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Monitoring of precipitation processes in 17-4 PH stainless steel using electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity
No full textV diplomski nalogi smo preučevali izločevalno utrjeno nerjavno jeklo 17-4 PH (AISI 630), ki ga odlikujejo visoka trdnost, dobra odpornost proti koroziji ter stabilnost mehanskih lastnosti pri povišanih temperaturah. Te lastnosti so posledica izločanja bakrovih faz med postopkom staranja, pri čemer prihaja do sprememb mikrostrukture, ki pomembno vplivajo na mehanske in fizikalne lastnosti materiala.
Raziskava je bila usmerjena v preučevanje vpliva temperature in časa staranja na razvoj mikrostrukture ter na spremembe električnih in toplotnih lastnosti jekla 17-4 PH, hkrati pa smo spremljali tudi doseženo trdoto. Kinetiko izločanja smo spremljali z in-situ meritvami električne upornosti z uporabo visoko natančne merilne opreme, in sicer generatorja toka Keithley 6220 in nanovoltmetra Keithley 2182A, kar je omogočilo zaznavanje mikrostrukturnih sprememb v realnem času. Toplotno prevodnost, temperaturno prevodnost ter specifično volumsko toplotno kapaciteto smo določali z napravo Hot Disk TPS 2200 po metodi Transient Plane Source (TPS) v skladu s standardom ISO 22007-2. Stopnjo utrjevanja materiala smo ovrednotili z meritvami trdote po Vickersu (HV) in Rockwellu (HRc) pri različnih pogojih staranja.
Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov smo ugotovili povezave med mikrostrukturnimi spremembami ter spremembami električne upornosti, toplotne prevodnosti in trdote. Rezultati prispevajo k boljšemu razumevanju procesov izločanja v jeklu 17-4 PH ter omogočajo optimizacijo toplotne obdelave za doseganje želenega nabora lastnosti.In this diploma thesis, precipitation-hardened stainless steel 17-4 PH (AISI 630) was investigated, as it combines high strength, good corrosion resistance, and stability of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. These properties result from the precipitation of copper-rich phases during the aging process, which leads to microstructural changes that significantly affect the mechanical and physical properties of the material.
The study focused on the influence of aging temperature and time on microstructural evolution, as well as on changes in the electrical and thermal properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel, together with the achieved hardness. The kinetics of precipitation were monitored by in-situ electrical resistivity measurements using high-precision measurement equipment, namely a Keithley 6220 current source and a Keithley 2182A nanovoltmeter, enabling the detection of microstructural changes in real time.
Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific volumetric heat capacity were determined using a Hot Disk TPS 2200 device based on the Transient Plane Source (TPS) method, in accordance with the ISO 22007-2 standard. The degree of hardening was evaluated through hardness measurements using the Vickers (HV) and Rockwell (HRc) methods under different aging conditions.
Based on the obtained results, correlations between microstructural changes and variations in electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and hardness were established. The results contribute to a better understanding of precipitation processes in 17-4 PH stainless steel and support the optimization of heat treatment procedures to achieve the desired combination of properties
Game development in Unreal Engine 5 using Voronoi diagram
No full textV diplomski nalogi je predstavljena zasnova in razvoj računalniške igre, pri čemer je poudarek na implementaciji in prilagoditvi izbranega algoritma, Voronojev diagram, za potrebe igre.
V teoretičnem delu so predstavljeni osnovni koncepti razvoja iger, uporabljene tehnologije ter opisani ključni algoritmi in pristopi, ki so bili uporabljeni pri izdelavi rešitve.
V praktičnem delu je podrobno opisan postopek načrtovanja in implementacije igre, vključno z razvojem mehanik igranja, upravljanjem igralskega lika ter zasnovo uporabniškega vmesnika.
Opisana je tudi prilagoditev algoritma specifikacijam igre ter njegova integracija v delujoč sistem.
Cilj igre je z uporabo mehanik, ki so na voljo igralcu, podreti čim več zidov s tem, da od njih odbijamo žogo.
Vsaka igre se začne z naključnim generiranjem nivoja, in se konča po določenem času, po katerem je rezultat igralca prikazan na zaslonu.
Rezultat je igra, ki prikaže zanimivo uporabo danega algoritma za dinamočno kreiranje igalnih nivojev.
V zaključku so povzeti doseženi cilji ter podani predlogi za nadaljnji razvoj in morebitne nadgradnje igre.This thesis presents the design and development of a computer game, with a focus on the implementation and adaptation of the selected algorithm, the Voronoi diagram, for the purposes of gameplay.
The theoretical part introduces the fundamental concepts of game development, the technologies used, and describes the key algorithms and approaches applied in the creation of the solution.
The practical part describes in detail the process of designing and implementing the game, including the development of gameplay mechanics, player character control, and the design of the user interface.
It also presents the adaptation of the algorithm to the game specifications and its integration into a functional system.
The goal of the game is to destroy as many walls as possible by bouncing a ball off them, using the available mechanics.
Each game starts with a randomly generated level and ends after a fixed amount of time, after which the player\u27s score is displayed on the screen.
The result is a game that demonstrates an interesting application of the given algorithm for the dynamic generation of game levels.
The conclusion summarizes the achieved objectives and provides suggestions for further development and possible improvements of the game
Bravely onward: Urban redevelopment of the industrial belt of Premogovnik Velenje in Pesje
No full textMagistrsko delo obravnava arhitekturno dediščino industrijskega pasu klasirnice in drobilnice Premogovnika Velenje v Pesju ter njun širši prostorski in družbeni kontekst. Načrtovana ureditev stremi k vzpostavitvi kakovostnega odprtega bivalnega prostora, ohranjanju industrijske arhitekturne dediščine ter umestitvi vsebin za potrebe lokalne, občinske in regionalne skupnosti, s čimer prispeva k zagotavljanju koncepta pravičnega prehoda ob zaprtju premogovnika. Premogovništvo ima od konca 19. stoletja ključno vlogo v razvoju Šaleške doline, pri čemer kompleks klasirnice predstavlja enega njegovih pomembnih prostorskih in funkcionalnih gradnikov. Zgrajen je bil leta 1986 za potrebe drobljenja in sortiranja premoga, deloma je opuščen od leta 2004, v celoti pa bo prenehal delovati z zaprtjem premogovnika. Obstoječe stanje obravnavanega območja odpira večplastno problematiko. Neprehodno območje povzroča prostorsko degradacijo, objekti industrijske arhitekturne dediščine propadajo, hkrati pa gre za netrajnostno rabo prostora. Teoretični del magistrskega dela obravnava izhodišča revitalizacije industrijske arhitekturne dediščine, vzpostavljanja nove razvojne perspektive Premogovnika Velenje ter koncept pravičnega prehoda velenjske premogovne regije. V analitičnem delu je območje obravnavano na regionalni, občinski in lokalni ravni, kar predstavlja osnovo za urbanistično in arhitekturno zasnovo. Predlagana urbanistična preureditev vzpostavlja kakovostno urejen prostor z ohranjenim kompleksom klasirnice, pri čemer z uvajanjem programov za potrebe širšega prostora krepi pomen skupnosti, omogoča ohranjanje in prezentacijo industrijske dediščine ter oblikovanje prehodnega, dostopnega in zelenega urbanega okolja. Rezultat zasnove je revitalizirano območje z raznolikimi programi, poudarjeno prehodnostjo prostora, urejenim obvodnim območjem, zasaditvijo, vzpostavljenimi točkami trajnostne mobilnosti ter prezentacijo industrijske arhitekturne dediščine. Predlagana ureditev ohranja premogovniško identiteto prostora in hkrati prispeva k oblikovanju nove podobe Šaleške doline.This master’s thesis examines the architectural heritage of the Velenje Coal Mine, focusing on the sorting and crushing facilities in Pesje, and their broader spatial and social context. The proposed redevelopment aims to establish a high-quality open space, preserve industrial architectural heritage, and integrate programs for local, municipal, and regional communities, supporting a just transition during the mine’s closure. Coal mining has been crucial for the Šaleška Valley’s development since the late 19th century, with the sorting complex representing a significant spatial and functional element. Built in 1986 for coal crushing and sorting, it has been partially abandoned since 2004 and will cease operation entirely with the mine’s closure. The current condition presents multiple challenges: restricted access causes spatial degradation, industrial heritage buildings are deteriorating, and the land is used unsustainably. The theoretical part explores principles of industrial heritage revitalization, new development perspectives for the Velenje Coal Mine site, and the concept of a just transition for the mining region. The analytical section examines the area at regional, municipal, and local levels, forming the basis for urban and architectural design. The proposed redevelopment preserves the sorting complex while creating a well-structured space, introducing programs for broader community use, supporting heritage conservation and presentation, and establishing a transitional, accessible, and green urban environment. The outcome is a revitalized area with diverse programs, improved connectivity, organized surroundings, landscaping, sustainable mobility points, and presentation of industrial heritage. The proposal maintains the mining identity while contributing to a renewed image of the Šaleška Valley
The Distinctive Features of Arbitration in Consumer Dispute Resolution
No full textArbitraža se v zadnjih letih vse pogosteje uporablja kot način reševanja potrošniških sporov, kar prinaša številne nove izzive. Pravni red mora zato zagotoviti, da potrošniška arbitraža predstavlja učinkovito in pravično alternativo sodnemu postopku. Magistrsko delo analizira ključna pravna in dejanska vprašanja potrošniške arbitraže, pri čemer izhaja iz napetega razmerja med načelom avtonomije strank in zahtevo po posebnem pravnem varstvu potrošnikov kot šibkejše pogodbene stranke. Potrošniška arbitraža ne sme kršiti potrošnikove pravice do poštenega sojenja, zato se lahko stranki veljavno odpovesta zgolj določenim procesnim jamstvom. Pregled sodne prakse Sodišča EU (»SEU«) kaže, da arbitražne klavzule v potrošniških pogodbah pogosto predstavljajo nepoštene pogodbene pogoje in da potrošniki pogosto aktivno ne sodelujejo v arbitražnem postopku. SEU zato zahteva, da nacionalna sodišča presojajo poštenost arbitražnih klavzul po uradni dolžnosti, s čimer zagotavljajo visoko raven varstva potrošnikov. Nasprotno sodna praksa ameriških sodišč poudarja pogodbeno naravo arbitraže, kar vodi v nižjo raven varstva potrošnikov. Naloga ugotavlja, da potrošniška arbitraža predstavlja učinkovit in pravičen način reševanja potrošniških sporov, če potrošniku zagotovi ustrezno varstvo pred zlorabo moči ekonomsko močnejše stranke.In recent years, arbitration has gained prominence as a method of resolving consumer disputes. However, this expansion has also brought numerous new challenges. Therefore, the legal system must ensure that consumer arbitration constitutes an effective and fair alternative to court proceedings. This master’s thesis analyzes the key legal and practical issues of consumer arbitration, starting from the tension between the principle of party autonomy and the requirement for special legal protection of consumers as the weaker contractual party. Consumer arbitration must not violate the consumer’s right to a fair trial, and parties can validly waive only certain procedural guarantees. A review of the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU (»CJEU«) shows that arbitration clauses in consumer contracts often constitute unfair contractual terms and that consumers frequently do not actively participate in arbitration proceedings. CJEU therefore requires national courts to assess the fairness of arbitration clauses ex officio, thereby ensuring a high level of consumer protection. In contrast, U.S. court practice emphasizes the contractual nature of arbitration, resulting in a lower level of consumer protection. The thesis concludes that consumer arbitration can represent an effective and fair method of resolving consumer disputes if it provides the consumer with adequate protection against the abuse of power by the economically stronger party
Multivariate characterization of essential oils for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
No full textThe growing problem of antimicrobial resistance emphasizes the urgent need for new and effective natural antimicrobial agents. This study assessed the antibacterial activity of twenty essential oils and one absolute against Escherichia coli and examined the relationship between their chemical composition and biological activity. The chemical profiles of the samples were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the resulting data were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA), and partial least squares (PLS) methods to explore associations between composition and antibacterial activity. The results showed substantial variability among the tested essential oils, with those from Thymus vulgaris, Aniba rosaeodora, Syzygium aromaticum, Pimenta dioica, and the absolute of Evernia prunastri exhibiting the strongest activity. GC–MS analysis identified thymol, eugenol, and methyl atrarate as key bioactive constituents associated with strong antibacterial effects, while linalool, limonene, and α-terpineol were linked to moderate activity. Multivariate analyses provided further insight but were limited by data variability, highlighting compositional diversity rather than clear group separation. Overall, the findings demonstrate that essential oils are a promising source of natural antimicrobial agents and emphasise the importance of linking chemical composition with biological function to understand their potential therapeutic applications
Usmerjanje kodifikacijskega postopka in javna razprava ob prenovi pravopisnih pravil
No full textV prispevku je predstavljen kodifikacijski postopek kot najzahtevnejša stopnja standardizacije. Pravopisna komisija pri SAZU in ZRC SAZU od leta 2019 na spletnem portalu Fran objavlja predloge novih pravopisnih pravil Pravopis 8.0 – Pravila novega slovenskega pravopisa za javno razpravo. V prispevku je s pomočjo komentarjev, pridobljenih v javni razpravi, prikazano predvsem različno interpretiranje tako smernic kot ciljev kodifikacijskega postopka.This article introduces the codification process as the most demanding phase of standardization. Since 2019, the Normative Committee of SAZU and ZRC SAZU has been publishing proposals for new normative rules on the Fran portal (Pravopis 8.0 – Rules of the New Slovenian Normative Guide) for public discussion. This article mainly presents various interpretations of the guidelines and the goals of the codification process with the help of the comments received during the public discussion
Slovenski jezik s gledišta hrvatskih studenata drugih slavenskih jezika
No full textPrispevek obravnava odnos hrvaških študentov drugih slovanskih jezikov do slovenskega jezika, pa tudi razumevanje jezika, stik s slovensko govorečimi ter željo ali potrebo po učenju jezika. Na podlagi zastavljenih raziskovalnih vprašanj in navedenih predpostavk so rezultati pokazali, da hrvaški študenti nimajo niti pozitivnega niti negativnega odnosa do slovenskega jezika ter ne vidijo v celoti pomena in uporabnosti jezika za hrvaško govoreče. Vendar je njihovo razumevanje jezika na zavidljivi ravni, k čemur prispeva sorodnost med slovanskimi jeziki
Slovenski misijoni 1918-1941
No full textInštitut za zgodovino Cerkve Teološke fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani je s pomočjo znanstvenih sodelavcev pripravil znanstveno monografijo z naslovom SLOVENSKI MISIJONI 1918–1941. Tematika odstira misijonska prizadevanja naših prednikov, ki so svoje misijonarje podpirali na različne načine in jim omogočali njihovo delovanje. Znanstveni prispevki kompetentnih raziskovalcev z različnih področij predstavijo dejavnost slovenskih misijonarjev in misijonark v obdobju med obema vojnama. Vsebina znanstvene monografije prikaže povezavo med teoretičnimi osnovami za misijonsko dejavnost Katoliške cerkve in njenimi konkretnimi aplikacijami v misijonskih deželah. Katoliška cerkev je od 19. stoletja naprej vzpostavila vrsto misijonskih družb, ki so svoje podružnice imele tudi na Slovenskem in so veliko prispevale k oblikovanju misijonske zavesti pri katoličanih
Receptor-specific adenosine signalling governs astrocyte glycogen homeostasis
No full textAdenosine in the brain rises with metabolic load and signals through A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors, but how individual subtypes regulate astrocytic energy metabolism remains incompletely defined. We combined live-cell FRET sensors for glucose, lactate, and cAMP with Ca²⁺ imaging in primary rat astrocytes to dissect receptor-specific actions. We probed receptor contributions using adenosine and selective agonists (CCPA, A1CGS21680, A2ABAY 60-6583, A2B). Glycogen content was quantified by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining after acute stimulation and during recovery from glucose deprivation. Adenosine increased intracellular glucose concentration. Among subtypes, A2B activation reproduced this effect, whereas A1 and A2A did not. However, in glucose-free extracellular solution, adenosine and A2B activation elevated intracellular glucose, implicating glycogenolysis. PAS analysis showed that A2A and A2B increased perinuclear glycogen, with A2B also increasing peripheral glycogen. During recovery from glucose deprivation, adenosine and A2B receptor agonists slowed glycogen replenishment, whereas A2A agonists enhanced perinuclear stores. cAMP concentration rose with A2A and A2B receptor stimulation and after A1 antagonism, but not with adenosine itself, consistent with balanced A1/A2 co-activation. Ca²⁺ responses were transient for adenosine/A1 and sustained for A2A/A2B. Selective A2B activation produced a significant increase in intracellular lactate compared with vehicle. Together, these data identify A2B signalling as a principal driver of acute glucose mobilisation while slowing glycogen replenishment in astrocytes, operating through cAMP elevation and sustained Ca²⁺ signals, whereas A2A preferentially promotes perinuclear glycogen accumulation
Palladium [▫▫(PCP)PdOH] pincer complex as a catalyst in the Michael reaction
No full textThe Michael reaction is a versatile carbon–carbon bond-forming strategy that is efficiently catalyzed by transition metal complexes. We report that the palladium [(PCP)PdOH] pincer complex effectively activates substrates and forms stable complexes with ketones. The reactive intermediate [(PCP)Pd(acac)] complex, which is formed in situ from acetylacetone and the [(PCP)PdOH] complex, was successfully isolated and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This complex serves as an active catalyst in the reaction between acetylacetone and various trans-nitrostyrenes, providing the corresponding Michael adducts in high isolated yields (87–98%). The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with a low catalyst loading, short reaction times, and often minimal or no solvent. These results show that PCP-palladium pincer complexes can serve as efficient, practical catalysts for C–C bond-forming condensation reactions