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Material for the Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera) of Slovenia
No full textNa podlagi podatkov iz literature, zbirk, podatkovne baze FloVegSi, še zlasti pa rezultatov naših lastnih raziskav, navajamo za favno Slovenije 117 vrst podlubnikov (Scolytinae) in eno vrsto strženarja (Platypodinae). V Sloveniji je bil leta 1988 objavljen seznam podlubnikov (Titovšek 1988), ki je obsegal 69 vrst. Dopolnjen seznam favne podlubnikov je rezultat predvsem analize dodatnega ulova v pasteh s feromoni pri spremljanju prenašalcev borove ogorčice. V gradivu navajamo 48 dodatnih vrst, med katerimi je 42 domorodnih in 6 tujerodnih. Za vse obravnavane vrste so predlagana nova slovenska imena. Predstavljen je zgodovinski pregled raziskav obravnavanih skupin na območju Slovenije med letoma 1858 in 2023. Podani so sistematski pregled, lokacije in karte razširjenosti podlubnikov in strženarja. Na kratko so predstavljene ekološke in biološke značilnosti obravnavanih vrst. Predstavljene so mikrolokacije najdb na gostiteljskih rastlinah in gozdnih proizvodih ali tipi uporabljenih pasti skupaj z uporabljenimi atraktanti. Pri posameznih obravnavanih vrstah so dodane barvne fotografije. Ovrednotena sta ekološki in ekonomski pomen podlubnikov in strženarjev.Based on data from literature, collections, FloVegSi database and expecially results of our own research, we have identified 117 species of bark beetle (Scolytinae) and one species of pinhole borers (Platypodinae) for the fauna of Slovenia. In Slovenia, a list of bark beetle was published in 1988 (Titovšek 1988) and it included 69 species. The updated list of the bark beetle fauna is mainly the result of the analysis of additional catches in pheromone traps when monitoring the vectors of the pine wood nematode. The material lists 48 additional species, 42 of which are native and 6 non-native. New Slovenian names are proposed for all considered species. The historical review of research (between 1858 and 2023) on the species in Slovenia is presented. Systematic overview, locations and distribution maps of all species of bark beetle and pinhole borer are given. The microlocations of the finds on host plants and forest products or the types of traps with used attractants are presented. Color photos for most of the discussed species are provided. The ecological and biological characteristics of the species are briefly presented. The ecological and economic importance of bark beetles and pinhole borers is assessed
New Cultural Axis in Litija: Conceptual Design of Ukmar footbridge and renovation Design of Ukmar Villa
No full textMagistrska naloga z naslovom Idejna zasnova nove kulturne osi v Litiji in prenova Ukmarjeve
vile obravnava možnosti arhitekturne revitalizacije mesta Litija skozi kulturni prostor. Litija je danes
mesto brez jasno oblikovane kulturne infrastrukture, čeprav premore pomembne točke, kot so mestni
muzej, kulturni dom in Ukmarjeva vila. Ti objekti so prostorsko in vsebinsko nepovezani, kar omejuje
njihov potencial za skupno delovanje in večji vpliv na urbano življenje.
Naloga predlaga vzpostavitev kulturne osi, ki z novo brvjo čez reko Savo vzpostavi fizično,
vsebinsko in simbolno povezavo med ključnimi kulturnimi elementi mesta. V tem sistemu ima
Ukmarjeva vila osrednjo vlogo, in sicer kot zgodovinsko dragocen objekt in kot prostor za novo
kulturno rabo. Zasnovana je prenova, ki spoštuje arhitekturno dediščino vile in jo hkrati prilagodi
potrebam sodobnih kulturnih in urbanih vsebin.
Kulturni program v Litiji je trenutno dislociran in infrastrukturno omejen. Ukmarjeva vila kot
pomembna stavbna dediščina ponuja idealno priložnost za oživitev kulturnega življenja v mestu.
Z umestitvijo v kulturno os, v kateri brv igra ključno povezovalno vlogo, lahko Litija vzpostavi novo
identiteto: identiteto mesta kulture ob Savi. Predlagana intervencija prenavlja programsko shemo
Ukmarjeve vile na več ravneh ter jo fizično in vsebinsko povezuje z mestnim središčem: na eni strani
ustvarja boljšo dostopnost do obstoječih programov v vili, na drugi pa z ustvarjanjem novega javnega
prostora v mesto Litija primerneje umešča javni program, in sicer pokrito tržnico, ki se trenutno nahaja
na neustrezni lokaciji.
Naloga dokazuje, da je z občutljivim arhitekturnim pristopom mogoče oblikovati kulturno
infrastrukturo manjšega mesta, ki presega funkcionalne meje posameznih objektov in vzpostavlja
novo prostorsko identiteto. Kulturna os tako postane generator urbane preobrazbe.The master’s thesis entitled Conceptual Design of the New Cultural Axis in Litija and the
Renovation of Ukmar’s Villa explores the possibilities of architectural revitalization of the town of
Litija through the creation of a cultural spatial framework. Although Litija possesses several important
cultural landmarks – the town museum, the cultural centre, and Ukmar’s Villa – it currently lacks a
clearly defined cultural infrastructure. These buildings are spatially and functionally disconnected,
which limits their potential for collaboration and reduces their impact on the town’s urban life.
The project proposes the establishment of a new cultural axis that, through a new footbridge
across the River Sava, creates a physical, functional, and symbolic connection among the town’s
key cultural elements. Within this system, Ukmar’s Villa assumes a central role – both as a valuable
historical building and as a space for new cultural uses. The proposed renovation respects the villa’s
architectural heritage while adapting it to the needs of contemporary cultural programmes.
Litija’s cultural programme is currently dispersed and infrastructurally limited. Ukmar’s
Villa, as an important piece of built heritage, offers an ideal opportunity for revitalizing the town’s
cultural life. By integrating the villa into a new cultural axis – where the footbridge serves as a key
connecting element – Litija can establish a new identity as a town of culture along the Sava River.
The proposed intervention reorganizes the programmatic scheme of Ukmar’s Villa on several levels,
establishing both physical and conceptual links with the town centre. On one hand, it improves access
to the existing cultural programmes within the villa, while on the other, it introduces a new public
space in the basement area – a covered marketplace, currently located in an unsuitable part of the
town. The design aims to bring the town closer to the villa and the villa closer to the town, creating a
dialogue between the public realm and cultural heritage.
The thesis demonstrates that through a sensitive architectural approach, it is possible to establish
a cultural infrastructure for a small town that transcends the functional boundaries of individual
buildings and creates a new spatial identity. In this way, the cultural axis becomes a generator of
urban transformation and a foundation for the sustainable development of Litija’s cultural landscape
Perceptions of plurilingualism in Slovenian primary schools
No full textRaziskava se osredotoča na raziskovanje stališč različnih deležnikov slovenskega osnovnošolskega izobraževanja – učiteljev, ravnateljev in učencev – do raznojezičnosti ter na dejavnike, ki vplivajo na njihovo dojemanje in prakso v zvezi z uporabo in vrednotenjem jezikovne raznolikosti. Raziskava se umešča v kontekst sodobnih družbenih in pedagoških sprememb, ki poudarjajo pomen večjezičnega sporazumevanja, vključevanja ter spoštovanja različnih jezikov in kultur v izobraževalnem okolju. Raznojezičnost smo v raziskavi opredelili kot posameznikovo zmožnost fleksibilne rabe različnih jezikov glede na kontekst, namen in sogovornika, pri čemer se ne obravnava kot preprosto obvladovanje več jezikov, temveč kot preplet vseh jezikovnih in kulturnih virov posameznika. Najprej smo predstavili teoretična izhodišča koncepta raznojezičnosti, ki temeljijo na sodobnih spoznanjih s področja sociolingvistike, uporabnega jezikoslovja ter teorij identitete in kulturne kompetence. Raziskava izhaja iz ugotovitve, da šolski sistemi pogosto še vedno privilegirajo enojezične in monokulturne pristope, kljub temu da se številni evropski in nacionalni dokumenti zavzemajo za večjezično in raznojezično vzgojo ter razvijanje raznojezične in raznokulturne kompetence.
Empirični del raziskave temelji na kombinaciji kvantitativne in kvalitativne metode. V kvantitativnem delu je sodelovalo 1039 učencev (od 4. do 9. razreda), 1216 osnovnošolskih učiteljev in 64 ravnateljev, ki so prek vprašalnikov izrazili svoja stališča do različnih vidikov raznojezičnosti. Kvalitativni del pa je bil izveden s pomočjo 20 polstrukturiranih intervjujev, ki smo jih opravili z jezikovnimi in nejezikovnimi učitelji ter ravnatelji. Vsebina vprašalnikov in intervjujev je bila osredotočena na zaznavanje pomena znanja tujih jezikov, vlogo maternega jezika, učenje jezikov v šoli, vključevanje jezikov v učni proces ter na sprejemanje in vključevanje učencev, ki prihajajo iz drugih jezikovnih in kulturnih okolij. Podatki so bili analizirani z uporabo različnih statističnih metod s poudarkom na iskanju razlik glede na spol, starost, kraj rojstva, jezikovno izpostavljenost in poklicno področje.
Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da učitelji in ravnatelji v povprečju izražajo izrazito pozitivna stališča do raznojezičnosti, pri čemer so raznojezičnim praksam najbolj naklonjeni jezikovni učitelji in tisti, ki so bolj vključeni v mednarodne projekte ali imajo osebne izkušnje z večjezičnim okoljem. Ugotovili smo, da višja stopnja izobrazbe, uporaba več jezikov v vsakdanjem življenju in izkušnje z raznolikostjo (npr. stik z ljudmi različnih jezikovnih in kulturnih ozadij) pozitivno vplivajo na odprtost do raznojezičnih pristopov. Učenci so prav tako večinoma izrazili pozitivna stališča do učenja in rabe tujih jezikov, pri čemer so bili najbolj odprti tisti, ki so doma govorili več jezikov ali so se že v zgodnjem otroštvu srečevali z jezikovno raznolikostjo.
Vseeno pa so se v raziskavi pokazale tudi številne ovire, ki zavirajo uresničevanje raznojezične pedagogike v praksi. Med glavnimi izzivi so udeleženci izpostavili pomanjkanje sistemske podpore, nezadostna didaktična gradiva, pomanjkanje usposabljanj za učitelje s področja raznojezičnosti ter splošno prisotno enojezično naravnanost šolskega okolja. Učitelji so večkrat izrazili potrebo po dodatnem strokovnem izpopolnjevanju, večji dostopnosti literature ter po institucionalni spodbudi za sodelovanje med predmetnimi področji pri spodbujanju raznojezičnosti. Ravnatelji pa so opozorili predvsem na strukturne omejitve ter pomanjkanje kadra in časa. Kot ključna naloga šolskega sistema se je pokazalo prepoznavanje in ovrednotenje jezikovne raznolikosti kot potenciala in ne kot ovire, kar zahteva celostni pristop, ki vključuje ustrezno usposobljenost učiteljev, prilagoditve učnih načrtov, medpredmetno sodelovanje, razvijanje refleksivnih stališč in podporo vodstva šole.
Raziskava prinaša pomemben znanstven prispevek k razumevanju raznojezičnosti v slovenskem osnovnošolskem kontekstu, saj združuje teoretične okvire z empirično analizo konkretnega šolskega okolja. Ponuja konkretna priporočila za izobraževalno politiko in šolsko prakso, pri čemer poudarja pomen večjezične vzgoje za razvoj vključujoče, strpne in globalno usmerjene družbe. Delo daje tudi možnosti za nadaljnje raziskave, zlasti v smeri spremljanja dolgoročnih učinkov raznojezičnih pristopov v pedagoški praksi in pri vključevanju učencev z različnimi jezikovnimi ozadji v šolski prostor.The research focuses on exploring the perceptions of various stakeholders in Slovenian primary education – teachers, head teachers, and pupils – towards plurilingualism and the factors that influence their perceptions and practices regarding the use and evaluation of linguistic diversity. The research is set in the context of contemporary social and educational changes that emphasize the importance of plurilingual communication, inclusion, and respect for different languages and cultures in the educational environment. In the study, we defined plurilingualism as an individual’s ability to flexibly use different languages depending on the context, purpose, and interlocutor, whereby it is not considered as simply mastering several languages, but as an intertwining of all individual’s linguistic and cultural resources. First, we presented the theoretical foundations of the concept of plurilingualism, which are based on contemporary findings in the fields of sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, and theories of identity and cultural competence. The research stems from the observation that school systems often still privilege monolingual and monocultural approaches, even though numerous European and national documents advocate plurilingual and pluricultural education and the development of plurilingual and pluricultural competence.
The empirical part of the research is based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative part involved 1,039 pupils (from grades 4 to 9), 1,216 primary school teachers, and 64 head teachers, who expressed their views on various aspects of plurilingualism through questionnaires. The qualitative part was carried out with the help of 20 semi-structured interviews with language and non-language teachers and head teachers. The content of the questionnaires and interviews focused on the perception of the importance of foreign language skills, the role of the mother tongue, language learning at school, the integration of languages into the learning process, and the acceptance and integration of pupils from other linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The data were analysed using various statistical methods, with the emphasis on finding differences based on gender, age, place of birth, language exposure, and teaching specialisation.
The results of the study showed that teachers and head teachers on average express strongly positive attitudes towards plurilingualism, with language teachers and those who are more involved in international projects or have personal experience with plurilingual environments being the most supportive of plurilingual practices. We found that a higher level of education, the use of multiple languages in everyday life, and experience with diversity (e.g. contact with people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds) have a positive impact on openness to plurilingual approaches. Pupils also expressed mostly positive attitudes towards learning and using foreign languages, with those who spoke several languages at home or had been exposed to linguistic diversity in early childhood being the most open.
However, the survey also revealed several obstacles that hinder the implementation of plurilingual pedagogy in practice. Among the main challenges, participants highlighted the lack of systemic support, insufficient teaching materials, lack of training for teachers in the field of plurilingualism, and the generally monolingual orientation of the school environment. Teachers repeatedly expressed the need for additional professional development, greater access to literature, and institutional incentives for cooperation between subject areas in promoting plurilingualism. Head teachers, on the other hand, pointed to structural constraints and a lack of teachers and time. The recognition and appreciation of linguistic diversity as an asset rather than an obstacle has emerged as a key task for the school system. This requires a comprehensive approach that includes appropriate teacher training, adjustments to curricula, interdisciplinary cooperation, the development of reflective attitudes, and support from school management.
The study makes an important scientific contribution to the understanding of plurilingualism in the Slovenian primary school context, as it combines theoretical frameworks with empirical analysis of a specific school environment. It offers concrete recommendations for educational policy and school practice, emphasising the importance of plurilingual education for the development of an inclusive, tolerant, and globally oriented society. The work also opens up possibilities for further research, particularly in the direction of monitoring the long-term effects of plurilingual approaches in pedagogical practices and in the inclusion of pupils with different linguistic backgrounds in the school environment
Jezikovne izkušnje večjezičnih govorcev na narodnostno mešanem ozemlju na avstrijskem Koroškem s knjižnim jezikom in narečjem
No full textPrispevek se navezuje na raziskovalno delo, v katerem se avtorji ukvarjajo z dejavniki, ki vplivajo na razvoj in usvajanje jezikov pri večjezičnih govorcih. Predstavljena študija se osredotoča na jezikovne izkušnje učencev Zvezne gimnazije in Zvezne realne gimnazije za Slovence v Celovcu. V kontekstu narečja in knjižnega jezika so predstavljene izkušnje odstopanja od norme, vrednotenja in povezovanja v šolskem prostoru.This article reflects the authors’ research on factors influencing language development and language acquisition among multilingual speakers. It focuses on the language experiences of students at the Federal High School for Slovenians in Klagenfurt. It presents experiences of deviation from the norm, evaluation, and integration in the school space in the context of dialect and standard language
Kontrastivno o nemških standardnih različicah na primeru internacionalizmov
No full textSodobni nemški standardni jezik obstaja, drugače kot slovenščina, v več standardnih različicah, ki izhajajo iz desetih nacionalnih in regionalnih središč nemškega jezika. Prispevek predstavlja koncept večsrediščnosti nemškega standarda, ki se je uveljavil tako sslovarjem nemških standardnih varietet kot tudi preko Sveta za nemški pravopis. Prispevek izpostavi tudi nekatere razlike med standardnimi različicami, pravopisne posebnosti pa so prikazane kontrastivno na primerih internacionalizmov, predvsem tujk.In contrast to Slovenian, modern standard German exists in several standard varieties, which developed in ten national and regional centers of German. This article focuses on the pluricentric concept of the German standard, which has been established in a dictionary of German standard varieties as well as by the German Orthography Council. The article presents some of the differences between the varieties, and orthographic differences in international words, especially foreign ones, are presented from a contrastive perspective
The beginnings of medieval Maribor in the light of archaeological excavations of the former Greyfriars Monastery and Vojašniški square
No full textDisertacija obravnava razvoj srednjeveškega Maribora z arheološko-urbanističnega vidika, s
poudarkom na območju nekdanjega minoritskega samostana in Vojašniškega trga, ki se kaže kot
ključen prostor zgodnjih faz razvoja mesta na levem bregu Drave. Na podlagi obsežnih
arheoloških raziskav, izvedenih med letoma 2004 in 2022, je bila rekonstruirana večfazna
preobrazba območja – od zgodnje, institucionalno pogojene neagrarne poselitve do prostorske
konsolidacije v poznem 13. stoletju. Raziskava temelji na večnivojskem metodološkem
pristopu, ki vključuje stratigrafsko analizo, tipo-kronološko obravnavo gradiva, radiokarbonsko
datiranje, prostorsko-topografsko interpretacijo ter uporabo zgodovinskih in stavbnozgodovinskih
virov.
Osrednji cilj je bil razjasniti zgodnje faze urbanega razvoja ter vlogo oblastnih in cerkvenih središč.
V 11. ali 12. stoletju je bil ob Dravi vzpostavljen kompleks treh zidanih objektov
(stavbe A, B, C), interpretiran kot sedež posvetne oblasti, z možno sakralno funkcijo stavbe B.
Kompleks je bil opuščen pred koncem 12. stoletja, ko se v virih prvič omenja grad Marchburch. Nato
je nastalo novo cerkveno središče s cerkvijo (stavba D) in spremljevalnimi objekti.
Na Vojašniškem trgu so bile odkrite lesene arhitekture in peči za žganje apna iz druge polovice 13.
stoletja, povezane z gradnjo zidane arhitekture (mestno obzidje in samostanski kompleks s cerkvijo).
Podatki kažejo na kontinuiteto rabe prostora in preplet starejših funkcionalnih območij z novo
urbanistično zasnovo. Disertacija vključuje tudi kritiko razdrobljenosti mestne arheologije in
opozarja na pomen interdisciplinarnega pristopa za razumevanje kompleksnih urbanizacijskih
procesov.This dissertation investigates the urban development of medieval Maribor from an
archaeological and urbanistic perspective, focusing on the area of the former Minorite
monastery and Vojašniški Square, which was identified as a key locus in the formation of the
town’s early development on the left bank of the Drava River. Based on extensive
archaeological excavations carried out between 2004 and 2022, the study reconstructs a multiphase
transformation of the area—from an early, institutionally conditioned non-agrarian
settlement to spatial and functional consolidation by the late 13th century. The research adopts
a multi-layered methodology combining stratigraphic analysis, typochronological study of
small finds, radiocarbon dating, spatial-topographic interpretation, and historical and
architectural analysis.
The main objective was to clarify the early stages of urban development and assess the role
of secular and ecclesiastical centres of power. In the 11th or 12th century, a complex of
three masonry buildings (Structures A, B, and C) was established near the Drava River,
interpreted as a possible seat of secular authority, with Building B potentially serving a
religious function. The complex was abandoned before the end of the 12th century, coinciding
with the emergence of the Marchburch castle on the elevated hill above the town and the
formation of a new ecclesiastical centre with a church (Structure D) and associated
buildings.
Excavations in Vojašniški Square revealed traces of wooden architecture and lime kilns from
the second half of the 13th century, linked to major construction activity and the development
of stone-built infrastructure (e.g., town walls, the monastery, and the new church).
Archaeological evidence demonstrates long-term spatial continuity and the reuse of earlier
functional zones within a newly emerging urban framework. The dissertation also critically
addresses systemic challenges in urban archaeology and emphasizes the need for
interdisciplinary approaches to adequately interpret the complex processes of medieval
urbanization
Modeling diameter growth of european beech in mixtures with various tree species
No full textMixed forests provide several ecosystem service benefits, and they also often show higher productivity than pure forests. In mixed forests, several interactions among tree species occur, with size-symmetric and size-asymmetric competition being particularly important. We studied diameter growth of European beech in pure stands and in mixtures with oak, maple, pine, spruce, fir, and spruce and fir combined on extremely diverse beech sites in Slovenia, using forest inventory sample plots (n = 26,793, 500 m2 each). For each mixture, we developed models of 10-year individual tree diameter increment (id) using natural splines and incorporating tree, competition, stand, site, and climate variables that were mainly gathered in regular forest inventories. Competition was represented using simple indices: stand basal area (BA) for size-symmetric competition, basal area of overtopping trees (BAL) for size-asymmetric competition, and reduced competition due to harvesting (CUT). The models revealed differences among mixtures and a strong influence of competition. Id was among the lowest in pure stands and substantially higher in mixtures, indicating strong intraspecific competition. Overall, size-symmetric competition was more influential, but size-asymmetric competition appeared important in some mixtures. We recommend growing beech in mixtures with other species and applying a forest management approach that accounts for competition symmetry, which proved crucial in each mixture
Začetki in zaključki telefonskih pogovorov v makedonščini: Konverzacijska analiza prisluškovanih telefonskih pogovorov
No full textThe thesis is an empirical study of telephone conversation openings and closings in Macedonian, using the methodology of conversation analysis and focusing on naturally occurring discourse and colloquial speech, topics which are otherwise largely under-researched in Macedonian. The data at the centre of the research is a corpus of 117 anonymised recordings transcribed in great detail, which originally come from a large collection of wiretapped phone calls released in 2015 and commonly referred to as the bombi ‘bombs’ in contemporary Macedonian society. The research examines how speakers organise conversation openings (summons–answer sequences, identification/recognition sequences, greetings, how-are-you inquiries, and reason-for-the-call initiation and introduction) and conversation closings (preclosings, recapitulation sequences, and final closing sequences), drawing on existent theoretical models of the organisation of openings and closings. The data-driven analysis identifies the linguistic strategies and devices used by native speakers engaging in spontaneous interaction and highlights both adherence to and deviations from established patterns. The findings provide an empirically grounded description of contemporary colloquial Macedonian and lay the foundation for further discourse-analytic research on telephone conversations as well as everyday use of the language.Tema magistrske naloge je empirična študija začetkov in zaključkov telefonskih pogovorov v makedonščini z uporabo metode konverzacijske analize. V središču raziskave sta diskurz v spontanem govoru in pogovorni jezik, ki sta v sodobni makedonistiki premalo zastopani temi. Predmet raziskave je korpus 117 anonimiziranih in podrobno transkribiranih posnetkov iz leta 2015. Posnetki izvirajo iz obsežne zbirke prisluškovanih telefonskih pogovorov, ki so v sodobni makedonski družbi splošno znani kot bombi. Naloga raziskuje, kako govorci organizirajo začetek pogovora (zaporedje klica in odziva, identifikacija/prepoznavanje, pozdravljanje, uvodna vprašanja, prehod k navedbi razloga za klic, navedba razloga za klic) ter zaključek pogovora (prehod k zaključku, povzetek, končni zaključek), na podlagi obstoječih teoretičnih modelov organizacije začetkov in zaključkov. Analiza razkriva jezikovne strategije in sredstva, ki jih naravni govorci uporabljajo v spontanem pogovoru, ter obseg doslednosti ali odstopanja od ustaljenih vzorcev. Ugotovitve predstavljajo empirično utemeljen opis sodobne pogovorne makedonščine in postavljajo temelje za nadaljnje raziskovanje telefonskih pogovorov ter vsakdanje rabe jezika z vidika analize diskurza
Enhancing machine translation of figurative language by linguistic knowledge injection
No full textRazumevanje in prevajanje figurativnega jezika kljub napredku strojnega prevajanja ostajata velik izziv, zlasti pri manjših jezikih z omejenimi jezikovnimi viri, kot je slovenščina. V diplomskem delu raziskujemo vpliv vstavljanja figurativnega znanja v velike jezikovne modele z namenom izboljšanja kakovosti prevodov iz angleščine v slovenščino. Zaradi omejene razpoložljivosti obstoječih dvojezičnih virov smo oblikovali vzporedno zbirko IdiomKB-SLO-EN s skoraj 4000 pari figurativnih izrazov. Z uporabo s poizvedovanjem obogatenega generiranja (RAG) smo jo vključili v veliki slovenski jezikovni model GaMS. Razvili smo hibridni mehanizem pridobivanja znanja o figurativnih izrazih, relevantnih za dano vhodno besedilo, ki združuje leksikalno in semantično iskanje, izbrane informacije pa modelu posreduje kot dodaten kontekst pri prevajanju. Evalvacijo smo izvedli s kombinacijo kvantitativnih in kvalitativnih metod: s standardnimi metrikami strojnega prevajanja, ročnim ocenjevanjem in ocenjevanjem s pomočjo velikega jezikovnega modela. Rezultati kažejo, da vstavljeno znanje prispeva k bolj naravnim in tekočim prevodom ter zmanjšuje pojav dobesednega prevajanja figurativnega jezika.The understanding and translation of figurative language remain major challenges for machine translation, despite recent advances, particularly for low-resource languages with limited linguistic resources, such as Slovene. In this thesis, we explore the impact of injecting figurative knowledge into large language models to improve translation quality from English to Slovene. Due to the limited availability of existing bilingual resources, we constructed a parallel dataset, IdiomKB-SLO-EN, containing nearly 4,000 pairs of figurative expressions. Using a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) approach, we integrated the dataset into the GaMS Slovene large language model. We developed a hybrid retrieval mechanism that combines lexical and semantic search to retrieve knowledge about figurative expressions relevant to the input text, providing it as additional context during translation. The proposed approach was evaluated using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including standard machine translation metrics, manual evaluation, and a large language model as a judge. The results show that injected knowledge leads to more natural and fluent translations and reduces the occurrence of literal translations of figurative expressions
SAFETY ASPECTS AND TRAINING OF MOTORCYCLISTS IN SLOVENIA
No full textV diplomskem delu se obravnavata varnost in izobraževanje motoristov v Sloveniji. Namen raziskave je analizirati različne vidike prometne varnosti ter ugotoviti, ali izobraževanje dejansko prispeva k njenemu izboljšanju. V prvem teoretičnem poglavju so predstavljeni ključni dejavniki, ki vplivajo na celostno zaščito voznikov motornih koles. Obravnavani so različni vidiki, od človeškega dejavnika, tehnologije in infrastrukture do zakonodajnega okvira, pri čemer so izpostavljeni elementi, ki prispevajo k zmanjševanju tveganj za motoriste. Drugi del je namenjen izobraževanju motoristov - od osnovnega usposabljanja za pridobitev vozniškega dovoljenja do številnih dodatnih programov, ki so na voljo v Sloveniji. Empirični del temelji na dveh različnih raziskavah: prva zajema podrobno analizo podatkov o prometnih nesrečah motoristov med letoma 2019 in 2023, druga pa predstavlja analizo rezultatov anketnega vprašalnika, s katerim so bila zbrana mnenja in izkušnje motoristov glede prometne varnosti, nesreč in izobraževanja v Sloveniji.The thesis deals with the safety and education of motorcyclists in Slovenia. The purpose of the research is to analyze various aspects of road safety and to determine whether education actually contributes to its improvement. The first theoretical chapter presents the key factors that influence the comprehensive protection of motorcycle riders. Various aspects are discussed, from the human factor, technology and infrastructure to the legislative framework, highlighting elements that contribute to reducing risks for motorcyclists. The second part is dedicated to the education of motorcyclists - from basic training for obtaining a driving license to numerous additional programs available in Slovenia. The empirical part is based on two different studies: the first includes a detailed analysis of data on motorcyclist traffic accidents between 2019 and 2023, and the second presents an analysis of the results of a survey questionnaire that collected motorcyclists\u27 opinions and experiences regarding road safety, accidents and education in Slovenia