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Analiza očekivane i stvarne kvalitete horizontalnog iskolčenja
No full textHorizontal stakeout is a frequently applied geodetic operation. Prior to performing stakeout tasks within surveying projects, it is essential to analyze the expected outcomes of different horizontal stakeout methods. In this study, the prediction of stakeout quality was carried out by computing expected error ellipses for each point intended for stakeout, based on their known project coordinates. The expected error ellipses were derived using stakeout geometry and measurement elements. After all points were staked out, their coordinates were determined through geodetic measurements. This paper presents an analysis of the expected and achieved error ellipses for every point of a residential building project. The expected error ellipses were calculated for two stakeout methods—the polar method and the intersection of the sight lines —after which the results were compared and evaluated
Direct and indirect effects of microplastics from agricultural mulch films on terrestrial isopods Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea, Isopoda)
No full textMicroplastic (MPs) contamination in terrestrial ecosystems is an emerging concern, with indirect impacts on soil biota often exceeding direct toxicity. This study examined direct and indirect effects of MPs from agricultural mulch films—low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and starch bioplastics (starch-based)—on the soil isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. We conducted comparative feeding and mesocosm experiments under environmentally realistic conditions. We analysed toxicological endpoints like survival and weight change, and stress-related markers like total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, phenoloxidase PO-like activity, enzymatic assays of acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and electron transport system activity. No acute toxicity was observedhowever, soil exposure had a more pronounced effect on P. pruinosus, confirming that indirect impacts via altered soil conditions are stronger than direct dietary exposure. Notably, only bio-based MPs triggered changes in cellular and biochemical stress parameters, while fossil-based MPs had no observable effect. The stress response of P. pruinosus in mesocosm experiments aligned with shifts in microbial respiration, suggesting that soil-mediated effects play a dominant role in organismal stress. These findings underscore the importance of considering indirect pathways in MP toxicity assessments and highlight the suitability of terrestrial isopods for integrating diverse toxicological endpoints and stress markers in both laboratory and mesocosm settings
Design and analysis of cooling systems in modern data centers
No full textMagistrska naloga obravnava načrtovanje in primerjavo različnih hladilnih sistemov v sodobnih podatkovnih centrih, kjer sta energetska učinkovitost in zanesljivost delovanja ključnega pomena. V teoretičnem delu je predstavljena klasifikacija Uptime Institute, ki opredeljuje stopnje zanesljivosti podatkovnih centrov (Tier I–IV) ter smernice Ameriškega združenja za ogrevanje, hlajenje in klimatizacijo, ki določajo priporočene temperaturne in vlažnostne pogoje za delovanje opreme IT.
Analitični del vključuje izračune toplotnih obremenitev kritične opreme IT, določitev ustrezne hladilne opreme, oceno učinkovitosti sistemov ter stroškovno primerjavo, osredotočeno na kapitalske izdatke in obratovalne stroške. Primerjava je izvedena za novi podatkovni center Arnes v Mariboru, pri čemer so bile upoštevane prostorske omejitve, možnost fazne gradnje ter zahteve za gradnjo po stopnji Tier III, ki zagotavlja visoko stopnjo redundance in zanesljivosti.
Rezultati analize kažejo, da so vodni sistemi hlajenja med seboj stroškovno primerljivi, razlike pa se pojavljajo predvsem v razporeditvi investicij med posameznimi fazami gradnje. Sistem z enotami adiabatskega prostega hlajenja se je izkazal kot najučinkovitejši v smislu dolgoročnih stroškov lastništva in ocene učinkovitosti sistemov, vendar ima veliko porabo vode, kar lahko predstavlja okoljski in operativni izziv. Plinski sistemi z direktno ekspanzijo so se pokazali kot najmanj primerni zaradi visokih obratovalnih stroškov in slabih izkoristkov.
Glavni zaključek naloge je, da izbira optimalnega sistema hlajenja ni univerzalna, temveč je odvisna od strateških prioritet naročnika. Ta se odloča med nizkimi začetnimi stroški, dolgoročno energetsko učinkovitostjo, prostorsko optimizacijo in zahtevano stopnjo zanesljivosti. Naloga ponuja metodološko podlago in konkretne rezultate, ki lahko služijo kot smernice pri načrtovanju prihodnjih podatkovnih centrov, zlasti pri projektu Arnes v Mariboru.The master’s thesis addresses the design and comparison of different cooling systems in modern data centers, where energy efficiency and operational reliability are of paramount importance. The theoretical part presents the Uptime Institute classification, which defines data center reliability levels (Tier I–IV), and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers guidelines, which specify recommended temperature and humidity ranges for IT equipment operation.
The analytical part includes calculations of thermal loads for critical IT equipment, selection of appropriate cooling equipment, evaluation of system efficiency, and a cost comparison focused on capital expenditures and operational expenses. The comparison was carried out for the new data center Arnes in Maribor, considering spatial constraints, the possibility of phased construction, and the requirements for Tier III design, which ensures a high level of redundancy and reliability.
The results show that water-based cooling systems are generally cost-comparable, with differences mainly in the distribution of investments across construction phases. The system with evaporative free cooling units proved to be the most efficient in terms of long-term ownership costs and evaluation of system efficiency, but its high-water consumption may pose environmental and operational challenges. In contrast, direct expansion gas systems were found to be the least suitable due to high operating costs and poor efficiency.
The main conclusion of the thesis is that the choice of the optimal cooling system is not universal but depends on the client’s strategic priorities. Whether favoring low initial costs, long-term energy efficiency, spatial optimization, or the required level of reliability. The thesis provides a methodological framework and concrete results that can serve as guidelines for planning future data centers, particularly for the Arnes project in Maribor
Evaluation of platelet function with aggregometry utilizing two automated systems
No full textOcenjevanje trombocitne funkcije predstavlja ključen del diagnostike hemostatskih motenj in spremljanja učinkovitosti protitrombocitne terapije. Klasična optična agregometrija, ki temelji na meritvi spremembe optične gostote plazme, bogate s trombociti, po dodatku agonistov trombocitne agregacije, že desetletja velja za zlati standard. Vendar se zaradi tehnične zahtevnosti, potrebe po svežih vzorcih in odvisnosti od operaterja vse pogosteje uveljavljajo avtomatizirani sistemi, ki omogočajo stopnjo standardizacije in ponovljivosti rezultatov.
Namen raziskave je bil primerjati rezultate trombocitne agregacije, dobljene z dvema avtomatiziranima analizatorjema – koagulacijskim analizatorjem CS-2500 in agregometrom Thrombomate XRA v primerjavi s klasično metodo. Analiza je bila izvedena z uporabo petih agonistov: adenozin difosfata, epinefrina, kolagena, arahidonske kisline in ristocetina. Kot končni parameter smo uporabili maksimalno agregacijo trombocitov v odstotkih.
Pri adenozin difosfatu in arahidonski kislini sta Thrombomate XRA in CS-2500 pokazala zmerno do dobro klinično skladnost s klasično metodo v razvrstitvi preiskovancev. Pri adenozin difosfatu avtomatizirani sistemi praviloma izkazujejo nekoliko višje vrednosti maksimalne agregacije trombocitov, medtem ko je bila pri arahidonski kislini analitična skladnost med metodami izrazitejša. Pri epinefrinu ugotovljene statistično značilne razlike niso imele jasnega kliničnega pomena in niso vplivale na interpretacijo agregacijskega odziva, zato analitične primerljivosti ni bilo mogoče zanesljivo oceniti. Primerjava med napravami pri kolagenu je bila omejena zaradi neprimerljivih koncentracij reagentov, pri ristocetinu, analiziranem izključno v kontrolni skupini, pa neposredna primerjava ni bila mogoča. Skupno rezultati kažejo, da je bila hipoteza o visoki skladnosti med metodami delno potrjena za adenozin difosfat in arahidonsko kislino, medtem ko za ostale agoniste zaradi metodoloških omejitev ni bilo mogoče podati zanesljive ocene primerljivosti.
Zaključimo lahko, da avtomatizirani sistemi predstavljajo obetavno alternativo klasični optični agregometriji pri agonistih, kjer je bila skladnost potrjena. Za širšo klinično uporabo ter primerljivost pri ostalih agonistih pa bodo potrebne dodatne multicentrične validacije, usklajene koncentracije reagentov in dosleden nadzor kakovosti.The assessment of platelet function is an essential component of haemostasis diagnostics and antiplatelet therapy monitoring. Classical optical aggregometry, based on measuring changes in optical density of platelet-rich plasma after the addition of platelet aggregation agonists, has long been regarded as the gold standard. However, due to technical complexity, the need for fresh samples, and operator dependence, automated systems offering higher standardization and reproducibility are increasingly implemented.
The aim of this study was to compare platelet aggregation results obtained using two automated analyzers — the CS-2500 coagulation analyzer and the Thrombomate XRA aggregometer — with those obtained using the reference method of classical optical aggregometry. The analysis was performed using five agonists: adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, collagen, arachidonic acid, and ristocetin. Maximal platelet aggregation (%) was used as the primary endpoint.
For adenosine diphosphate and arachidonic acid, the Thrombomate XRA and the CS-2500 showed moderate to good clinical agreement with the classical method in subject classification. For adenosine diphosphate, maximal platelet aggregation tended to be slightly higher on automated systems, whereas analytical agreement for arachidonic acid was more pronounced. For epinephrine, statistically significant differences did not have clear clinical relevance and did not affect the interpretation of the aggregation responsetherefore, analytical comparability could not be reliably assessed. Comparison between analyzers for collagen was limited due to non-equivalent reagent concentrations, while ristocetin, analysed exclusively in the control group, did not allow direct comparison.
Overall, the results indicate that the hypothesis of high agreement between methods was partially confirmed for adenosine diphosphate and arachidonic acid, whereas reliable assessment of comparability for the remaining agonists was limited by methodological constraints.
In conclusion, automated systems represent a promising alternative to classical optical aggregometry for agonists with demonstrated agreement. Broader clinical application and comparability across a wider range of agonists will require additional multicentre validation, harmonised reagent concentrations, and consistent quality control
Migration from hybrid-fiber-coaxial to fiber-to-the-home using a passive optical network architecture
No full textGiven growing demand for customer capacity, lower latency, reduced operating costs, and improved sustainability, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) is emerging as the future of fixed access networks. As hybrid-fiber-coaxial (HFC) remains part of today’s infrastructure, this article examines the technical and strategic factors involved in migrating from HFC to passive optical networks (PONs). Operators face three main options: upgrade to DOCSIS 4.0, fully transition to FTTH with a PON architecture, or deploy a unified HFC/PON platform that supports both technologies. Key performance indicators and capacity needs are central to this choice. The article also presents a case study with a service provider demonstrating a proof-of-concept for network virtualization. This approach enables coexistence of HFC and PON, providing a smoother transition to full fiber. Results show that a hybrid strategy maximizes existing infrastructure investments while enhancing flexibility, scalability, and long-term sustainability. Overall, the study supports the unified HFC/PON platform as a practical, future-ready solution for operators shifting toward all-optical networks
Limitation period for claims arising from void consumer credit agreements
No full textČlanek obravnava vprašanje zastaranja kondikcijskih zahtevkov, ki izvirajo iz ničnih kreditnih pogodb, nominiranih v švicarskih frankih. Avtor predstavi splošna pravila Obligacijskega zakonika (OZ) o začetku teka zastaranja in v sodni praksi razvita merila o zastaranju kondikcijskih zahtevkov iz ničnih pogodb. Ta splošno pravilo o dospelosti terjatve dopolnjujejo z vključitvijo subjektivnega elementa – trenutka, ko potrošnik izve ali bi moral izvedeti za ničnostni razlog. Avtor analizira razvoj stališč Sodišča EU, ki dopuščajo zastaralne roke za kondikcijske zahtevke potrošnikov, vendar hkrati poudarja, da ti ne smejo začeti teči, dokler potrošnik ni imel učinkovite možnosti spoznati nepoštenosti pogojev ter posledic ničnosti. Na sodno prakso Sodišča EU se opira tudi Vrhovno sodišče RS, ki v zadnji odločitvi merila za subjektivizacijo začetka teka zastaranja umešča v okvir nepremagljivih ovir iz 360. člena OZ in jih povezuje s standardom skrbnega potrošnika. Avtor predstavi različne možne trenutke začetka teka zastaranja kondikcijskih zahtevkov, ki so jih v svojih odločitvah upoštevala slovenska sodišča, in komentira njihovo primernost glede na izhodišča iz sodne prakse Sodišča EU in Vrhovnega sodišča. Opozori na nevarnost pravne negotovosti, če bi bila subjektivna merila zasnovana preohlapno in nesistemsko. Sklepno avtor meni, da se je tek zastaranja zahtevkov iz kreditnih pogodb v švicarskih frankih glede na standard povprečno skrbnega potrošnika in ob upoštevanju instituta nepremagljivih ovir v večini primerov začel v času množičnega medijskega poročanja o možni ničnosti takih pogodb in o prvih vloženih tožbah.The article examines the statute of limitations for restitution claims arising from void credit agreements denominated in Swiss francs. It outlines the general rules of the Slovenian Obligations Code on the commencement of limitation periods and analyses the criteria developed in judicial practice concerning the limitation of claims for restitution based on void contracts. The general rule on the maturity of claims is supplemented by the introduction of a subjective element—namely, the moment when the consumer becomes aware, or ought to have become aware, of the ground for nullity. The article further analyses the evolving case law of the EU Court of Justice, which permits limitation periods for consumers’ restitution claims but emphasises that such periods may not begin to run before the consumer has had an effective opportunity to become aware of the unfairness of the contractual terms and the legal consequences of nullity. The Slovenian Supreme Court likewise relies on this case law and, in its latest judgments, situates the criteria for the subjective commencement of the limitation period within the framework of insurmountable obstacles under Article 360 of the Obligations Code, linking them to the standard of a diligent consumer. The author presents various potential starting points for the limitation period considered by Slovenian courts and evaluates their appropriateness in light of the case law of both the CJEU and the Slovenian Supreme Court. He warns of the risk of legal uncertainty if subjective criteria are defined too broadly or inconsistently. He concludes that, based on the standard of the average prudent consumer and taking into account the concept of insurmountable obstacles, the limitation period for claims arising from credit agreements in Swiss francs began, in most cases, at the time when widespread media coverage of the potential nullity of such agreements emerged, and the first lawsuits were filed
Children with Disabilities: From Institutional to Community-based Care
No full textNamen magistrskega dela je raziskati, kakšne so potrebe in podpora otrok z oviranostjo in njihovih družin, ki živijo v skupnosti. V teoretičnem uvodu smo opredelili, kdo so otroci z oviranostjo, s kakšnimi oblikami socialne izključenosti se srečujejo, opisali smo mednarodni pravni okvir ter pomen družinskega okolja za otrokov razvoj. Predstavili smo pregled sistema podpore za otroke z oviranostjo v Republiki Sloveniji, zakonodajni okvir, mrežo javnih služb in storitev, deinstitucionalizacijo ter potrebe. V empiričnem delu smo si zastavili dve raziskovalni vprašanji, vezani na temo potreb, ki jih imajo otroci z oviranostjo in njihove družine, ki živijo v skupnosti, in podpore, ki jo prejemajo. Izvedli smo kvalitativno, empirično raziskavo z 12 sogovorniki. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da večina otrok z težko ali težjo obliko intelektualne oviranosti potrebuje pomoč pri opravljanju vsakodnevnih opravil, pri čemer jim v družinski skupnosti pomagajo predvsem matere. Pri vsakdanjih opravilih, kot sta obisk trgovine ali vožnja z avtobusom, so pogosto deležni stigmatizacije, prihaja tudi do terapevtizacije prostega časa otrok. Socialne mreže otrok in družine so sestavljene predvsem iz družinskih članov ter drugih otrok z oviranostjo, ki obiskujejo vrtec, šolo ali dejavnosti društev. Ker je skrb za otroka prevladujoča naloga matere, se kot neformalne oskrbovalke matere soočajo s preobremenjenostjo in osamljenostjo znotraj sistema. Pogosti oviri, na kateri naletijo družine, ki imajo otroka z oviranostjo, sta pomanjkanje informacij in nespoštljiv odnos strokovnjakov. Čeprav slovenska zakonodaja družinam omogoča različne oblike podpore (moralna, finančna, strokovna…), določenih pravic ne morejo uveljavljati. Uporabniki imajo težave z birokratizacijo postopkov, dolgimi čakalnimi vrstami, zastarelimi postopki, znotraj mreže javnih služb in storitev pa ne dobijo potrebnih informacij in usmeritev. Podpora za starše ni narejena po meri otroka in družine, temveč je standardizirana. Dejanska podpora, ki jo prejemajo, je predvsem finančna, vendar ta ne pokrije vseh življenjskih stroškov, povezanih s skrbjo za otroka. Močno podporo staršem nudijo skupnost staršev otrok z oviranostjo in društva, namenjena podpori otroku z oviranostjo. V zaključku predstavimo sklepe in predloge za naslednje korake na tem področju.The purpose of this master\u27s thesis is to analyse the needs and the existing support to children with disabilities and to their community-based families. The theoretical introduction defines who children with intellectual disabilities are, what kinds of social exclusion they encounter, describes the international legal framework and the meaning of family environment for a child’s development. Furthermore, we outline the support system for children with disabilities in the Republic of Slovenia, legislative framework, network of public offices and services, deinstitutionalization and needs. The empirical part of the thesis showcases two research questions on the topic of the needs of children with disabilities and their community-based families, as well as the support they are receiving. We have implemented a qualitative empirical study with 12 interviewees. The results of this research have shown that most children with heavy or a heavier form of intellectual disability need help with everyday chores, and that in a family community, this help is mostly provided by their mothers. The children are frequently stigmatized while implementing everyday chores, such as going shopping or riding a bus, and in addition, their free time can be therapeuticised. The social networks of the children and their family mostly consist of family members and other children with disabilities attending the same kindergarten, school or association activities. Since the care for the child is dominantly taken up by the mother, mothers as informal caregivers are overburdened and lonely within the system. Frequent obstacles faced by families with children with disabilities, are lack of information and the experts’ disrespectful attitude. Although Slovenian legislation enables diverse forms of support to the families (moral, financial, expert …), they are unable to put certain rights into effect. The users encounter problems regarding the bureaucratization of procedures, long waiting lines, outdated procedures, and they fail to obtain the necessary information and directions within the network of public offices and services. The parents’ support is not adapted to the child and family but instead standardized. The actual support received is above all financial, however, it does not cover all living expenses connected to childcare. Strong support to the parents is offered by the community of parents of children with disabilities and the associations dedicated to support children with disabilities. In the conclusion, we discuss the results of the study and suggest further possible steps for improvement in this field