application is developed modularly and follows the Presenter first design pattern, which separates the graphical interface from the application logic. UML diagrams were used for a standardized description of the application’s structure and functionality.
The test hardware used during the development and testing of the application includes a temperature chamber, reference and test encoders, a communication interface, an actuator, and a control computer. During development, hardware mocking was also employed to eliminate dependencies between individual hardware and software components.
At the end of the thesis, the operation of the application is demonstrated through the execution of an accuracy test.
The developed application allows for the configuration of the test station, adding multiple encoders via configuration files, selecting up to ten combinations of temperatures and soaking times, and performing both standard integrated tests as well as additional tests. The application enables real-time monitoring of the testing process and plotting of the chamber temperature over time. At the end of testing, the application automatically generates a report.
Automating the testing process has reduced the execution time, and, more importantly, decreased the amount of time the user needs to spend testing encoders inside the temperature chamber. With the ability to test multiple sensors and multiple combinations of temperatures and soaking times simultaneously, the possibility of human error has been minimized