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Reluctant transformers: The institutional logics of German savings banks climate finance
No full textWhat defines the role of public savings banks("Sparkassen") in tackling the socio-ecological challenges related to planetary boundaries, such as climate change and loss of biodiversity? A clear answer to this question is still lacking, in spite of that fact that the German Sparkassen have recently become more ambitious with respect to their role in the sustainability transformation. Taking these recent developments into account, we provide a qualitative empirical analysis of the institutional logics that shape the savings banks' response to repeated calls to deepen their involvement in ecological sustainability efforts. We argue that the lack of transformative potential that many observers have criticized is due to a specific combination of institutional logics, that emphasize compliance, competitiveness and controlling activities. Moreover, savings banks appear to be following a strategy of conservative transformation, consistent with the approaches they have followed in recent decades, to survive in a climate hostile to public ownership of financial institutions and relationship banking. We observe tendencies to make climate finance a vehicle to become relationship-orientated again, and identify the obstacles standing in the way of such a twist
Kosten von Zahlungsmitteln für Konsumenten: Literaturauswertung und Sensitivitätsanalysen
No full textZahlungsmittelkosten für Verbraucher sind schwer zu ermitteln, werden international nicht harmonisiert erfasst und schwanken je nach Studienergebnis deutlich von Land zu Land. Sie fallen in vielfacher Form an, etwa als Gebühren für die Kontoführung, für Barabhebungen am Geldausgabeautomaten oder für Zahlungskarten; aber auch als finanzieller Schaden bei Verlust oder Betrug. Zum anderen zählen dazu auch Zeitaufwendungen, z.B. für den Bargeldbezug oder den Zahlvorgang, und Kosten der Datenpreisgabe. Zur Ermittlung der Gesamtkosten und für internationale Vergleiche werden unterschiedliche Kennziffern errechnet, so die Kosten pro Transaktion, in Prozent des Transaktionswerts oder auch relativ zum BIP. Nach einer Klärung des Kostenbegriffs liegt der Fokus unseres Papiers auf einem zunächst ein kritischer Literaturüberblick zu Kostenstudien auf Verbraucherebene. Hier werden insbesondere die Ergebnisse vorhandener Arbeiten verglichen, die wichtigsten Kostenkategorien ausgemacht und Sensitivitätsanalysen angestellt. Wir finden einige Hauptkostentreiber und zeigen auf, wie sehr die Ergebnisse häufig von Annahmen getrieben werden.Payment costs for consumers are difficult to determine, are not recorded in an internationally harmonised manner and vary significantly from country to country. They are incurred in many forms, for example as fees for account management, for cash withdrawals at ATMs or for payment cards; but also as financial damage in the event of loss or fraud. On the other hand, this also includes time costs, e.g. for cash withdrawals or the payment process, and costs of data disclosure. To determine the total costs and for international comparisons, different key figures are calculated, such as the cost per transaction, as a percentage of the transaction value or relative to GDP. After clarifying the concept of costs, the focus of our paper is on a critical review of the literature on cost studies at the consumer level. In particular, the results of existing work are compared, the most important cost categories are identified and sensitivity analyses are carried out. We find some key cost drivers and show how the results are driven by key assumptions
Zuwanderung aus dem Westbalkan: In Gewinn für Deutschland
No full textIn den letzten fünf Jahren sind insgesamt rund 165.000 sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigte und 102.000 Fachkräfte mit Staatsangehörigkeiten der Westbalkanländer hinzugekommen. Gleichzeitig ist die Zahl der Bezieher von Bürgergeld aus den Westbalkanländern nicht gestiegen, sondern leicht zurückgegangen
Global, regional, and national burden of suicide, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textSummary Background Deaths from suicide are a tragic yet preventable cause of mortality. Quantifying the burden of suicide to understand its geographical distribution, temporal trends, and variation by age and sex is an essential step in suicide prevention. We aimed to present a comprehensive set of global, regional, and national estimates of suicide burden. Methods We produced estimates of the number of deaths and age-standardised mortality rates of suicide globally, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021, and disaggregated these results by age and sex. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 estimates of deaths attributable to suicide were broken down into two comprehensive categories: those by firearms and those by other specified means. For this analysis, we also produced estimates of mean age at the time of death from suicide, incidence of suicide attempts compared with deaths, and age-standardised rates of suicide by firearm. We acquired data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, and mortality surveillance that included 23 782 study-location-years of data from GBD 2021. Point estimates were calculated from the average of 1000 randomly selected possible values of deaths from suicide by age, sex, and geographical location. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution. Findings Globally, 746000 deaths (95% UI 692000–800000) from suicide occurred in 2021, including 519000 deaths (485 000–556000) among males and 227 000 (200 000–255000) among females. The age-standardised mortality rate has declined over time, from 14·9 deaths (12·8–15·7) per 100000 population in 1990 to 9·0 (8·3–9·6) per 100000 in 2021. Regionally, mortality rates due to suicide were highest in eastern Europe (19·2 [17·5–20·8] per 100000), southern sub-Saharan Africa (16·1 [14·0–18·3] per 100000), and central sub-Saharan Africa (14·4 [11·0–19·1] per 100000). The mean age at which individuals died from suicide progressively increased during the study period. For males, the mean age at death by suicide in 1990 was 43·0 years (38·0–45·8), increasing to 47·0 years (43·5–50·6) in 2021. For females, it was 41·9 years (30·9–46·7) in 1990 and 46·9 years (41·2–52·8) in 2021. The incidence of suicide attempts requiring medical care was consistently higher at the regional level for females than for males. The number of deaths by suicide using firearms was higher for males than for females, and substantially varied by country and region. The countries with the highest age-standardised rate of suicides attributable to firearms in 2021 were the USA, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Interpretation Deaths from suicide remain variable by age and sex and across geographical locations, although population mortality rates have continued to improve globally since the 1990s. This study presents, for the first time in GBD, a quantification of the mean age at the time of suicide death, alongside comprehensive estimates of the burden of suicide throughout the world. These analyses will help guide future approaches to reduce suicide mortality that consider a public health framework for prevention
Addressing logistics land in spatial planning. An exemplary evaluation of state and regional plans
No full textDerzeit gibt es unter anderem mit dem hohen Flächenverbrauch für Logistikimmobilien sowie der drängenden Umsetzung der Verkehrswende Gründe für ein planerisches Aufgreifen der Logistik durch die Raumordnung. Eine planerische Handlungsoption ist die Sicherung von geeigneten Standorten in formellen Raumordnungsplänen. Es liegen bislang nur wenige Untersuchungen vor, inwieweit dies umgesetzt wird. Dervorliegende Beitrag untersucht beispielhaft anhand von 17 Regionalplänen, mit welchen Planungsinstrumenten und welchem planerischen Fokus diese Aufgabe derzeit in deutschen(über)regionalen Raumordnungsplänen umgesetzt wird. Beider Auswertung zeigt sich, dass in der Hälfte der regionalen Raumordnungspläne Planungsinstrumente zur Steuerung von Logistikstandorten angewendet werden. In einzelnen Regionalplänen werden dabei ausschließlich abgegrenzte Logistiksegmente planerisch verankert, z. B. die Ansiedlung hafenaffinen Gewerbes im Umfeld von Häfen. Die Sicherung von öffentlich zugänglicher Logistikinfrastruktur ist hingegen deutlich etablierter und erfolgt in fast allen Plänen. Standortsteuerung von Logistik in regionalen Raumordnungsplänen findet statt, wenn Logistik als wirtschaftlicher Schwerpunkt definiert wird, Logistik als relevant für die Funktionsfähigkeit der regionalen Wirtschaft betrachtet wird oder die Standortsteuerung durch landesplanerische Vorgabe gefordert wird.Currently, there are reasons for taking logistics up in spatial planning, including the large land consumption of logistics facilities and the urgent implementation of a sustainable transport system. One planning option is to secure suitable land for logistics facilities in formal spatial development plans. To date, only a limited number of studies have been carried out on this specific implementation. This paper uses 17 regional plans as examples to examine the planning instruments and planning focus with which this task is currently being implemented in German regional plans. The analysis of the regional plans at hand shows that half of the regional plans use planning instruments to address logistics facilities. In some regional plans, only defined logistics segments are addressed in planning, e.g. the establishment of port-related industries in the proximity of ports. To term land for logistics infrastructure like ports and inland terminals on the other hand, is much more established and is included in almost all plans. Taking up planning for locations of logistics facilities in regional plans takes place when logistics is defined as an economic focus, logistics is considered relevant for the functioning of the regional economy or planning locations for logistics facilities are required by state planning regulations
Misperceptions, Income Positions, and Attitudes Toward EU Inequality: A Cross-Country Survey Experiment
No full textWe examine the relationship between misperceptions, income positions, and attitudes toward inequality at the supranational level of the EU. Conducting surveys in four EU member states (Germany, Italy, Poland, and Sweden), we confirm that Europeans misperceive their own income position in the EU. Once we account for these misperceptions, we find for all four countries that the lower their income rank, the more citizens assess EU income differences as unjust and are supportive of an EU minimum wage. When we inform a randomized subsample about their misperceived EU income position, those who learn that they are richer than they initially thought assess EU income differences as less unjust. The experiment unveils differences across countries: The general result is driven by respondents in Italy, Poland, and Sweden, whereas information on income misperceptions has opposing effects in Germany. This difference in the treatment reactions of the Germans is very robust and cannot be explained by their identification with the EU, trust in the EU, altruistic motives, political orientation, or socio-demographics
Corporate social responsibility decision-making considering multiple factors in a duopoly model
No full textThis study constructs a duopoly model considering corporate social responsibility (CSR), examines the results of different CSR decisions, and analyzes how factors like CSR level, tax rates, externalities, and consumer sensitivity affect results. The findings show that these factors have complex impacts and that the implementation of CSR can create a win-win situation under certain conditions. Firms should consider the CSR actions of their competitors and pay careful attention to taxes, externalities, and consumer sensitivity when making CSR decisions. Implementing CSR benefits firms when CSR levels and tax rates are within a specific range. When consumer sensitivity is high or negative externalities are large, it is conducive to promoting a more active implementation of CSR, thus helping firms obtain higher returns or reduce negative externalities
A Comment on "The Association between Vaccination Status Identification and Societal Polarization", Henkel et al. (2023)
Get PDFHenkel et al. (2023) investigate the relationship between identification with one's vaccination status against COVID-19 and various measures of societal polarization. They find that vaccination status identification (VSI) moderates the relationship between vaccination status and (1) perception of public discourse, (2) perception of being discriminated against, (3) perceived ostracism, (4) ingroup preference in Dictator Game donations, (5) reactance to a vaccination mandate, and (6) self-reported engagement in activism against the mandate. First, we reproduce the paper's main findings in both R (using the original code as well as new code) and Stata, without any errors that affect the study's main results. Second, we conduct sensitivity analyses where we (1) account for the fact that some respondents change vaccination status (using panel regressions with fixed effects) and (2) conduct logistic regressions (instead of linear regressions) on the two binary outcome variables. Results are mostly in line with the original findings, except in the fixed effects models where the interaction between vaccination status and VSI was not significant for some of the outcome variables. However, this could also result from a lower number of observations in these regressions