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Supportive analytical tools for investigation of process dynamics of liposome preparation
No full textZa spremljanje kompleksne procesne dinamike izdelave liposomov smo razvili analitska orodja, ki temeljijo na znanih metodah s področja karakterizacije liposomov, centrifugiranju in ultracentrifugiranju disperzij liposomov.
Lipidni prah, pripravljen s tehnologijo sušenja z razprševanjem, smo omočili in hidratirali ter tako dobili začetno disperzijo liposomov. Z optičnim mikroskopom smo v disperzijah poleg liposomov ugotovili prisotnost optično gostih delcev. Te smo z uporabo centrifugalne sile posedli iz disperzij in jih tako ločili od liposomov. Nastala oborina, ki smo jo dispergirali v pufru (pH65 °C = 5,5), je imela bistveno nižje masno razmerje zdravilna učinkovina : fosfolipidi v primerjavi s končnim liofilizatom po procesu membranske filtracije in je tako predstavljala neželeno frakcijo v disperziji. Z optimiziranjem procesov omočenja in hidratacije lipidnega prahu smo skušali zmanjšati količino oborine. Sistematično smo ovrednotili vplive pH pufrne raztopine, časa mešanja med hidratacijo lipidnega prahu, vrste mešala in vrste lipidnega prahu ter s pomočjo multivariantne podatkovne analize določili prevladujoče vplive. Pokazali smo tudi uporabnost centrifugiranja za raziskovanje procesov omočenja in hidratiranja lipidnega prahu pri prenosu iz laboratorijskega v industrijsko merilo. Pripravi začetnih disperzij liposomov je sledilo visokotlačno homogeniziranje disperzij z namenom zmanjšanja velikosti liposomov ter membranska filtracija z namenom zagotavljanja sterilnosti končnega izdelka. Disperzije liposomov iz različnih faz procesa visokotlačne homogenizacije smo ultracentrifugirali in oborine dispergirali v pufru (pH65 °C = 5,5). S kromatografskimi metodami in AF4-MALS metodo smo dokazali, da delci v oborini niso bili liposomi. UV VIS spektrofotometrično metodo na osnovi spremembe absorbance zdravilne učinkovine smo prepoznali kot potencialno metodo za kvantifikacijo količine zdravilne učinkovine v dispergirani oborini in tudi kot metodo za kvantifikacijo količine (neželene) oborine v disperzijah med procesom visokotlačne homogenizacije, kajti masno razmerje zdravilna učinkovina : fosfolipidi v oborini se tekom visokotlačne homogenizacije ni spreminjalo. Med drugim smo za zagotavljanje izvedljivosti membranske filtracije disperzij liposomov dokazali uporabnost vrednotenja količine oborine v disperzijah po visokotlačni homogenizaciji. Za dodatno razumevanje procesa membranske filtracije disperzij smo uporabili AF4 MALS metodo na osnovi radija giracije delcev v dispergirani oborini.To investigate the complex process dynamics of liposome preparation, we’ve developed the analytical tools based on well known methods in the field of liposome characterisation, centrifugation and ultracentrifugation of liposome dispersions.
The lipid powder prepared by spray-drying technology was wetted and hydrated to produce the initial liposome dispersion. The presence of optically dense particles in the dispersions, in addition to the liposomes, was detected using an optical microscope. These particles were separated from liposomes in the dispersions using centrifugal force. The resulting sediment dispersed in the buffer (pH65 °C = 5,5) had a significantly lower drug substance : phospholipid mass ratio compared to the (final) lyophilisate after the membrane filtration process and thus represented an unwanted fraction in the dispersion. By optimising the wetting and hydration processes of the lipid powder, we sought to reduce the amount of sediment. The individual impacts of pH buffer solution, mixing time during hydration of the lipid powder, type of stirrer and type of lipid powder were systematically evaluated, and the most significant impacts were determined by multivariate data analysis. We have also shown the applicability of centrifugation for the investigation of wetting and hydration processes of the lipid powder when scaling up to production. Preparation of the initial liposome dispersions was followed by high-pressure homogenisation of the dispersions to reduce size of the liposomes and membrane filtration to ensure sterility of the final product. The liposome dispersions from the different stages of the high pressure homogenisation process were ultracentrifuged and the sediment was dispersed in the buffer (pH65 °C = 5,5). Chromatographic and AF4-MALS methods were used to prove that the particles in the sediment were not liposomes. The UV VIS spectrophotometry based on the change in absorbance of the drug substance was identified as a potential method for quantification of the amount of drug substance in the dispersed sediment and also as a method for quantification of the amount of (unwanted) sediment in the dispersions during the high-pressure homogenisation process, as the mass ratio of drug substance : phospholipids in the sediment did not change during the high pressure homogenisation process. Furthermore, we demonstrated the usefulness of quantification of the sediment in dispersions after the high-pressure homogenisation process to ensure the feasibility of membrane filtration of the liposome dispersions. To further understand the membrane filtration process of dispersions, we have applied AF4 MALS method based on the radius of gyration of the particles in the dispersed sediment
Estimation of pressure in the internal jugular vein based on an ultrasound examination
No full textDelo obravnava področje neinvazivnega ocenjevanja venskega tlaka. Tradicionalni postopki temeljijo na vizualni oceni višine meniskusa jugularne vene in zahtevajo medicinsko usposobljeno osebo, poleg tega pa so pogosto nepraktični in nezanesljivi. Predlagana je nova metoda, ki temelji na ultrazvočnih meritvah desnega predela vratu in omogoča numerično oceno venskega tlaka na osnovi pomerjenih pomikov ter sil, ki delujejo pri pritisku ultrazvočne sonde. Delo je strukturirano tako, da smo najprej pregledali anatomijo vratu, zlasti venske in arterijske strukture, ter okoliško mišično in vezivno tkivo. Na osnovi podatkov iz literature so bili določeni začetni mehanski parametri tkiv, ki so bili nato iterativno prilagojeni z namenom uskladitve numerične simulacije z eksperimentalnimi meritvami. Za validacijo pristopa smo izdelali fantomski model iz želatine, ki je omogočil primerjavo simulacijskih rezultatov z dejanskimi pomiki pri znanih obremenitvah. Rezultati kažejo, da je z ustrezno določenimi vhodnimi podatki in natančnim numeričnim modelom mogoče oceniti venski tlak na osnovi ultrazvočnih meritev, kar potrjuje uporabnost predlagane metode.The thesis addresses the field of non-invasive assessment of venous pressure. Traditional procedures are based on visual estimation of the height of the jugular vein meniscus and require a medically trained person, while often being impractical and unreliable. A new method is proposed, based on ultrasound measurements of the right side of the neck, which enables numerical estimation of venous pressure using the measured displacements and forces applied by the ultrasound probe. The work is structured in such a way that we first reviewed the anatomy of the neck, focusing on venous and arterial structures as well as the surrounding muscle and connective tissue. Based on data from the literature, initial mechanical parameters of the tissues were defined and then iteratively adjusted to align the numerical simulation with the experimental measurements. For validation of the approach, a gelatin-based phantom model was created, allowing comparison of the simulation results with actual displacements under known loads. The results show that, with appropriately defined input data and a sufficiently accurate numerical model, it is possible to estimate venous pressure based on ultrasound measurements, confirming the applicability of the proposed method
Calculation of condition indicators of overhead lines
No full textVisokonapetostni nadzemni vodi so ključni del elektroenergetskega sistema, njihovo stanje pa se zaradi staranja materiala ter obratovalnih in okoljskih obremenitev postopno slabša. Za podatkovno podprto in učinkovito vzdrževanje se uporablja kazalnik stanja sredstev, ki kvantitativno poveže rezultate pregledov, meritev in evidenc okvar v enotno, primerljivo oceno trenutnega stanja ter preostale življenjske dobe opreme.
Razvoj standardizirane metodologije za izračun kazalnika stanja daljnovodov je zahteven, ker gre za obsežno linearno infrastrukturo z medsebojno odvisnimi komponentami v raznolikih okoljih. Enotna metodologija doslej še ni uveljavljena, zato je raziskava na tem področju utemeljena. V podjetju ELES, ki upravlja z več kot 3000 km daljnovodov in deluje skladno s standardom za upravljanje s sredstvi ISO 55001, obstaja potreba po sistematičnem kazalniku stanja za objektivno, na podatkih utemeljeno odločanje o aktivnostih na daljnovodih.
Magistrsko delo se osredotoča na razvoj metodologije za izračun kazalnika stanja nadzemnih vodov, prilagojene trenutno razpoložljivim vhodnim podatkom družbe ELES. Najprej so pregledani domači in mednarodni pristopi, smernice ter dobre prakse prenosnih operaterjev. Sledi podrobna analiza komponent daljnovoda in njihovih mehanizmov staranja, na podlagi katere so izbrani ustrezni modeli staranja. Predlagana metodologija izračuna obsega tri module, prvi z modeli staranja kvantificira vpliv starosti ter upošteva delne in celostne obnove, drugi ovrednoti ugotovitve terenskih pregledov, tretji pa kvantificira okoljske obremenitve. Delne kazalnike modulov uteženo združimo v enotno oceno stanja na ravni daljnovoda. Metodologija je preizkušena na podatkih ELES-ove infrastrukture.
Predlagana metodologija omogoča objektivno ocenjevanje stanja daljnovodov in transparentno določanje prioritet investicijskih vlaganj ter podpira prehod s časovno načrtovanega preventivnega vzdrževanja na vzdrževanje glede na dejansko tehnično stanje. Delo prinaša tudi konkretne predloge za nadgradnje, med drugim prehod ocenjevanja na raven odsekov ter vključitev naprednih metod spremljanja stanja za učinkovitejše upravljanje sredstev.High-voltage overhead transmission lines are a key element of the power system, and their condition gradually deteriorates due to ageing as well as operational and environmental stresses. To enable data-driven and efficient maintenance, asset health indices are used, which quantitatively combine inspection results, measurements and failure records into a single, comparable assessment of the condition and remaining service life of the equipment.
Developing a standardised methodology for calculating the health index of transmission lines is challenging, since these assets form an extensive linear infrastructure system with interdependent components operating in diverse environments. A uniform methodology has not yet been established, which justifies further research in this area. At ELES, the Slovenian transmission system operator, which manages more than 3000 km of transmission lines and operates in accordance with the ISO 55001 asset management standard, there is a need for a systematic health index to support objective, data-driven maintenance decision making.
This master’s thesis focuses on the development of a methodology for calculating the health index of overhead transmission lines, tailored to the needs of ELES. First, domestic and international approaches, guidelines and good practices of transmission system operators are reviewed. This is followed by a detailed analysis of transmission line components and their ageing mechanisms, based on which suitable ageing models are selected. The methodology comprises three modules, the first uses ageing models, the second evaluates the findings of field inspections and the third quantifies environmental loads. The partial indices of the modules are combined using weights into a single health index at the level of each transmission line. The methodology is demonstrated on data from ELES’s infrastructure.
The proposed methodology enables objective assessment of transmission line condition and transparent prioritisation of maintenance, and supports the transition from time-based to condition-based maintenance. The thesis also provides recommendations for future enhancements, including shifting the assessment to the level of line sections and integrating advanced condition monitoring methods to support more effective asset management
Encouraging musical creativity in kindergarten
No full textV teoretičnem delu smo opredelili ustvarjalnost in predstavili, kako spodbujamo ustvarjalnost pri otrocih. V nadaljevanju smo opisali glasbeni razvoj predšolskega otroka. Predstavili smo Kurikulum za vrtce, kjer je glasbena vzgoja zajeta v področje umetnosti. Osredinili smo se na elemente načrtovanja vzgojno-izobraževalnega dela, ki v sklopu glasbene vzgoje vključuje glasbene dejavnosti ustvarjanja, izvajanja in poslušanja ter pripadajoče metode poučevanja in učenja ter evalvacije ciljev glasbene vzgoje. Na koncu smo se posvetili še vlogi vzgojitelja pri spodbujanju glasbene ustvarjalnosti v vrtcih. V raziskavo so bili vključeni vzgojitelji in pomočniki vzgojiteljev. Vzorec je zajemal 88 vzgojiteljev Vrtca Črenšovci, Vrtca Domžale, Vrtca Ledina, Vrtca Miškolin, Vrtca Pedenjped, Vrtca Sežana in Vrtca Znajček. Ugotavljali smo, kateri dejavniki vplivajo na zastopanost glasbenih dejavnosti ustvarjanja v vrtcih, kako vzgojitelji izvajajo glasbene dejavnosti ustvarjanja v vrtcih, katere glasbene dejavnosti ustvarjanja so največkrat zastopane v vrtcih in kakšna so stališča vzgojiteljev o lastnih strokovnih kompetencah za vodenje glasbenih dejavnosti ustvarjanja.
Izsledki raziskave so pokazali, da delovno mesto vpliva na zastopanost izvajanja glasbenih dejavnosti ustvarjanja, in sicer jih vzgojitelji izvajajo pogosteje kot pomočniki vzgojiteljev. Ugotovili smo, da vzgojitelji zelo različno izvajajo načrtovane glasbene dejavnosti ustvarjanja v vrtcih ter najpogosteje zagotovijo spodbudno učno okolje s stalnim ali priložnostnim tematskim glasbenim kotičkom. Na podlagi rezultatov raziskave smo ugotovili, da je najpogosteje zastopana glasbena dejavnost gibalnega ustvarjanja ob poslušanju glasbe. Raziskavo smo zaključili z ugotovitvijo, da se polovica vzgojiteljev počuti ustvarjalne na glasbenem področju.In the theoretical part, we defined creativity and presented encouragement of creativity in children. Next, we described the musical development of preschool children. We also presented the Kindergarten Curriculum, where music education is included in the field of arts. We focused on the planning of musical activities (musical performance, listening to music, and creating in and around music)—methods of musical creation, evaluation of music education goals. Finally, we addressed the role of kindergarten teachers in promoting musical creativity in kindergartens. The research included kindergarten teachers and assistants. The sample consisted of 88 kindergarten teachers from the Črenšovci Kindergarten, Domžale Kindergarten, Ledina Kindergarten, Miškolin Kindergarten, Pedenjped Kindergarten, Sežana Kindergarten, and Znajček Kindergarten. We examined which factors influence the representation of musical creative activities in kindergartens, how kindergarten teachers conduct creative musical activities, which musical creative activities are most represented, and what the kindergarten teachers’ opinions are regarding their professional competencies for leading creative musical activities.
The research results showed that the job position affects the frequency of conducting musical creative activities, with kindergarten teachers conducting these activities more often than assistants. We found that kindergarten teachers implement creative musical activities in kindergartens in very diverse ways and most often provide a stimulating musical creative environment with a permanent or occasional, thematic music corner. Based on the research results, we concluded that kindergarten teachers most frequently carry out movement creation with music as an activity of directed creation with music. The research concluded with the finding that half of the educators feel musically creative
Computing leaky waves in semi-analytical waveguide models by exponential residual relaxation
No full textSemi-analytical methods for modeling guided waves in structures of constant cross-section yield frequency-dependent polynomial eigenvalue problems for the wavenumbers and mode shapes. Solving these eigenvalue problems over a range of frequencies results in continuous eigencurves. Recent research has shown that eigencurves of differentiable parameter-dependent eigenvalue problems can alternatively be computed as solutions to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) obtained by postulating an exponentially decaying residual of a modal solution. Starting from an approximate initial guess of the eigenvalue and eigenvector at a given frequency, the complete eigencurve is obtained using standard numerical ODE solvers. We exploit this idea to develop an efficient method for computing the dispersion curves of plate structures coupled to unbounded solid or fluid media. In these scenarios, the approach is particularly useful because the boundary conditions give rise to nonlinear terms that severely hinder the application of traditional solvers. We discuss suitable approximations of the nonlinearity for obtaining initial values, analyze computational costs and robustness of the proposed algorithm, and verify results by comparison against existing methods
Online application for testing cognitive abilities
No full textKognitivni testi so bili v preteklosti večinoma izvedeni v kliničnem okolju in namenjeni strokovni uporabi, medtem ko sodobne spletne tehnologije omogočajo dostopnost tovrstnih orodij širšemu krogu uporabnikov prek računalnika ali pametnega telefona. Takšen pristop omogoča enostavnejše izvajanje kognitivnih nalog, z elementi igrifikacije, kot so točkovanje in lestvice najboljših, pa spodbuja samostojno vadbo ter odpira nove možnosti za spremljanje napredka zunaj kliničnega okolja.
V diplomskem delu je predstavljen razvoj spletne aplikacije za izvajanje preprostih kognitivnih nalog, namenjenih vadbi sposobnosti, kot so spomin, pozornost in reševanje problemov. Poleg tega aplikacija vključuje modul za prikaz statistike, ki uporabnikom omogoča spremljanje napredka in primerjavo dosežkov z drugimi. Pri razvoju so bile uporabljene sodobne spletne tehnologije, kar zagotavlja prilagodljivost in možnost nadgradnje sistema. Osnovno testiranje z manjšim številom uporabnikov je potrdilo uporabnost in zanesljivo delovanje.Cognitive tests were traditionally conducted in clinical settings and designed primarily for professional use. However, modern web technologies now make such tools accessible to a wider range of users via computers and smartphones. This approach enables simpler execution of cognitive tasks and, with the addition of gamification elements such as scoring and leaderboards, encourages independent practice while opening new possibilities for monitoring progress outside the clinical environment.
This thesis presents the development of a web application for performing simple cognitive tasks aimed at training abilities such as memory, attention, and problem-solving. The application also includes a statistics module that allows users to track their progress and compare their results with others. Modern web technologies were used in the development process, ensuring flexibility and future scalability of the system. Initial testing with a small group of users confirmed the application’s usability and reliable performance
Srečanje z Zhuangzijem
No full textThe Zhuangzi 莊子 often uses its multicoloured characters and imaginative stories to make its points. So much so that one of these characters is, I wish to argue, a stand-in for the text of the Zhuangzi itself. Huzi 壺子, when he meets Jixian 季咸 through the intermediary of his student Liezi 列子, exhibits the kind of emptiness that characterizes the text. This emptiness pertains to his ability to change forms as he wishes, for he is never fixed into one singular shape. He represents the adaptable and flexible behaviour which enables one to use specific schemes of valuation with parsimony, when they are adapted to the context, and never to remain fixed on one single such scheme. Jixian and Liezi are, in my interpretation, two readers of the text who come at it from different yet fixed angles. Their backgrounds and reactions while reading the text teach us the ways one can deal with that emptiness. One could try, like Jixian, to apply one’s own standards to the text, witness its resistance, and leave in frustration. Or one could, like Liezi, realize that the text’s emptiness is an invitation to leave the text behind and to discard fixed and single-minded valuation schemes. In the end, this cautionary tale aptly represents the text’s non-judgmental openness as well as its subtly subversive critique of the attitudes to learning and applying what one has learned prevalent in its time.Zhuangzi 莊子svoje pisane like in domiselne zgodbe pogosto uporablja za ponazoritev svojih spoznanj. Trdim, da je tako celo v tolikšni meri, da eden izmed likov deluje kot nadomestek za samo besedilo Zhuangzi. Ko Huzi 壺子 prek svojega učenca Liezija 列子 sreča Jixiana 季咸, predstavlja vrsto praznine, ki zaznamuje celotno besedilo. Ta praznina se kaže v Huzijevi sposobnosti, da po želji spreminja svojo obliko, saj nikoli ni omejen na eno samo, določeno podobo. Predstavlja prilagodljivo in prožno vedênje, ki nam omogoča varčno oziroma preudarno uporabo določenih vrednostnih shem, kadar so ustrezne glede na kontekst, pri čemer nikoli nismo omejeni na eno samo shemo. V tem smislu Jixian in Liezi nastopata kot dva bralca Zhuangzija, ki k besedilu pristopata z različnih, toda določenih zornih kotov. Njuno ozadje in odzivi med branjem besedila nas učijo različnih načinov soočenja s to praznino. Bralec lahko, tako kot Jixian, na besedilo poskuša aplicirati lastne kriterije, naleti na odpor in v frustraciji odneha. Lahko pa tudi, tako kot Liezi, spozna, da je praznina besedila povabilo k preseganju samega besedila in opuščanju togih, enostranskih shem vrednotenja.Navsezadnje ta opozorilna pripoved ustrezno ponazarja Zhuangzijevo neobsojajočo od-prtost ter njegovo subtilno subverzivno kritiko tedanjih pristopov k učenju in uporabi pridobljenega znanja
Dopolnjevanje agresivnih aktivnosti z laoistično spokojnostjo
No full textThis article develops a Laozian perspective to assuaging conflict by means of a stillness that complements aggressive activity. Contrary to readings of the Laozi that understand stillness as a pure and undisturbed state, this article draws attention to parts that observe and engage with weapons and warfare, such as Chapters 31, 68, and 80. The article thereupon argues that Laozian stillness is intrinsically interconnected with its antonymous activity, including aggressive activity. Laozian stillness allows one to observe patterns that foster aggression, violence, and instability, and thereby enact a complementary and stabilizing role through that same stillness. Overweening and domineering forms of activity are seen in the Laozi as likely to lead to instability, unrest, and decline. In line with the Laozian recognition of the interplay of opposites, if one strives for a pure state of passivity divorced from aggression, then ironically this tends to exacerbate that aggression. If those who have the capacity to effect peaceful stillness detach from the world, the world thereby becomes more rife with aggressive activity. Furthermore, a political application of this interplay between stillness and activity implies that when stillness and activity are taken as fundamental political categories, they are not easily deployed in service of particular political motives. As such, the Laozi seeks to arrive at political stability, but this entails that political convictions must be fluid like water in order for this stillness to be brought about.Ta članek predstavlja laoistično perspektivo blaženja konfliktov s spokojnostjo kot nečim, kar lahko dopolni agresivne aktivnosti. V nasprotju s tistimi interpretacijami Laozija, ki spokojnost razumejo kot čisto in nemoteno stanje, članek izpostavi poglavja, kot so 31, 68 in 80, ki se ukvarjajo z orožjem ter vojskovanjem. Avtor zagovarja tezo, da je laoistič-na spokojnost inherentno prepletena s svojim nasprotjem, kar vključuje tudi agresivnost. Laoistična spokojnost omogoča zaznavanje vzorcev, ki spodbujajo nasilje, agresijo in nestabilnost, ter tako omogoča dopolnjevanje in stabilizacijo, ki se udejanjita prav prek same spokojnosti. Pretirano vzvišene in oblastniške oblike delovanja so v Laoziju prika-zane kot tvegane, saj vodijo v nestabilnost, nemir in propad. V skladu z laoističnim ra-zumevanjem prepletanja nasprotij pa prizadevanje za čisto pasivnost, ločeno od agresije, paradoksno spodbuja prav to agresijo. Če se tisti, ki imajo zmožnost udejanjiti miroljub-no spokojnost, umaknejo iz sveta, postane svet toliko bolj prežet z agresivnim delovan-jem. Politična implikacija tega razmerja med spokojnostjo in dejavnostjo je v tem, da ti kategoriji, če ju razumemo kot temeljni politični načeli, nista neposredno uporabni za zasledovanje določenih političnih ciljev. Laozi namreč stremi k politični stabilnosti, vendar ta zahteva, da so politična prepričanja tekoča kot voda – le na tak način je možno spokojnost dejansko uresničiti
Mo Di and the pacifist humanism of universal love
No full textPrvi in najznamenitejši predstavnik moistične šole, filozof Mo Di 墨翟 (479–390 pr. n. št.), je v svojih teoretskih zasnovah prevzel ter priredil številne ideje konfucijanske dok-trine, čeprav sta bili obe šoli po letu 350 pr. n. št. zelo kritični druga do druge. Obe filozof-ski šoli sta izšli iz kulturnega in političnega konteksta države Lu, kjer je tradicija pacifizma že od samega nastanka idejnih diskurzov naprej poudarjala moralni imperativ človečnosti, empatije in obsodbe agresivnih vojn. Kljub poznejšemu razhajanju sta oba ustanovitelja in najpomembnejša predstavnika teh dveh šol, torej Mo Di in Konfucij, cenila etično vladanje, utemeljeno na zaslugah in moralni kompetencivendar pa je Mo Dijev pacifizem oblikovan veliko bolj sistematično in radikalno kot Konfucijev. Pričujoči esej preučuje njegovo idejo feigong非攻 (»proti napadalni vojni«), ki predstavlja eno najzgodnejših in najizrecnejših zavrnitev agresivne vojaške ekspanzije v klasični kitajski filozofiji.The first and most renowned representative of the Mohist school, the philosopher Mo Di 墨翟 (479–390 BCE), adopted and adapted numerous ideas from the Confucian doctrine in his theoretical framework, even though the two schools became highly critical of each other after 350 BCE. Both philosophical traditions arose from the cultural and political context of the state of Lu, where a pacifist tradition had, from the very beginning of intellectual discourse, emphasized the moral imperative of humanity, empathy, and the condemnation of aggressive wars. Despite their later divergence, the founders and lead-ing figures of these two schools—Mo Di and Confucius—both valued ethical governance grounded in merit and moral competence. Mo Di’s pacifism, however, is formulated far more systematically and radically than that of Confucius. This essay examines his con-cept of feigong非攻 (“against offensive war”), which represents one of the earliest and most explicit rejections of aggressive military expansion in classical Chinese philosophy
Electrical properties of collapsed MoS nanotubes
No full textMolybdenum disulfide (MoS) is a promising material for future high-performance and ultra-low-power electronics. Growth from a vapor phase at chemical equilibrium enables the production of crystals possessing a relatively low density of structural defects. Besides thin MoS flakes, MoS nanotubes (NTs) and collapsed NTs in the shape of nanoribbons (NRs) are also synthesized in the same growth process. Here, we present the first study on the structural and electrical properties of the NRs. High resolution electron microscopy revealed a chiral structure of the NRs with no peculiarities at the inner interface where both walls are in contact. In contrast, resonant Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of bands typical of a few layers thick MoS, suggesting that some of the layers of the NR are partially split. Contact current imaging spectroscopy (CCIS) revealed longitudinal wrinkles on the NR surface, with elevated regions found to be more conductive than the depressed areas. The edges of the NR, where molecular layers are strongly curved but not broken, exhibit varying conductivity. While some parts exhibit zero conductivity, others show much higher conductivity than the central part of the NR, suggesting an electron confinement effect. Charge injections strongly altered the NR’s work function and induced changes in the NR’s topography. The surface wrinkling was intensified, and the NR tended to rotate around its longitudinal axis. This rotation is explained as the reverse piezoelectric effect