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Socio economic perspectives on fusion power for a sustainable future energy system
No full textIn the global effort towards the mitigation of climate change, low-carbon electricity generating technologies play a pivotal role. Nuclear fusion stands as a highly promising option for carbon-free electricity generation in a sustainable, reliable, affordable and socially acceptable future energy system. The EUROfusion work package “Socio Economic Studies” (WPSES) on fusion conducts research aimed at identifying social and economic conditions that can effectively support fusion deployment in future energy markets. Placing nuclear fusion in the broader context of energy and climate issues, the SES research explores fusion as an energy technology contributing to sustainable energy production for the future society. Because of the cross-cutting nature of the research, SES studies can provide decision-makers with scientific evidence relevant for shaping appropriate strategies in favour of fusion. This paper aims to offer the scientific community a thorough overview of EUROfusion SES research, addressing a gap in the current literature
Computer-aided design of new N-acetylglucosaminidase inhibitors with potential antibacterial activity
No full textRazvoj učinkovitih protibakterijskih učinkovin je izjemno pomemben pri reševanju naraščajočega problema bakterijske odpornosti. Avtolizin E (AtlE) bakterije Staphylococcus aureus je zanimiva potencialna tarča, ker razgrajuje celično steno s cepitvijo ß-1,4-glikozidne vezi med N-acetilglukozaminom in N-acetilmuraminsko kislino v peptidoglikanu, s tem pa vpliva na preoblikovanje celične stene, rast bakterij in tvorbo biofilma. Nove zaviralce AtlE smo iskali z računalniško podprtim načrtovanjem učinkovin na osnovi liganda in kristalne strukture AtlE iz S. aureus ter s pomočjo novo razvitih kot tudi prosto dostopnih računskih modelov za napoved topnosti v vodi in ostalih farmakoloških lastnosti. Zasnovali smo knjižnico 440 ligandov na osnovi piperidinil benzamidov (PBL), ki so edini predhodno znani zaviralci AtlE. Želeli smo izboljšati fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti, predvsem njihovo topnost v vodi. V ta namen smo razvili nove validirane modele za napovedovanje topnosti spojin v vodi na osnovi kemijske strukture (modeli QSPR) in ugotovili, da imajo modeli soglasja boljšo napovedno moč kot posamezni modeli. Najboljše virtualne zadetke so predstavljale spojine z ugodnimi vezavnimi konformacijami, pridobljenimi pri molekulskem sidranju, in z najbolj optimalno napovedano farmakološko aktivnostjo iz računskih študij. Nadalje smo po istem postopku preiskali še knjižnico spojin UL-FFA in iminosladkornih derivatov (ISL). Najboljše virtualne zadetke (n = 48) smo biološko ovrednotili z uporabo metod površinske plazmonske resonance in minimalne zaviralne koncentracije. Odkrili smo nove zaviralce AtlE iz strukturnega razreda iminosladkorjev z afiniteto vezave v nizkem mikromolarnem območju (spojini ISL-1 KD = 19 µM in MIC (S. aureus ATCC29213) = 8 µg/mL, ISL-8 KD = 88 µM in ISL-3 KD = 410 µM). Kljub ocenjeno izboljšani topnosti optimiziranih in novo sintetiziranih PBL, za te spojine vezave na AtlE in vrednosti MIC v nizkem mikromolarnem območju nismo uspeli doseči, zato predlagamo njihovo nadaljnjo strukturno optimizacijo. Z opravljenimi raziskavami smo razširili kemijski prostor zaviralcev in ustvarili temelje za nadaljnji razvoj učinkovitejših zaviralcev AtlE S. aureus.Development of effective antibacterial agents is crucial in addressing the growing issue of bacterial resistance. Autolysin E (AtlE) from Staphylococcus aureus presents a promising target due to its role in degrading the bacterial cell wall by cleaving the β-1,4-glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, thereby affecting cell wall remodeling, bacterial growth and biofilm formation. We sought to identify new AtlE inhibitors by utilizing the crystal structure of AtlE from S. aureus in computer-aided ligand-based and structure-based drug design, and employing newly developed computational models to predict water solubility and online pharmacological properties models. We designed a library of 440 ligands based on piperidinyl benzamides (PBL), the only previously known AtlE inhibitors, with the aim of improving their physicochemical properties, particularly their aqueous solubility. For this purpose, we developed and validated new QSPR models for predicting compound solubility based on chemical structure, finding that consensus models demonstrated better predictive power than individual models. The best virtual hits exhibited favorable binding conformations obtained from molecular docking and optimal predicted pharmacological activities from computational studies. Additionally, we investigated the UL-FFA compound library and iminosugar derivatives (ISL) through the same approach. The best virtual hits (n = 48) were biologically evaluated using surface plasmon resonance and minimum inhibitory concentration method. We identified new AtlE inhibitors from the iminosugar structural class with binding affinities in the low micromolar range (ISL-1: KD = 19 µM and MIC (S. aureus ATCC29213) = 8 µg/mL, ISL-8: KD = 88 µM, ISL-3: KD = 410 µM). Despite the improved solubility of the optimized and newly synthesized PBLs, these compounds did not achieve binding to AtlE or MICs values in the low micromolar range, indicating the need for further structural optimization. Through our research, we have expanded the chemical space of potential inhibitors and established further guidelines for the development of more effective AtlE inhibitors against S. aureus
Analysis of a medical laser guidance system using a collaborative robot
No full textDelo obravnava optimiranje gibanja kolaborativne robotske roke, ki se bo uporabljala za laserske medicinske terapije. Motiv za razvoj takšnega sistema je predvsem izboljšana natančnost in enakomernost segrevanja tkiva v primerjavi z ročnim vodenjem laserskega snopa. Optimizacija gibanja se pri tem nanaša predvsem na pohitritev procesa ob hkratni polni izkoriščenosti razpoložljive moči laserja. V ta namen smo v prvem delu s termalno kamero izmerili segrevanje obsevane površine z različno oblikovanimi trajektorijami ter ovrednotili homogenost temperaturnega polja. Pri tem smo uporabili laser Er:YAG in kolaborativno robotsko roko UR5. Nadalje smo izvedli numerične simulacije laserskega segrevanja tkiva, kjer smo upoštevali tranzientni prevod toplote in premikanje laserskega snopa po enakih trajektorijah. Pri tem smo ugotovili zadovoljivo ujemanje rezultatov (odstopanje do 10 % po dveh prehodih trajektorije). V drugem delu smo raziskali možnost hitrejšega vodenja laserskega snopa s pomočjo odklanjanja zadnjega sklepa robota. Ugotovili smo, da lahko na ta način dosegamo primerljive homogenosti temperaturnega polja ob večjih hitrostih. S tem smo pokazali na možnost uporabe laserja pri višji moči, kar predstavlja pomembno prednost pred obstoječimi rešitvami.The work deals with the optimization of the motion of a collaborative robotic arm intended for use in laser medical therapies. The motivation for developing such a system lies primarily in the improved precision and uniformity of tissue heating compared to manual guidance of the laser beam. The optimization of movement refers mainly on speeding up the process while making full use of the available laser power. Therefore, in the first part of the study, we used a thermal camera to measure the heating of the irradiated surface using different trajectories and evaluated the homogeneity of the temperature field. We used an Er:YAG laser and a UR5 collaborative robotic arm. Afterwards, we conducted numerical simulations of laser tissue heating, taking into account transient heat conduction and the movement of the laser beam along those
same trajectories. We observed satisfactory matching between the results (deviation of up to 10 % after two trajectory passes). In the second part, we explored the possibility of faster laser beam guidance by deflecting the robot’s last joint. We found that this approach allows us to achieve a comparable temperature field homogeneity at higher speeds. This demonstrates the potential for using the laser at higher power levels, representing a significant advantage over existing solutions
Development of merocyanine and coumarin-based fluorescent probes for labelling cellular organelles
No full textMerocianinske in kumarinske fluorescenčne sonde predstavljajo pomemben razred označevalcev, ki se pogosto uporabljajo za vizualizacijo različnih celičnih organelov. Oboji omogočajo konjugacijo z drugimi molekulami ali uvedbo različnih funkcionalnih skupin, kar omogoča natančno uravnavanje absorpcijskih in emisijskih valovnih dolžin. Obe skupini fluoroforjev omogočata vezavo skupin za ciljanje organelov, kot so trifenilfosfonijeva skupina za ciljanje mitohondrijev ali šibko bazične skupine za označevanje lizosomov.
Namen magistrske naloge je bil razvoj fluorescentnih sond za označevanje membrane, lizosomov, endoplazmatskega retikuluma in mitohondrijev. Uporabili smo kumarinske derivate s trifluorometilno skupino, ki omogoča večji Stokesov premik, ter merocianine z emisijo v rdečem ali NIR območju. Funkcionalne skupine za ciljanje organelov smo bodisi vključili neposredno v strukturo fluoroforja bodisi jih priključili preko CuAAC reakcije na sonde z alkinsko skupino. Pripravljenim spojinam smo določili ekscitacijske in emisijske spektre.
Kumarinske fluorofore smo uspešno funkcionalizirali s sulfonamidno skupino. Pri merocianinih smo z modifikacijo elektronsko aktivnih skupin dosegli premik spektralnih lastnosti proti daljšim valovnim dolžinam. Pripravljene spojine, tako na osnovi kumarina kot na osnovi merocianina, so se selektivno lokalizirale v izbrane celične organele. Ekscitacijski in emisijski spektri so pokazali, da funkcionalizacija kumarina le minimalno vpliva na njegovo fluorescenco, medtem ko imajo elektronske skupine pri merocianinih izrazit vpliv na optične lastnosti.Merocyanine and coumarin fluorescent probes represent an important class of labels widely used for the visualization of various cellular organelles. Both types allow conjugation with other molecules or the introduction of different functional groups, enabling precise tuning of absorption and emission wavelengths. These two classes of fluorophores also support the attachment of organelle-targeting groups, such as triphenylphosphonium for mitochondrial targeting or weakly basic groups for lysosomal labelling.
The aim of this master\u27s thesis was the development of fluorescent probes for labelling membranes, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Coumarin derivatives bearing a trifluoromethyl group, which facilitates a larger Stokes shift, were used alongside merocyanines emitting in the red or near-infrared (NIR) region. Targeting moieties were either integrated directly into the fluorophore structure or introduced via CuAAC click chemistry onto alkyne-functionalized probes. Excitation and emission spectra were recorded for selected compounds.
Coumarin fluorophores were successfully functionalized with a sulfonamide group. In merocyanines, modification of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups enabled a red-shift in spectral properties. The prepared probes, based on both coumarin and merocyanine scaffolds, selectively localized to the intended cellular organelles. Spectral analyses showed that coumarin functionalization had minimal impact on fluorescence, whereas the electronic properties of substituents significantly influenced the optical characteristics of merocyanines
Development and experimental validation of a semi-empirical model for the prediction of heat pump performance
No full textZaključna naloga obravnava razvoj in validacijo pol-empiričnega modela za napovedovanje delovanja toplotne črpalke, ki deluje na osnovi parno-kompresijskega cikla. Postavljena je bila eksperimentalna proga, kjer smo lahko beležili podatke o delovanju toplotne črpalke, kot so temperatura dvižnega in povratnega voda, tlak kondenzacije in uparjanja, pretok sekundarnega medija in električno porabo. Model smo preverili z meritvami na realnem sistemu izboljšane toplotne črpalke zrak-voda. Eksperimentalna validacija je potrdila ustreznost modela, saj je ujemanje med modelom in eksperimentalnimi rezultati znotraj ± 10 %. Model tako služi kot osnova za snovanje štirih glavnih komponent toplotne črpalke – kompresorja, kondenzatorja, uparjalnika in elektronskega ekspanzijskega ventila – pri razvoju novih ter optimizaciji obstoječih modelov toplotnih črpalk.The thesis addresses the development and validation of a semi-empirical model for predicting the performance of a heat pump operating based on the vapor-compression cycle. An experimental column was set up, allowing the recording of operational data such as supply and return water temperatures, condensation and evaporation pressures, secondary fluid flow rate and electrical power consumption. The model was verified through measurements on a real air-to-water heat pump system. Experimental validation confirmed the suitability of the model, as the agreement between the model predictions and the experimental results was within ± 10%. The model therefore serves as a basis for the design of the four main components of a heat pump – the compressor, condenser, evaporator and electronic expansion vale – in the development of new systems as well as in the optimization of existing ones
Development of lipid and melt based systems loaded into mesoporous carriers for improved solubility of carvedilol
No full textWithin the doctoral dissertation we were focused on developing an appropriate mesoporous carriers-based delivery systems, with the aim to improve gastrointestinal solubility of carvedilol, a poorly water-soluble drug, that according to the biopharmaceutical classification belongs to group II (low solubility, high permeability). Solubility improvement was achieved by incorporation of carvedilol into a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS), which was further transformed into a solid form, and by production of amorphous solid dispersions of carvedilol. Wet granulation was used for SMEDDS solidification, while solid dispersions were prepared by high-shear melt granulation and hot melt extrusion. By incorporating SMEDDS into the granules, in addition to improving the drug solubility, high liquid SMEDDS load was achieved (up to 66 % of the total granules mass). Such SMEDDS granules exhibited good flow properties, vital for further production of SMEDDS tablets or filling into capsules. Optimization of SMEDDS-based granulation dispersion, with regard to polymeric binder type and concentration, proved to be as important for achieving preferable flow properties and in vitro dissolution characteristics from SMEDDS granules. The latter were thus mixed with additional excipients and compressed into SMEDDS tablets. The tableting mixture was optimized in order to provide sufficient tablet hardness (?100 N), short disintegration time (< 3 min), while preserving self-microemulsifying properties. To prevent the drug precipitation after ingestion and keep carvedilol in dissolved state during the passage through gastrointestine, various polymeric precipitation inhibitors were added to the formulations of liquid and solid SMEDDS. Apart from SMEDDS formulation optimization, the research within the dissertation was also focused on process development within all technologies used. Ultimately, carvedilol stability was compared between produced SMEDDS granules and amorphous solid dispersions. The latter proved to be better regarding stability and achieved higher drug loading, while considering in vitro dissolution properties, SMEDDS formulations were superior.V okviru doktorske disertacije smo se osredotočili na razvoj dostavnih sistemov na osnovi mezoporoznih nosilcev za izboljšanje topnosti karvedilola po peroralni aplikaciji. Slednjega uvrščamo med slabo vodotopne zdravilne učinkovine (ZU), po biofarmacevtski klasifikaciji pa spada v II skupino, tj. med slabo topne in dobro permeabilne ZU. Izboljšanje topnosti smo dosegli z vgradnjo karvedilola v samomikroemulgirajoči sistem (SMES), ki smo ga nadalje pretvorili v trdno obliko, in z izdelavo amorfnih trdnih disperzij karvedilola. Za solidifikacijo SMES smo uporabili metodo vlažnega granuliranja, trdne disperzije pa smo pripravili z granuliranjem s talinami v hitrovrtečem mešalniku ter z iztiskanjem talin. Z vgradnjo SMES v zrnca smo poleg izboljšanja topnosti ZU dosegli tudi visoko vsebnost tekočega SMES (do 66 % skupne mase zrnc). SMES-zrnca so izkazovala dobre pretočne lastnosti, ki so ključne za nadaljnjo proizvodnjo SMES-tablet ali polnjenje v kapsule. Optimizacija sestave granulacijske disperzije na osnovi SMES z vidika vrste in koncentracije polimernega veziva, se je izkazala kot pomembna za doseganje ustreznih pretočnih lastnostih in in vitro sproščanje karvedilola iz izdelanih SMES-zrnc. Slednjim smo nato primešali ustrezne pomožne snovi in jih stisnili v tablete, pri čemer je bilo zmes za tabletiranje potrebno optimizirati, da bi dosegli ustrezno trdnost tablet (⡈100 N), kratek razpadni čas (večinoma < 3 min) in ohranili sposobnost samomikroemulgiranja. Z namenom, da bi preprečili obarjanje ZU po zaužitju in karvedilol zadržali v raztopljeni obliki tudi med prehodom skozi prebavni trakt, smo v formulacije tekočega in trdnih SMES dodajali različne polimerne zaviralce obarjanja. Poleg optimizacije formulacije SMES, smo v doktorski disertaciji optimizirali tudi procesne parametre uporabljenih tehnologij. V zadnji fazi smo primerjali stabilnost karvedilola v izdelanih trdnih SMES in amorfnih trdnih disperzijah. Slednje so se z vidika stabilnosti izkazale kot boljše, saj smo vanje smo lahko vgradili večji delež ZU, medtem ko so bile z vidika raztapljanja superiorne SMES formulacije
Exploring antagonistic interactions among Bacillus subtilis soil isolates
No full textAntagonistične interakcije med talnimi izolati bakterije Bacillus subtilis so pomembne za razumevanje mikrobnih združb v tleh. V magistrski nalogi smo za preučevanje antagonističnih interakcij uporabili metodo določanja območja inhibicije testnega seva na poltrdnem gojišču. Dodatno smo preko merjenja intenzitete fluorescence v različnih eksperimentalnih pogojih (npr. na poltrdnem gojišču, v statični tekoči kulturi in v stresani tekoči kulturi) določali uspešnost rasti izbranih fluorescentno označenih sevov v mešanici z označenim sevom PS-216. Ugotovili smo, da je antagonizem med sevi pogost pojav, ki je odvisen od sorodnosti med sevi, pri čemer nekateri sevi izkazujejo večjo jakost antagonizma kot drugi. Pridobljeni rezultati kažejo, da ima izbira kombinacije sevov večji vpliv na intenziteto antagonizma kot eksperimentalni pogoji. Preučili smo tudi vpliv mutacij v genih, povezanih s sorodstveno diskriminacijo vezan antagonizem, in ugotovili, da je operon wapAI ključen lokus za izražanje antagonizma, medtem, ko nismo zaznali pomembnejšega vpliva mutacije operona epsA-O v raziskovanih eksperimentalnih pogojih. Z magistrsko nalogo smo pokazali, da je narava izražanja antagonizma med talnimi izolati bakterije B. subtilis kompleksna, kar zahteva nadaljnje raziskave, ki bi razložile vpliv različnih genov na izražanje antagonizma med sevi iste vrste.Antagonistic interactions between soil isolates of Bacillus subtilis are essential for understanding microbial communities in soil. For the study of antagonistic interactions, we used the soft agar overlay method and the measurement of YFP and RFP fluorescence of labeled strain mixtures with fluorescentlz labeled PS-216 in three different growing environments – overlay agar (0,7 % agar in LB), static liquid culture and shaken liquid culture. Antagonism between strains was found to be a prevalent interaction between strains and associated with strain kinship, with some strains exhibiting higher antagonism intensity than the others. The results obtained show that the tested growth conditions do not significantly affect the expression of antagonism, while the combination of strains is the key to its intensity. We also examined the impact of gene mutations associated with kin discrimination on antagonism expression and found that the wapAI operon was crucial for the expression of antagonism, while the operon epsA-O mutation had no significant impact in tested conditions. The findings of this master\u27s thesis point to the complex nature of antagonism expression among the bacteria B. subtilis soil isolates and emphasize the importance of further research in this field, which would better explain the influence of genes and signaling pathways on the expression and the mechanisms of intra-species antagonism
Reactions of nickel or zinc salts with pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
No full textIzvedli smo reakcije med nikljevim(II) kloridom, nikljevim(II) nitratom heksahidratom, nikljevim(II) sulfatom heptahidratom, cinkovim kloridom ali cinkovim acetatom dihidratom s pirazol-3-karboksilno kislino (Hpza) v topilih: voda, metanol, piridin ali acetonitril ob dodatku klorovodikove kisline. Množinska razmerja med cinkovimi oziroma nikljevimi ioni in Hpza so bila 1 : 2. Sinteze so potekale v vodi pri temperaturi 80 °C, v ostalih topilih pa pri sobni temperaturi. Kristalizacija je potekala na zraku ali pa v zaprtem sistemu z znižanim tlakom. Izolirali smo kristale že znanih spojin [Ni(Hpza)(HO)] in [Zn(Hpza)(HO)], kar smo potrdili z rentgensko strukturno analizo. Sintetizirali smo tudi nove spojine [Ni(Hpza)(py)]⋅py, [NiCl(HpzaMe)], [NiCl(Hpza)]⋅2HO in [ZnCl(HpzaMe)]. Strukturo kompleksov [Ni(Hpza)(py)]⋅py in [ZnCl(HpzaMe)] smo določili z rentgensko strukturna analizo. Uporabili smo tudi druge analitske metode, kot so: infrardeča spektroskopija, CHN analiza in termična analiza. Ugotovili smo, da je deprotonacija Hpza in koordinacija Hpza na cinkov ali nikljev ion potekla v vodi, če reakcijski zmesi nismo dodali klorovodikove kisline. V metanolu je v prisotnosti klorovodikove kisline Hpza reagirala, tvorila je ester, tako sta se na nikljev ali cinkov ion pri teh pogojih koordinirali dve molekuli estra HpzaMe. V aprotičnem topilu, acetonitrilu, v prisotnosti klorovodikove kisline deprotonacija Hpza ni potekla, na nikljev ion sta se koordinirali dve molekuli Hpza.We conducted reactions between nickel(II) chloride, nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate, nickel(II) sulfate heptahydrate, zinc chloride, or zinc acetate dihydrate and pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (Hpza) in water, methanol, pyridine, or acetonitrile with a catalytic amount of hydrochloric acid. The molar ratio of nickel or zinc ions to Hpza was 2 : 1. Reactions were carried out in water at 80 °C and in other solvents at room temperature. Crystallizations were performed in air at room temperature or in a closed system under reduced pressure. We isolated crystals of the known compounds [Ni(Hpza)(HO)] and [Zn(Hpza)(HO)], as confirmed by X-ray structure analysis. We also synthesized four new compounds: [Ni(Hpza)(py)]⋅py, [NiCl(HpzaMe)], [NiCl(Hpza)]⋅2HO, and [ZnCl(HpzaMe)]. The structures of [Ni(Hpza)(py)]⋅py and [ZnCl(HpzaMe)] were determined by X-ray structural analysis. We also used other analytical methods such as infrared spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, and thermal analysis. We concluded that the processes of Hpza deprotonation and Hpza coordination to the nickel or zinc ion occurred in water without the addition of hydrochloric acid to the reaction mixture. In methanol, with the addition of hyrdochloric acid, Hpza reacted and formed an esterthus, two molecules of the ester HpzaMe coordinated to the nickel or zinc ion under these conditions. In the aprotic solvent acetonitrile, in the presence of hydrochloric acid, deprotonation of Hpza did not occur, and two molecules of Hpza coordinated to the nickel ion
Conceptual changes in decision-making about child protection and upbringing, and about contacts in cases of violence
No full textGlavna tema prispevka so spremembe Družinskega zakonika v delu, ki se ukvarja z razvezo, zaupanjem v vzgojo in varstvo ter stiki med otroki in staršem, ki izvaja stike. Spremembe so posledica preobrata v razumevanju razmerij med partnerji in v odnosu do otrok. Na videz pomenijo napredek k enakopravnejšemu položaju moških in žensk v postopkih razvez in dodelitve otrok, vendar analiza Komentarja Družinskega zakonika (2019) pokaže, da so prakse konservativno patriarhalne, saj temeljijo na prepričanju, da so ženske primarno odgovorne za dober odnos otrok s staršem, ki izvaja stike, to je večinoma z očetom. Analiza besedil sodnih odločb, ki so nastale po uveljavitvi Družinskega zakonika, pokaže, da spremembe sledijo uveljavitvi koncepta starševskega odtujevanja, ki se uporablja tudi v primerih, ko je bil razlog za razvezo nasilje na podlagi spola, to pa omogoča nadaljevanje nasilnega nadzora tudi po razvezi. V sklepnem delu so navedeni temeljni mednarodni dokumenti, ki jih takšna sodna praksa krši, med njimi je tudi Istanbulska konvencija, katere podpisnica je tudi Slovenija.The main topic of the paper is the changes to the Family Code in the section dealing with divorce, custody and visitation right. The changes reflect a transformed understanding of the relationship between the partners and the relationship with the children, which on the surface represents progress towards a more equal position of men and women in divorce and custody proceedings, but an analysis of the commentaries on the Family Code shows that the practices are conservatively patriarchal and based on the belief that women are primarily responsible for the children\u27s good relationship with the noncustodial parent, i.e. mainly the father. An analysis of the texts of court decisions since the Family Code came into force shows that the changes follow the concept of parental alienation, which is also used in cases where the divorce was a result of gender-based violence and which allows for the continuation of violent control after the divorce. The article concludes with a list of the main international instruments that this jurisprudence violates, including the Istanbul Convention, which Slovenia ratified in 2014
Konfucijanski ideal osebe (osebnosti) in pacifizem
No full textSo-called Confucianism (rujia 儒家) developed a notion of an ideal person(ality), the junzi 君子, who eschews solving problems or eliminating disagreement by use of force. Instead, guided by principles of humaneness (ren 仁) and righteousness (yi 義), he uses well-founded arguments, and he does this in a becoming way, displaying no show of superiority. Moreover, the junzi highly values human dignity (tianjue 天爵, literally “nobility of Heaven”), i.e. individual moral autonomy, not giving in to the temptations of power, fame, public reputation, or wealth. Similar ideas were developed in European history. Evidently such ideal persons would be pacifists, but they are individuals, whereas wars concern whole nations and masses of people. So which role does, and can, the ideal individual actually play if it comes to the question of war? Is not there a vast difference between ideal individual character and behaviour on the one side, and an individual’s actual position and options (possibilities) with regard to war on the other? As to Chinese ethics and history: did the notion of junzi have any influence on concepts and occurrences of pacifism and war? And if so, in what respect? And how should we understand the junzi’s ideas about punishment and wars led in the name of humaneness?
In short, taking as starting point and focusing on the “Confucian” concept of junzi, I deal with what may be called “individual pacifism”—or more precisely, individual rejection or renunciation of war—and the impact such individual pacifism can and ought to have on decisions about war and peace. In so doing, I also speculate about combining a “rule of virtue” with a “rule of law”, thereby considering the role of individuals in 21st century wars. Finally, I utilize my results to propose a notion of pacifism that sharply contrasts with contemporary arguments in favour of wars, including those for uncompromising wars of defence.Tako imenovano konfucijanstvo (rujia儒家) je razvilo pojem idealne osebe (osebnosti), junzi君子, ki se izogiba reševanju problemov ali odpravljanju nesoglasij z uporabo sile. Namesto tega, v skladu z načeli sočlovečnosti (ren仁) in pravičnosti (yi義), uporablja utemeljene argumente in to počne na primeren način, brez izkazovanja večvrednosti. Po-leg tega junzi visoko ceni človeško dostojanstvo (tianjue 天爵, dob. »plemenitost neba«), to je individualno moralno avtonomijo, in se ne podreja skušnjavam moči, slave, javnega ugleda ali bogastva. Podobne ideje so se razvile tudi v evropski zgodovini. Očitno bi bili takšni idealni ljudje pacifisti, vendar pa so to le posamezniki, medtem ko vojne zadevajo cele narode in večje množice ljudi. Kakšno vlogo torej dejansko igra in sploh lahko igra idealni posameznik, ko gre za vprašanje vojne? Ali ni med idealnim značajem in veden-jem posameznika na eni ter dejanskim položajem in možnostmi (izbire) posameznika v zvezi z vojno na drugi strani velika razlika? Kar zadeva kitajsko etiko in zgodovino: ali je pojem junzi vplival na pojmovanje ter pojavljanje pacifizma in vojne? Če da, v kakšnem smislu? In kako naj razumemo junzijeve ideje o kaznovanju ter vojnah, ki se dogajajo v imenu sočlovečnosti? Na kratko, »konfucijanski« pojem junzi si jemljem za izhodišče in fokus ter skozenj obravnavam to, kar bi lahko imenovali »individualni pacifizem« – ali natančneje, indi-vidualno zavračanje vojne oziroma odpoved vojni – ter vpliv, ki ga tak individualni paci-fizem lahko ima in bi ga moral imeti na odločitve o vojni in miru. Podajam tudi razmislek o združevanju »vladavine kreposti« z »vladavino prava« ter s tem o vlogi posameznikov v vojnah 21. stoletja. Nazadnje na podlagi svojih ugotovitev predlagam pojem pacifiz-ma, ki je v ostrem nasprotju s sodobnimi argumenti v prid vojnam, vključno s tistimi, ki zagovarjajo nekompromisne obrambne vojne