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Osnove biomehanike
No full textZapiski predavanj so nastali v studijskem letu 2025/26, ko se je v okviru univerzitetnega študijskega programa Fizoterapija na Zdravstveni fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani začel izvajati predmet Osnove biomehanike za študente 1. letnika. Zapiski so zbrana projicirana vsebina ob predavanjih in študentom lahko sluzijo kot pregled snovi, ki jo pri predmetu obdelamo ali kot osnova za njihove zapiske ob predavanjih. Vsekakor pa ne morejo v celoti nadomestiti predavanj ali učbenika
Slovenija v primerjalni politični ekonomiji o vzhodnoevropski periferiji
No full textThe article provides a review of comparative political economy debates on the post-socialist trajectories of Central and Eastern European economies (CEEEs). Before the 2008 global financial crisis, studies focused on the institutional diversity of dependent capitalism in the CEEEspostcrisis, scholars began to analyse the dependent character of CEEEs’ macroeconomic structures. Besides discussing the analytical strengths and limitations of these debates, the article aims to understand why Slovenia, found in the centre of the initial debates, has largely disappeared from contemporary discussions. We argue this ‘research trajectory’ of Slovenia is related to the shifting (limits of the) dominant research designs and topics, along with the specific historical trajectory of capitalism in Slovenia before and after the 2008 crisis.V članku ponujamo pregled primerjalnih razprav na področju politične ekonomije o postsocialističnih gospodarstvih iz srednje in vzhodne Evrope (SVE). Pred svetovno finančno krizo leta 2008 so se analize osredinile na institucionalno raznolikost odvisnega kapitalizma v SVEpo krizi so raziskovalci začeli analizirati odvisne makroekonomske značilnosti gospodarstev SVE. V članku analiziramo prednosti in pomanjkljivosti prevladujočih pristopov in raziskujemo, zakaj je primer Slovenije, ki je bil v središču začetnih razprav, praktično izginil iz današnjih razprav. Ugotavljamo, da je ta »raziskovalna pot« Slovenije povezana tako s spreminjajočimi se problematikami (in omejitvami) prevladujočih pristopov kot tudi s samim zgodovinskim razvojem kapitalizma v Sloveniji pred krizo leta 2008 in po njej
Automatization of radiographers\u27 quality control process in mammography
No full textUvod: Pri izdelavi visoko kakovostnih mamografskih slik ima radiološki inženir osrednjo vlogo, saj ima kvaliteta mamografskih slik zelo velik vpliv na natančnost diagnoze. V Sloveniji se za zagotavljanje visokih standardov slikanja v presejalnem programu DORA enkrat ali dvakrat letno izvaja ocenjevanje mamografskih slik radioloških inženirjev, ki delajo v tem programu. Ocenjevanje slik je zamudno, hkrati pa je ocenjevanje dokaj subjektivno, zato lahko uporaba različnih orodij za poenostavljanje postopkov ocenjevanja skrajša celoten proces in tudi doseže večjo objektivnost. Namen: Namen doktorske disertacije je preizkusiti in razviti različne postopke za avtomatizacijo vrednotenja kakovosti mamografskih slik v programu DORA ter izdelati aplikacijo z uporabo teh metod. Metode: V raziskavi smo uporabili presečno študijo z eksperimentalno metodo. Izvedbe raziskave smo se lotili v več korakih: pridobitev zbirke slik in zajem podatkov, obdelava zbirke mamografskih slik, uporaba postopkov avtomatizacije (določanje ključnih elementov na sliki, označevanje napak na slikah, uporaba postopkov segmentacije za detekcijo dojke, razvoj in preizkus delovanja konvolucijskih nevronskih mrež za prepoznavanje napake IMF, razvoj in preizkus detekcije ključnih točk na mamografskih slikah z algoritmom YOLO, izpeljava računskih postopkov za pridobitev objektivnih mer) ter končni razvoj spletne aplikacije. Rezultati in razprava: Celoten razvoj aplikacije je potekal od septembra 2020 do aprila 2024. Uspešno smo razvili in preizkusili več računalniških postopkov – od klasičnih segmentacijskih metod do naprednih modelov globokega učenja in sistemov za detekcijo objektov. Segmentacijska metoda upragovljanja se je izkazala za dovolj učinkovito pri osnovni segmentaciji dojke, medtem ko so konvolucijske nevronske mreže in modeli YOLO dosegli spodbudne rezultate pri zaznavanju in klasifikaciji posameznih kriterijev kakovosti. Zaključek: Končni rezultat naloge je izdelava spletne aplikacije za ocenjevanje kakovosti mamografskih slik. Pri primerjavi ocen ocenjevalcev in aplikacije so bili najboljši rezultati doseženi pri kriterijih z jasno vizualno definiranimi elementi, medtem ko je bila uspešnost nižja pri bolj subjektivnih merilih in redkih napakah.Introduction: Radiographers play a central role in the acquisition of high quality mammographic images, as image quality has a significant impact on diagnostic accuracy. To ensure high imaging standards within the national breast cancer screening programme DORA, image quality assessments of mammograms obtained by radiographers working in the programme are performed once or twice a year in Slovenia. This evaluation process is time-consuming and relatively subjective. Therefore, the use of automated tools to streamline the assessment procedures can both shorten the process and improve objectivity. Purpose: The aim of this dissertation is to test and develop various methods for automating the assessment of mammographic image quality within the DORA programme and to develop a dedicated web-based application that implements these methods. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an experimental approach. The study was conducted in several phases: Collection of image datasets and data acquisitionpreprocessing of mammographic imagesapplication of automation techniques (detection of key elements in the image, annotation of errors, breast segmentation methods, development and testing of convolutional neural networks [CNNs] to detect IMF errors, development and testing of object detection methods using the YOLO algorithm to detect keypoints, computational methods to determine objective quality metrics)and finally, the development of the web-based application. Results and discussion: The application development process took place between September 2020 and April 2024. We successfully developed and tested several computational approaches – from traditional segmentation methods to advanced deep learning models and object recognition systems. Thresholding proved to be sufficiently effective for basic breast segmentation, while CNNs and YOLO-based models achieved promising results in recognising and classifying individual quality criteria. Conclusion: The main outcome of this work is the development of a web application for evaluating the quality of mammographic images. When comparing the human evaluations with the application assessments, the best performance was obtained for criteria with clearly defined visual elements, while lower accuracy was observed for more subjective criteria and rare error types
Impact of nutritional status and lifestyle on interstitial glucose concentration in peritoneal dialysis patients
No full textBolniki, ki se zdravijo s peritonealno dializo (PD), so nenehno izpostavljeni absorpciji glukoze prek peritonealne membrane. Poleg bolezni jim izziv predstavljata tudi zadosten prehranski vnos in telesna dejavnost. Z našo raziskavo smo želeli preučiti urejenost glikemije, prehranske navade, telesno sestavo, zmogljivost in življenjski slog bolnikov na PD in jih primerjati z zdravimi prostovoljci ter odkriti morebitne povezave med temi parametri. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 20 bolnikov na PD in 10 zdravih prostovoljcev. Podatke smo pridobili s sistemom za neprekinjeno spremljanje glikemije v medceličnini Dexcom G7, pametnimi urami Garmin Vivoactive 4, vprašalnikom o pogostosti uživanja živil in življenjskem slogu, vprašalnikom MEDAS, testom moči stiska roke, testom vstajanja s stola, bioelektrično impedančno analizo, metodo priklica jedilnika prejšnjega dne, biokemijsko analizo krvi in antropometričnimi meritvami. Polovica bolnikov na PD je sodelovala v štiritedenski prehranski intervenciji z mediteransko dieto. Rezultati so pokazali, da imajo bolniki slabše urejeno glikemijo, kar se kaže kot višja povprečna vrednost glukoze (p = 0,013) in kazalnik glikemičnega nadzora (p = 0,009) kot zdravi prostovoljci. Prehranski vnos pri bolnikih na PD je bil neustrezen, saj je imelo 85 % bolnikov premajhen vnos beljakovin na kg TM, 80 % pa premajhen energijski vnos. Glukoza iz dializata je predstavljala 13,7 % dnevnega energijskega vnosa. Bolniki so imeli manjšo moč stiska roke (p = 0,0044), daljši čas pri testu vstajanja s stola s 5 ponovitvami (p < 0,001) in manjše dnevno število korakov (p = 0,049) kot zdravi prostovoljci. Število korakov, mišična moč in zmogljivost so korelirali z glikemično variabilnostjo, kar kaže, da je telesna dejavnost pomemben dejavnik glikemičnega nadzora. Celosten pristop, ki združuje načrtovane prehranske ukrepe, spodbujanje telesne dejavnosti in spremembe življenjskega sloga, je nujen za izboljšanje zdravstvenega stanja in kakovosti življenja bolnikov na PD.Patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) are continuously exposed to glucose absorption through the peritoneal membrane. In addition to their illness, they face challenges in maintaining adequate dietary intake and physical activity. This study aimed to investigate glycaemic control, dietary habits, body composition, physical performance, and lifestyle in PD patients, and to compare these with healthy volunteers, as well as to identify possible correlations between these parameters. The study involved 20 PD patients and 10 healthy volunteers. Data were collected using the Dexcom G7 continuous glucose monitoring system, Garmin Vivoactive 4 smartwatches, a food frequency and lifestyle questionnaire, the MEDAS questionnaire, handgrip strength test, five-repetition sit-to-stand test, bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24-hour dietary recall, blood biochemical analysis, and anthropometric measurements. Half of the PD patients participated in a four-week dietary intervention with a Mediterranean diet. The results showed that patients had poorer glycaemic control, demonstrated by a higher mean glucose value (p = 0,013) and glycaemic management indicator (p = 0,009) compared to healthy volunteers. The dietary intake of patients was inadequate, with 85% having insufficient protein intake and 80% having insufficient energy intake. Glucose from the dialysate accounted for 13,7% of daily energy intake. Patients had lower handgrip strength (p = 0,0044), took longer to complete the five-repetition sit-to-stand test (p < 0,001), and had a lower daily step count (p = 0,049) compared to healthy volunteers. Step count, muscle strength, and physical capacity correlated with glycaemic variability, indicating that physical activity is an important factor in glycaemic control. A holistic approach, combining planned dietary interventions, promotion of physical activity, and lifestyle modifications, is essential for improving the health status and quality of life of PD patients
The early stage of Slovak literary modernism in current research perspectives
No full textŠtudija seznanja z usmerjenostjo trenutnega raziskovanja modernizma v slovaški književnosti, ki se je od razlaganja modernizma kot enovitega pojava pomaknilo k prepoznavanju njegovih različnih podob in izrazov (različic) s poudarkom na prehodih oz. tranzicijah) (časovni vidik) in presečiščih (prostorski vidik). Začetna predpostavka je zavest o heterogenosti modernističnih teženj v prvi polovici 20. stoletja, ki preizprašujejo enoviti značaj modernizma in omogočajo popis njegovih protislovnih ter navzkrižnih izrazov (modernizmi). V drugem delu prispevek predstavlja odprte teme raziskovanja slovaške moderne z začetka 20. stoletja in se dotika problemov, kot so prevrednotenje zastopanosti žensk v modernističnem diskurzu, novo branje duhovne lirike in večsmerna širitev zvrstno-vrstne analize.The study introduces the focus of current research on modernism in Slovak literature, which has moved from the interpretation of modernism as a homogeneous phenomenon to the study of its various forms and manifestations (variations), with an emphasis on transitions (temporal aspect) and penetrations (spatial aspect). The starting premise is the awareness of the heterogeneity of modernist tendencies in the first half of the 20th century, which challenges the monolithic character of modernism and allows registering its paradoxical and contradictory manifestations (modernisms). In the second part, the paper presents open topics in the research of Slovak modernism from the beginning of the 20th century, and concerns issues such as the reassessment of the representation of women in modernist discourse, the re-reading of spiritual poetry, or the multidirectional extension of generic-genological analysis
The concepts of "court" and "judicial decision" in European civil procedure law
No full textOpredelitev pojmov sodišče in sodne odločbe v evropskem civilnem procesnem pravu je pomembna za odločanje o nekaterih tradicionalnih vprašanjih mednarodnega zasebnega prava glede priznanja in izvršitve tujih sodnih odločb. Pomembno pa je tudi z vidika širših, ustavnopravnih razsežnosti položaja sodstva in sodnikov v državah članicah, pa tudi z vidika morebitnega prenosa pristojnosti v določenih zadevah na nesodne organe. Upoštevati je treba, da pojem sodišča v uredbah EU s področja sodelovanja v civilnih in družinskih zadevah ni urejen enotno. Opredelitev je najbolj restriktivna v Uredbi Bruselj I, po kateri je le sodišče v pravem, ozkem pomenu nacionalnega prava tudi sodišče za potrebe Uredbe. Širša je opredelitev v Uredbi o dedovanju, ki omogoča vključitev na primer notarjev, vendar – če lahko odločajo le v nespornih zadevah, kar ne ustreza pojmu sodne funkcije v smislu prava EU – le če delujejo po pooblastilu ali pod nadzorom sodišča. Najširša pa je opredelitev v Uredbi Bruselj II, ki v celoti odkazuje na pristojnost sodnega ali nesodnega organa v nacionalnem pravu, ne da bi postavljal dodatne zahteve.The definition of the terms “court” and “judicial decision” in European civil procedural law is important for resolving traditional issues of private international law concerning the recognition and enforcement of foreign judicial decisions. It is also significant from the perspective of the broader constitutional dimensions of the position of the judiciary and judges in Member States, as well as from the perspective of the possible transfer of jurisdiction in certain matters to non-judicial authorities. It should not be overlooked that the concept of a court in EU regulations in the field of cooperation in civil and family matters is not regulated uniformly. The definition is most restrictive in the Brussels I Regulation, according to which only a court in the strict sense of national law qualifies as a court for the purposes of the Regulation. The definition in the Succession Regulation is broader, allowing for the inclusion of notaries, for example, but only insofar as they can decide on non-contentious matters which do not constitute a judicial function within the meaning of EU law, only if they act pursuant to a delegation of power or work under the control of a court. The broadest definition is found in the Brussels II Regulation, which refers entirely to the jurisdiction of a judicial or non-judicial authority under national law, without imposing any additional requirements
Relative bias in health estimates from probability-based online panels
No full textIntroduction: Health surveys require the highest data quality, especially when they inform public health policies. With recent technological developments, probability-based online panels (PBOPs) are becoming an attractive cost-effective alternative to traditional surveys. They are also beginning to be used for official health statistics. However, PBOPs still face concerns about bias, especially for health-related estimates. Method: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of PBOP PBOP health survey data quality, with relative bias (RB) of the estimates as the effect size. We analysed 137 health-related survey items from 14 studies and used a linear regression model to examine factors that moderate RB. Results: The RB varied considerably across the subjects, and its overall median was 12.7%. The highest RBs were exhibited by disabilities (23.6%), mental illnesses (23.2%), personal mental health conditions (20.8%) and drug use (20.7%), and the lowest, by doctor’s treatment (2.24%). The measurement levels with ordinal scales (25.8%) showed higher RB, and certain country effects were also observed. Conclusion: This moderate bias of the health estimates raises concerns about the accuracy of PBOP estimates regarding sensitive health topics. Therefore, PBOP should be used cautiously for official health statisticsand when designing PBOP surveys for health subjects, the item and study characteristics should be included as methodological considerations
Commercialisation of football and fan subculture: the case of Slovenian ultras groups and the Against Modern Football movement
No full textMagistrska naloga analizira, kako in zakaj se slovenska navijaška subkultura zoperstavlja različnim dejavnikom sodobne nogometne industrije, kot je komercializacija, vsesplošno poblagovljenje in s tem povezana regulacija navijaštva. Nogomet je dandanes močno zaznamovan s tržnimi zakonitostmi sodobnega globalnega kapitalističnega sistema, kar ima številne posledice za navijaške skupnosti. Tako imenovani ultras navijači, ki v okviru organiziranih skupin reproducirajo specifično subkulturo, opozarjajo na določene negativne eksternalije sodobnega nogometa. Slovenska ultras scena, ki je na ravni vrednot, sporočil in navijaških praks del mednarodnega gibanja Proti modernemu nogometu, se tako aktivno upira komercializaciji tega športa in posegom v avtonomijo navijačev. Raziskava temelji na etnografskem opazovanju z udeležbo v navijaški skupini Green Dragons. Cilj raziskave je bil prepoznati ključne elemente komercializacije, ki vplivajo na slovenski nogometni prostor, in ugotoviti, na kakšne načine nanje odgovarja ultras subkultura. Rezultati kažejo, da slovenske ultras skupine svoje nezadovoljstvo najpogosteje izražajo skozi ritualne odporniške prakse, kot so izpostavljenost navijaških transparentov in zastav z uporniškim motivom, uporaba pirotehnike, protestni napevi ter enkratne parole s kritičnimi sporočili. Raziskava na eni strani prispeva k razumevanju, kako neoliberalna preobrazba nogometa, ki jo narekuje logika maksimizacije dobička, vpliva na širšo nogometno skupnost, hkrati pa prikaže, kako se organizirane navijaške skupine lahko vzpostavljajo kot potencialni družbenokritični akterji, ki naslavljajo in se borijo proti zaznanim družbenim nepravičnostim.This master’s thesis examines how and why the Slovenian football fan subculture resists various dynamics of the contemporary football industry, such as commercialisation, pervasive commodification, and the consequent regulation of fan practices. Football today is strongly shaped by the market logics of the modern global capitalist system, which has numerous implications for supporter communities. The so-called ultras fans, who reproduce a specific subculture within organized groups, draw attention to the negative externalities produced by modern football. The Slovenian ultras scene, which in terms of values, messages, and supporter practices forms part of the international Against Modern Football movement, actively resists the commercialisation of the sport and interventions in fan autonomy. The research is based on ethnographic participant observation within the supporter group called Green Dragons. The aim of the study was to identify the key elements of commercialisation that shape the Slovenian football environment and to examine how the ultras subculture responds to them. The results show that Slovenian ultras groups most commonly express their discontent through ritualized practices of resistance, such as displaying banners and flags with rebellious motifs, the use of pyrotechnics, protest chants, and one-off slogans carrying critical messages. The thesis contributes, on the one hand, to an understanding of how the neoliberal transformation of football, driven by the logic of profit maximisation, affects the wider football community, and on the other hand demonstrates how organized fan groups can position themselves as potential socially critical actors who address and challenge perceived social injustices