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In vitro evaluation of the effect of microalgae Dunaliella species extract-containing cosmetic products on transepidermal water loss and skin hydration
No full textAlge Dunaliella species veljajo za rod zelenih mikroalg, znanih po izjemni prilagodljivosti na ekstremne okoljske razmere, kot so visoka slanost, močna svetloba in pomanjkanje hranil. Te prilagoditve povezujemo z nastankom različnih sekundarnih metabolitov, ki predstavljajo tudi vir kozmetično aktivnih sestavin z različnimi učinki na koži.
V diplomskem delu smo na modelu kože prašičjega uhlja, vpetega v Franzove difuzijske celice, ovrednotili vpliv izvlečka mikroalge Dunaliella species na barierno funkcijo kože, natančneje na transepidermalno izgubo vode in hidratacijo. Vrednotili smo vodno raztopino izvlečka ter hidrofilno kremo in liotropne tekoče kristale z vgrajenim izvlečkom v koncentracijah 0,1 % in 1 % (m/m). Dodatno smo vrednotili tudi hidrofilno kremo z 1 % izvlečka in 2 % slanice. Formulaciji hidrofilne krema in liotropnih tekočih kristali z vgrajenim izvlečkom smo primerjali z ustreznima slepima kontrolama formulacij brez izvlečka. Meritve transepidermalne izgube vode smo izvedli s Tewametrom® TM 300, meritve hidratacije pa s Corneometrom® CM 825. Meritve so bile opravljene pred nanosom vzorca (bazalna vrednost) ter ponovno 30, 60 in 90 minut po odstranitvi vzorcev.
Izvleček Dunaliella species je izboljšal hidratacijo kože pri vseh vrednotenih vzorcih. Izboljšanje barierne funkcije kože, izraženo z znižanjem vrednosti transepidermalne izgube vode, smo izmerili le pri liotropnih tekočih kristalih. Učinek izvlečka, zlasti pri hidrataciji, nakazuje, da je izboljšanje odvisno od koncentracije in vrste dostavnega sistema, pri čemer je bila višja koncentracija bolj učinkovita. Rezultati potrjujejo potencial izvlečka Dunaliella species kot aktivne učinkovine za izboljšanje hidratacije in barierne funkcije kože.Dunaliella species algae are green microalgae known for their exceptional adaptability to extreme environmental conditions, such as high salinity, intense light, and nutrient deficiency. These adaptations are associated with the formation of various secondary metabolites, which are a source of cosmetically active substances with various effects on skin.
In our thesis, we evaluated the effect of Dunaliella species microalgae extract on the barrier function of the skin, specifically on transepidermal water loss and hydration, using a model of pig ear skin embedded in Franz diffusion cells. We evaluated the aqueous solution of the extract, as well as the hydrophilic cream and lyotropic liquid crystals with the incorporated extract at concentrations of 0.1% and 1% (w/w). The formulations of hydrophilic cream and lyotropic liquid crystals with incorporated extract were compared with corresponding blind controls of formulations without extract. Transepidermal water loss was measured using a Tewameter® TM 300, and hydration was measured using a Corneometer® CM 825. Measurements were conducted prior to sample application (baseline) and subsequently at 30, 60, and 90 minutes following sample removal.
The Dunaliella species extract improved skin hydration in all evaluated samples. An enhancement of the skin barrier function, expressed as a reduction in transepidermal water loss, was observed only with the lyotropic liquid crystals. The effect of the extract, particularly with respect to hydration, suggests that the improvement depends on both the concentration and the type of delivery system, with the higher concentration proving more effective. The results confirm the potential of Dunaliella species extract as an active ingredient for improving skin hydration and barrier function
Comparison of various analytical techniques for determination of water content in capsules
No full textVoda ima pomembno vlogo v farmacevtskih izdelkih, saj je prisotna v vseh fazah razvoja in
shranjevanja zdravila. Lahko nastopa kot topilo, pomožna snov ali pa kot stranski produkt v
tehnoloških procesih, ki vpliva na fizikalne, kemijske in/ali mikrobiološke lastnosti zdravila.
Pri trdnih farmacevtskih oblikah, kot so kapsule, ima voda ključno vlogo pri ohranjanju
funkcionalnosti ovojnine, elastičnosti in mehanski odpornosti. Ločimo prosto vodo, vezano
vodo in adsorbirano vodo, pri čemer ima vsaka oblika vode drugačen vpliv na lastnosti
izdelka. Ker se voda pojavlja v različnih oblikah, je izbira ustrezne analizne tehnike ključna
za pravilno interpretacijo rezultatov.
V eksperimentalnem delu smo primerjali tri različne analizne tehnike za določitev vsebnosti
vode: merjenje aktivnosti vode, Karl-Fischerjevo titracijo v več izvedbah (volumetrična,
kulometrična z generatorsko elektrodo ter s pečico) in nazadnje še metodo izgube pri
sušenju. Vsaka izmed teh metod temelji na drugačnem principu in določa različno obliko
vode v vzorcu. Namen naloge je bil ugotoviti, katera izmed tehnik je najbolj primerna za
določitev vsebnosti vode v kapsulah. Vsako izmed metod smo validirali z vidika
ponovljivosti, med-dnevne ponovljivosti, točnosti in robustnosti. Merjenje aktivnosti vode
je primerna tehnika za določitev proste vode v vzorcu. Meritve so bile hitre in enostavne, pri
čemer vzorec ni zahteval posebne predpriprave. Z validacijo metode smo potrdili
ponovljivost, natančnost in robustnost meritev. Nasprotno pa se metoda Karl-Fisher titracije,
tako volumetrična kot kulometrična, kljub teoretični specifičnosti za določitev vezane in
proste vode, v praksi ni izkazala za primerno tehniko določitve vode v izbranih kapsulah.
Glavni razlog je bila zdravilna učinkovina, ki je reagirala z reagentom, kar je povzročilo
nepopolno sproščanje vode iz vzorca. Nazadnje smo vodo določili s pomočjo metode izgube
pri sušenju, pri čemer smo validirali farmakopejsko metodo za zdravilno učinkovino. Vendar
ta tehnika lahko preceni količino določene vode, saj poleg vode meri tudi druge hlapne
komponente, kar se je izkazalo tudi v našem primeru, saj zdravilna učinkovina pri definiranih
pogojih sušenja razpada. Poleg tega je analizni postopek časovno zamuden.
Na podlagi rezultatov lahko zaključimo, da je merjenje aktivnosti vode najbolj optimalna
metoda za določitev vsebnosti proste vode v kapsulah, saj je hitra, specifična in hkrati
najbolje odraža dejanski vpliv vode na kakovost končnih izdelkov.Water plays a crucial role in pharmaceutical products, being present at all stages of drug
development, manufacturing and storage. It can function as a solvent, an excipient or a by
product of a technological process and it significantly affects the physical, chemical and
microbiological properties of the final product. In solid dosage forms such as capsules, water
contributes to the integrity of the shell, elasticity and mechanical stability. Water in products
exists in different forms: free water, bound and adsorbed water – each influencing the
product\u27s characteristics differently. Therefore, selecting an appropriate analytical technique
is essential for the accurate determination and interpretation of water content.
In the experimental part, we compared three analytical approaches for determining water
content: measurement of water activity, Karl Fischer titration in several variants (volumetric,
coulometric with a generator electrode and oven-based) and the loss on drying method. Each
method operates on a different principle and targets different form of water within the
sample. We aimed to evaluate which method is the most appropriate for determining water
content in capsules. All methods were validated with respect to repeatability, intermediate
precision, accuracy and robustness. Water activity measurement proved to be a suitable
technique for assessing free water in the samples. The method is fast, simple and does not
require complex sample preparation. Method validation confirmed the high repeatability,
accuracy and robustness of the results. In contrast, the Karl Fischer titration technique – both
volumetric and coulometric, despite their theoretical specificity for both bound and free
water, was not suitable in practice for capsule analysis. The primary limitation was the
reaction between the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the Karl Fischer reagent, which
led to incomplete water release. Finally, the water content was also determined using the
loss on drying method, during which the pharmacopoeial procedure for the active ingredient
was validated. However, this method may overestimate the water content, as it also measures
other volatile components. This was confirmed in our case, since the sample decomposed
under the drying conditions. Furthermore, the analytical procedure is time-consuming.
Based on the obtained results, water activity measurement proved to be the most optimal
method for determining the free water content in capsules, as it is fast, specific, and best
reflects the actual impact of water on the quality of the final product
Development and validation of methods for water content determination in film-coated tablets: a comparison of water activity and Karl Fischer titration
No full textV farmacevtskih izdelkih ima voda ključno vlogo pri zagotavljanju kakovosti, stabilnosti in varnosti izdelkov, saj lahko prekomerna ali nezadostna vlaga v izdelku ali njegovi okolici povzroči poslabšanje kakovosti oziroma vodi do nestabilnosti izdelka. Prevelika količina vlage v izdelku lahko med shranjevanjem sproži nezaželene kemijske reakcije, kar vodi do nastanka razgradnih produktov, ki zmanjšajo učinkovitost in varnost zdravila. Težave pa nastopijo tudi pri prenizki vlažnosti, saj pogosto pride do izsuševanja in pojava razpok pri tabletah. Čeprav je voda prisotna v različnih oblikah, je prosta voda tista, ki je problematična, saj je na voljo za vključevanje v kemijske reakcije. Razpoložljivost proste vode določamo z merjenjem vodne aktivnosti (aw), ki predstavlja razmerje med parcialnim tlakom vodne pare v izdelku in nasičenim tlakom vodne pare pri enaki temperaturi. Za oceno skupne vsebnosti vode v izdelku, tako proste kot vezane vode, uporabimo Karl-Fisherjevo (KF) titracijo. V sklopu magistrske naloge smo razvili in validirali metodi za določanje aw in vsebnosti vode s KF titracijo na primeru filmsko obloženih tablet. V okviru razvoja metode za določanje aw smo preučili vpliv različnih dejavnikov na meritev ter določili optimalne pogoje za merjenje. Na podlagi rezultatov razvoja metode aw smo se odločili, da meritve izvajamo na celih tabletah pri relativni vlažnosti med 15 % in 30 %. Pri razvoju metode aw smo ugotovili, da majhna sprememba količine tablet ne vpliva bistveno na izmerjene vrednosti ter da je mletje v mlinčku primernejša predpriprava vzorca kot drobljenje s terilnico, zato smo mletje v mlinčku uporabili tudi pri določanju vsebnosti vode s KF titracijo. Za ustrezen potek KF titracije smo optimizirali maso tabletnega prahu, izbrali primerno topilo ter določili ustrezno relativno vlažnost prostora za pripravo vzorca. Po primerjavi podatkov o korelaciji med aw in vsebnostjo vode smo z uporabo GAB in BET modelov pokazali, da je povezava med njima dobra in omogoča zanesljiv vpogled v napovedovanje stabilnosti farmacevtskega izdelka. Zaključimo lahko, da je metoda za določanje aw primernejša, učinkovitejša in hitrejša v vsakdanjem rutinskem testiranju farmacevtskih izdelkov v primerjavi s KF titracijo. Hkrati je aw bolj povedna metoda, saj predstavlja razpoložljivost proste vode v izdelku, ki vpliva na stabilnost izdelka.In pharmaceutical products, water plays a key role in the quality, stability, and safety of products, as excessive or insufficient moisture in the product or its environment can cause quality deterioration or lead to instability. An excess of moisture can trigger unwanted chemical reactions during storage, resulting in the formation of degradation products that reduce the efficacy and safety of the drug. Low humidity can also lead to issues, often drying and cracking of tablets. Although water exists in various forms, it is the free water that causes the most problems, as it participates in chemical reactions. The availability of free water is determined by measuring water activity (aw), which represents the ratio between the partial vapor pressure of water in the product and the saturated vapor pressure at the same temperature. To assess total water content in a product, both free and bound water, Karl Fischer (KF) titration is used. As part of the master\u27s thesis, we developed and validated methods for determining aw and water content using KF titration on film-coated tablets. During aw method development, we examined various influencing factors and established optimal measurement conditions. Based on the results of the development of the aw method, measurements were performed on whole tablets at 15-30 % relative humidity. During the development of the aw method, it was found that a small change in tablet amount does not significantly affect the measured values and that grinding with a mill is a more suitable sample preparation method than crushing with a mortar. Consequently, milling was also applied for the determination of water content. For proper KF titration, the mass of tablet powder was optimized, an appropriate solvent was selected, and suitable humidity conditions were established for the sample preparation. Both developed methods were confirmed to be accurate, precise, robust, and linear. KF titration was shown to be sufficiently sensitive for reliable quantitative determination of water content. After comparing the correlation data between aw and water content, it was demonstrated using the GAB and BET models that their relationship is good and enables reliable prediction of drug product stability. It can be concluded that the method for determining aw is more suitable, efficient, and faster in everyday routine testing of drug products compared to the KF method. At the same time, aw is a more informative method, as it reflects the actual availability of free water in the product that influences drug product stability
Pravilo in mera
No full textIn this dissertation, I argue that a particular form of power-knowledge emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which I call the survey. Examples of surveys include cadastral measurements, inventories of local measurement units, compilations of customary law, geological and meteorological surveys, etc. The common goal and result of these surveys was the systematic recording of local phenomena, objects, practices, and practical knowledge, like property boundaries or characteristics of land, plants, and animals. I illustrate how such surveys developed into a specific manner of governing the local through the production of knowledge about habitual social relations and material conditions of daily life by studying the example of the so-called redemption and regulation of peasant “easements”. The purpose of this reform, proclaimed by the Patent of 5 July 1853, was to record and abolish the collective rights of village communities in forests, pastures and other commonly exploited lands in the entire Habsburg monarchy. Together with the land relief, which abolished feudal land tenure, the redemption replaced old land property relations with a new form of undivided and exclusive ownership.
Similar to previous attempts to restrict communal land rights, the contrivers of the redemption at the interior ministry classified these rights as easements—as burdens on lands that were attributed exclusively to another person, generally the former manors. However, they departed from both received Roman law and the Habsburg civil code, redefining the term easement as any land right that is “harmful to the national economy”. Examining petitions, protests, and complaints, I contrast the view of the surveyors with the juridical knowledge of the peasants, who often defended their rights as “parts” in communal land and as property. Analysing disputes reveals the extensive expropriation of village communities and the influence of the survey as a particular form of power-knowledge on the transformation of land property, proletarianization, and the development of capitalism in the Austrian Empire.V doktoratu utemeljujem, da se v 18. in 19. stoletju pojavi posebna oblika oblastne in znanstvene prakse, ki jo imenujem popis. Primeri tovrstnih popisov so denimo katastrske izmere, evidentiranje krajevnih mer in uteži, kompiliranje običajnega prava, in meteorološki popisi itd. Skupni cilj in rezultat teh popisov je bil sistematično evidentiranje lokalnih pojavov, predmetov, praks in praktične vednosti, npr. posestnih mej, običajnega prava, lastnosti zemlje, rastlin in živali, krajevnih merskih enot. V doktoratu ponazorim, kako so se tovrstni popisi razvili v poseben način upravljanja lokalnega prek produkcije vednosti o običajnih družbenih odnosih in materialnih pogojih vsakdanjega življenja, na primeru odkupa in regulacije kmečkih »služnosti«. Namen te reforme, razglašene s cesarskim patentom 5. julija 1853, je bil popisati in odpraviti kolektivne premoženjske pravice vaških skupnosti na gozdovih, pašnikih in drugem svetu v skupni rabi po celotni Habsburški monarhiji. Skupaj z zemljiško odvezo, ki je odpravila stvarnopravno podložnost, je servitutna regulacija nadomestila stara zemljiška premoženjska razmerja z novim institutom enotne in izključne lastnine.
Podobno kot predhodni poskusi omejevanja srenjskih premoženjskih pravic so tudi snovalci servitutne regulacije na ministrstvu za notranje zadeve te pravice klasificirali kot služnosti – kot bremena na zemljiščih, ki naj bi bila v izključni lasti tretje osebe, načeloma nekdanjih zemljiških gospostev. Vendar pa so odstopili tako od recipiranega rimskega prava kot od civilnega zakonika in uvedli popolnoma drugačno definicijo služnosti kot katerekoli stvarne pravice, ki je »škodljiva za državno ekonomijo«. Na podlagi peticij, uporov in pritožb pogled popisovalcev soočim z drugačno pravno vednostjo kmetov, ki so svoje pravice pogosto uveljavljali kot »parte« v skupnem svetu in kot lastnino. Obravnava sporov pokaže obsežno razlastitev vaških skupnosti ter vpliv popisa kot posebne oblike oblasti-vednosti na preobrazbo zemljiške lastnine, proletarizacijo in razvoj kapitalizma v Avstrijskem cesarstvu
Gamification of space missions through an interactive lunar base simulation
No full textDiplomska naloga obravnava poigritev vesoljske misije, kjer mora igralec z
grajenjem manjše baze na Luni uspešno upravljati z omejenimi surovinami
in vzdrževati astronavte pri življenju. Skozi interaktivno izkušnjo želimo prikazati,
kako izjemno zahtevno je preživeti v luninem okolju. Osrednji izzivi,
ki jih raziskujemo, vključujejo vzdrževanje življenjskih sistemov, optimalno
porabo redkih virov in obvladovanje nepredvidljivih dogodkov, kar skupaj
razkriva resnične težave vesoljskega preživetja na način, ki je obenem poučen
in zabaven.
Igro smo ustvarili, da bi vesoljske izzive približali na dostopen in vključujoč
način. Želeli smo premostiti vrzel med kompleksno realnostjo vesoljskih misij
in javnim razumevanjem, ter hkrati omogočiti učno okolje za preizkušanje
strategij preživetja. Igralni pristop omogoča, da se igralci preko poskusov in
napak naučijo o zapletenih sistemih, ne da bi jih obremenjevala težka teorija.
Prav tako igra služi kot močno orodje za vizualizacijo in testiranje konceptov
trajnostnega življenja v ekstremnih okoljih.
Metodologija dela je temeljila na iterativnem razvoju v spletnem okolju
Babylon.js, kjer smo za optimizacijo terena uporabili višinske zemljevide, za
avtonomno gibanje enot pa napredno navigacijsko mrežo. Z integracijo 3D
modelov, animacij in rešitvijo problemov detekcije trkov smo ustvarili stabilen
prototip strateške igre v realnem času. Rezultat je delujoča simulacija,
ki skozi mehanike zbiranja regolita, gradnje infrastrukture in upravljanja s
kisikom ter energijo igralca sooči z neizprosnimi posledicami napak, hkrati
pa omogoča uspešen zaključek misije z izstrelitvijo rakete Artemis.The thesis explores a gamified approach to a space mission, where the player
must successfully manage limited resources and sustain astronauts by building
a small lunar base. Through an interactive experience, we aim to demonstrate
the extreme challenges of surviving in the lunar environment. The key
challenges we investigate include maintaining life support systems, optimizing
the use of scarce resources, and managing unexpected events.
We created the game to make space challenges accessible and engaging.
Our goal was to bridge the gap between the complex reality of space missions
and public understanding, while providing a safe learning environment for
testing survival strategies. The gameplay approach allows players to learn
about complex systems through trial and error without being burdened by
heavy theory. The game also serves as a powerful tool for visualizing and
testing concepts of sustainable living in extreme environments. Together, this
reveals the real difficulties of space survival in a way that is both educational
and entertaining.
The methodology was based on iterative development within the Babylon.
js web environment, utilizing heightmaps for terrain optimization and an
advanced navigation mesh for autonomous unit movement. Through the integration
of 3D models, animations, and the resolution of collision detection
issues, we created a stable prototype of a real-time strategy game. The result
is a functional simulation that confronts the player with the unforgiving consequences
of errors through regolith gathering, infrastructure construction,
and resource management mechanics (oxygen and energy), while simultaneously
allowing for successful mission completion via the launch of the Artemis
rocket
Minimal model of an artificial topological material realized in a two-terminal Josephson junction threaded by Aharonov-Casher fluxes
No full textWe investigate a minimal model of a two-terminal Josephson junction with conventional superconducting (SC) leads and a pair of interconnected quantum dots in the presence of two Aharonov-Casher (AC) fluxes. The Andreev bound-state spectrum features Weyl nodes within a three-dimensional synthetic Brillouin zone defined in the space of these AC fluxes and the SC phase difference. The aim is to determine the location and topological charge of these nodes by probing the Berry curvature on closed surfaces that may enclose them. This is achieved by adiabatically varying the superconducting phase difference and AC fluxes along a path on these surfaces and measuring the associated currents. We define the kinematic curvature as the cross product of a tangent vector along the path and the vector of these currents. In the adiabatic regime, the path-averaged kinematic curvature provides a quantized response equal to the topological charge enclosed by the surface, provided the path uniformly and densely covers it
Challenges in integrating Ukrainian school children with temporary protection status into the Slovenian education system
No full textPričujoča magistrska naloga obravnava vprašanje izzivov, s katerimi so se pri vključevanju ukrajinskih učencev v osnovne šole srečevali strokovni delavci šol v Sloveniji. V prvem, teoretičnem delu, so predstavljeni temeljni pojmi migracij, pri čemer so posebej izpostavljene psihosocialne posledice razseljevanja in vojne pri otrocih, ki se pogosto kažejo v simptomih travme, anksioznosti in socialne izključenosti. Naloga obravnava pojme integracije in inkluzije ter model medkulturne vzgoje in izobraževanja, ki spodbuja dialog, strpnost in medsebojno učenje kot temelje uspešnega vključevanja. Naloga poudarja pomen šole kot zaščitnega dejavnika, ki lahko otrokom nudi občutek varnosti, stabilnosti in pripadnosti. Prav tako teoretični del naloge vključuje predstavitev slovenske zakonodaje ter strateških dokumentov (med drugim Smernic za vključevanje otrok z začasno zaščito v vzgojno-izobraževalne zavode), ki določajo pravice, obveznosti in podporne mehanizme za otroke priseljence.
Empirični del naloge temelji na kvalitativni raziskavi, katere vzorec predstavljajo strokovni delavci različnih osnovnih šol po Sloveniji. Z njimi so bili izvedeni polstrukturirani intervjuji. Namen raziskave je preveriti, s kakšnimi izzivi se pri vključevanju ukrajinskih učencev srečujejo osnovnošolski učitelji in svetovalni delavci, katerih formalnih in neformalnih strategij vključevanja se poslužujejo ter kako obravnavajo posledice vojnih stisk in travm pri ukrajinskih učencih s statusom začasne zaščite.
Rezultati kažejo, da so največji izzivi pri vključevanju povezani z jezikovnimi ovirami, omejenimi kadrovskimi viri ter pomanjkanjem sistemske in strokovne podpore šolam. Strokovni delavci poročajo, da se učenci sicer relativno hitro prilagodijo novemu okolju, vendar potrebujejo dolgotrajno in kontinuirano jezikovno ter psihosocialno podporo. Kot ključen dejavnik uspešne integracije se izkaže pozitivno naravnana šolska klima, vključenost in pomoč vrstnikov ter sodelovanje staršev in lokalne skupnosti. Za uspešno vključevanje ukrajinskih učencev je nujen celosten pristop, ki presega zgolj formalno integracijo v šolski sistem. Pomemben vidik uspešnega vključevanja predstavljajo medkulturno občutljivi učitelji, sistemska podpora v obliki dodatnih izobraževanj in virov ter kontinuirana psihosocialna pomoč otrokom in njihovim družinam. Naloga opozarja, da vključevanje učencev priseljencev ni enkraten dogodek, temveč proces, ki zahteva sodelovanje šole, staršev, lokalne skupnosti in širše družbe.The present master’s thesis examines the challenges faced by school professionals in integrating Ukrainian pupils into primary schools in Slovenia. The first, theoretical part, presents the fundamental concepts of migration, with particular emphasis on the psychosocial consequences of displacement and war for children, which often manifest themselves as symptoms of trauma, anxiety and social exclusion. The thesis discusses the concepts of integration and inclusion, as well as the model of intercultural education, which promotes dialogue, tolerance and mutual learning as the foundations of successful inclusion. It highlights the role of the school as a protective factor that can provide children with a sense of safety, stability and belonging. The theoretical part also examines Slovenian legislation and strategic documents (including the Guidelines for the Inclusion of Children with Temporary Protection in Educational Institutions), which define the rights, obligations, and support mechanisms for immigrant children.
The empirical part of the thesis is based on qualitative research, with the sample consisting of professionals from various primary schools across Slovenia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. The purpose of the research was to examine the challenges encountered by primary school teachers and counsellors when integrating Ukrainian pupils, the formal and informal inclusion strategies they use, and the ways in which they address the consequences of war-related distress and trauma among Ukrainian pupils with temporary protection status.
The results show that the greatest challenges in integration are related to language barriers, limited human resources and a lack of systemic and professional support for schools. School professionals report that although pupils generally adapt to the new environment relatively quickly, they require long-term and continuous language and psychosocial support. A positive school climate, peer involvement and assistance, and cooperation with parents and the local community prove to be key factors in successful integration. A holistic approach that goes beyond mere formal integration into the school system is essential for successful inclusion of Ukrainian pupils. Important aspects of effective inclusion include interculturally sensitive teachers, systemic support in the form of additional training and resources, and continuous psychosocial assistance for children and their families. The thesis emphasizes that the inclusion of immigrant pupils is not a one-time event but a process requiring the cooperation of the school, parents, the local community, and society at large
Revolutions as structural breaks
No full textThis paper examines whether major political institutional disruptions produce temporary shocks or structural breaks in long-term development. Using the 1979 Iranian Revolution as a natural experiment, we apply the synthetic control method to estimate its causal effect on economic growth and institutional quality. Drawing on a panel of 66 countries from 1950 to 2015, we construct counterfactual trajectories for Iran in the absence of revolutionary change. Our results show a persistent and statistically significant divergence in per capita GDP, institutional quality, and legal constraints on executive power. We perform in-space and in-time placebo tests to rule out confounding events, such as the Iran-Iraq War and international sanctions, and propose confidence interval estimation to address uncertainty in treatment effects. The findings identify the Iranian Revolution as a structural institutional rupture, with implications for the classification of institutional change more broadly. We contribute a generalizable empirical framework for distinguishing between temporary and structural institutional shocks in long-run development
Analysis of user satisfaction with healthcare services
No full textTema raziskave je analiza zadovoljstva uporabnikov zdravstvenih storitev, kar predstavlja ključen kazalnik kakovosti zdravstvenega sistema. V času naraščajočih pritiskov na javno zdravstvo, predvsem zaradi staranja prebivalstva in naraščajočih stroškov, postaja razumevanje uporabniške izkušnje nujno za izboljšanje učinkovitosti in dostopnosti storitev. Namen dela je bil proučiti stopnjo zadovoljstva uporabnikov ter identificirati ključne dejavnike, ki nanjo vplivajo. Cilj raziskave je bil proučiti, kateri elementi zdravstvenih storitev so najpomembnejši za uporabnike ter prepoznati specifične pomanjkljivosti in prednosti. Rezultati analize, izvedene med naključno izbranimi uporabniki, so pokazali, da so uporabniki na splošno zadovoljni z zdravstvenimi storitvami, čeprav izpostavljajo nezadovoljstvo s čakalnimi dobami, pomanjkanje razumevanja s strani zdravstvenega osebja oz. zanemarjanje uporabnikovih potreb in težav, neodzivnost ter previsoke stroške v zasebnem zdravstvu. Na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov se priporoča izboljšanje sistema čakalnih vrst, saj to ostaja ena največjih pomanjkljivosti javnega zdravstva. Z večjim številom zaposlenih bi lahko razbremenili osebje, kar bi omogočilo hitrejše in učinkovitejše zagotavljanje storitev. Poleg tega je ključnega pomena povečanje motivacije zaposlenih (npr. višje plače) in njihovo usposabljanje, saj vključenost in profesionalizem zaposlenih močno vplivata na uporabniško izkušnjo. Na dolgi rok bi takšne izboljšave prispevale k večjemu zadovoljstvu uporabnikov, večji učinkovitosti sistema ter zmanjšanju stroškov, povezanih z nezadovoljstvom in napakami v obravnavi pacientov.The topic of this research is the analysis of user satisfaction with healthcare services, which represents a key indicator of the quality of the healthcare system. In times of increasing pressure on public healthcare, primarily due to an aging population and rising costs, understanding the user experience has become essential for improving the efficiency and accessibility of services. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of user satisfaction and identify the key factors that influence it. The reserach aimed to explore which elements of healthcare services are most important to users and to identify specific shortcomings and strengths. The results of the analysis, conducted among random users, revealed that users are generally satisfied with healthcare services, although they expressed dissatisfaction with waiting times, lack of understanding from healthcare staff, neglect of users needs and concerns, lack of responsiveness and high costs associated with private healthcare. Based on the findings, it is recommended to improve the waiting list system, as it remains one of the most significant shortcomings in public healthcare. By increasing the number of employees, the workload could be alleviated, allowing for quicker and more efficient service delivery. Furthermore, increasing employee motivation (e.g., through higher salaries) and enhancing training is crucial, as employee engagement and professionalism have a significant impact on the user experience. In the long run, such improvements would contribute to higher user satisfaction, greater system efficieny, and a reduction in costs related to dissatisfaction and errors in patient care