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Digital Resilience in Dealing with Misinformation on Social Media during COVID-19
No full textIn crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to support users when dealing with social media content. Considering digital resilience, we propose a web app based on Social Network Analysis (SNA) to provide an overview of potentially misleading vs. non-misleading content on Twitter, which can be explored by users and enable foundational learning. The latter aims at systematically identifying thematic patterns which may be associated with misleading information. Additionally, it entails reflecting on indicators of misleading tweets which are proposed to approach classification of tweets. Paying special attention to non-expert users of social media, we conducted a two-step Think Aloud study for evaluation. While participants valued the opportunity to generate new knowledge and the diversity of the application, qualities such as equality and rapidity may be further improved. However, learning effects outweighed individual costs as all users were able to shift focus onto relevant features, such as hashtags, while readily pointing out content characteristics. Our design artifact connects to learning-oriented interventions regarding the spread of misleading information and tackles information overload by a SNA-based plug-in
Taking an extra moment to consider treatment effects on distributions
No full textThis paper introduces Parameter Estimation by Raw Moments (PERM), a flexible method for evaluating a policy's impact on the parameters of an outcome distribution. Such parameters include the variance (E[Y 2 ]-E[Y] 2 ), skewness and covariance of two outcomes. PERM simplifies distributional analysis by first separately estimating higher-order moment treatment effects (e.g., E[Y 2 ]), then combining these to derive distribution parameter treatment effects. Two implementations are discussed: regression with controls and DiD with staggered roll-out. Applying PERM DiD to a Swedish school reform finds it reduced education inequality but increased earnings variance resulting in a lower covariance between education and earnings
Rethinking crisis leadership through leadership-as-practice: A narrative review and future directions
No full textWhile crisis leadership has received significant attention, existing scholarship lacks an analysis that can account for the collective, embodied and emergent nature of leadership in times of crisis. In this study, we employ a narrative review methodology as the primary analytic tool to synthesise insights on how leadership-as-practice (L-A-P) theory can be applied to crisis leadership, highlighting critical aspects of crisis leadership that are often overlooked by conventional perspectives. Accordingly, we outline three complementary avenues through which L-A-P can enrich crisis leadership research: by (1) enhancing understanding of the dynamic interplay between routines and improvisation, (2) exploring the intersections of leadership and learning during crisis; and (3) capturing collective forms of leadership that emerge under crisis conditions. As a theoretical foray, this study opens avenues for empirical research and offers insights for practitioners in organisations facing complex crises
The impact of green policies on local economic performance: Evidence from the EU ETS
Get PDFEnvironmental policies such as the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) raise concerns about their impact on local employment and competitiveness. Yet, existing EU ETS studies focus on firm-level outcomes during the initial phases of the program. We construct a panel dataset of about 900 European provinces across 2008 to 2020 to assess the effects of a significant policy change in Phase 3 of the EU ETS. Specifically, we investigate how the changes in the allocation of free allowances affected local economies in terms of employment, gross value added (GVA) and productivity. By assembling a novel dataset and measuring the net change of paid emissions from Phase 2 to Phase 3 we construct a measure of exposure to the policy change at the NUTS-3 level. Using synthetic difference-in-differences, we find that being more exposed to the EU ETS is associated with a statistically significant contraction of employment and GVA in the more carbon-intensive industries. Our results are complemented with evidence on a sizeable reduction in carbon emissions and mild impact in terms of regional disparities in the European Union
The German Environmental Tax Reform: a difference-in-differences analysis of its impacts in European comparison
No full textIn 1998, the red-green Schröder government implemented the Environmental Tax Reform (ETR), raising taxes on petrol, diesel, natural gas and heating oil and introducing a new duty on electricity in Germany. At the same time, it cut non-wage labour costs by reducing public pension contributions. The goal was to achieve Germany’s Kyoto Protocol emissions targets and to reduce a level of unemployment unprecedented since World War II while avoiding the burden on the public budget through revenue recycling. Employing microdata from household budget surveys of 1998 and 2003, this article analyses whether increased duties on motor fuels and electricity lead to a substantial reduction in households’ consumption of these goods. Considering the ETR as a natural experiment, it uses the difference-in-differences approach in a European context with Germany as the treatment group and Italy, Spain and the UK as the control group. Ordinary least square regressions reveal that motor fuel demand is price inelastic, while electricity consumption increased despite the substantial rise in prices. Quartile regressions show that the effect of the motor fuel tax is slightly higher at the bottom than at the upper tail of the distribution supporting the notion that low-level consumers are more likely to find alternative substitutes
Academic cost of student mobility: COVID-19 restrictions as a natural experiment
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic forced university students to transition to online learning due to mobility restrictions and campus closures. When in-person teaching resumed, many students had to commute or move closer to campus and adapt to a new learning and social environment. This paper examines how this mid-study return to campus impacted academic performance and whether all students had to bear the same costs. Using administrative student data from a public university in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and a difference-in-differences approach, the results show an overall significant but small decrease in passed credit points and the number of registered exams. The effects increase over time and reach a 14 percent decrease in passed credit points and a 13 percent decrease in registered exams after five semesters. Additionally, the overall dropout probability decreases by 33 percent. The estimated effects are heterogenous with respect to cohorts, sex, and migration background. Moreover, the cost of student mobility increases by distance
Property Rights, Sick Pay and Effort Supply
No full textDirect evidence on variations in work incentives across different property rights systems remains scarce. This paper examines absenteeism among individuals employed in worker cooperatives—firms that are ultimately controlled by their workforce. By leveraging employment data matched with sick leave records and reform-induced variation in the generosity of Uruguay's statutory sick pay, we find that absenteeism differentially increased for individuals affected by the policy change and employed in cooperatives. The effect is driven by co-op members, hard-to-diagnose (and, hence, more prone to moral hazard reporting problems) musculoskeletal conditions and large cooperatives. Conventional firms used dismissals more intensely than cooperatives as a threat to keep absenteeism in check after the reform
Benign Neglect or Institutionalisation? Dealing with de facto Euroisation in Candidate Countries
No full textEU enlargement rounds have always been driven by political will of the parties concerned and administered through a comprehensive legal-bureaucratic procedure. There is strong political determination to carry on the accession process involving Western Balkan countries as well as Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova, but the standard enlargement procedures have proven timeinconsistent for recent applicants. This article scrutinises the specific historical, geopolitical and domestic characteristics of the Western Balkans and focuses on the unique currency situation of the region. Widespread spontaneous use of the euro in everyday life, and unilateral euroisation in two cases, should justify a non-standard monetary policy arrangement; not a shortcut to the euro area but providing an institutional framework and clear perspective for the parties concerned. These proposals align with recent accession practices and would strengthen political momentum
The impact of entrepreneurship research on other academic fields
No full textThe remarkable ascent of entrepreneurship witnessed as a scientific field over the last 4 decades has been made possible by entrepreneurship’s ability to absorb theories, paradigms, and methods from other fields such as economics, psychology, sociology, geography, and even biology. The respectability of entrepreneurship as an academic discipline is now evidenced by many other fields starting to borrow from the entrepreneurship view. In the present paper, seven examples are given from this “pay back” development. These examples were first presented during a seminar at the Erasmus Entrepreneurship Event called what has the entrepreneurship view to offer to other academic fields? This article elaborates on the core ideas of these presentations and focuses on the overarching question of how entrepreneurship research impacts the development of other academic fields. We found that entrepreneurship research questions the core assumptions of other academic fields and provides new insights into the antecedents, mechanisms, and consequences of their respective core phenomena. Moreover, entrepreneurship research helps to legitimize other academic fields both practically and academically
Monetary Policy in Open Economies with Production Networks
No full textThis paper studies the design of monetary policy in small open economies with domestic and cross-border production networks and nominal rigidities. The monetary policy that closes the domestic output gap is nearly optimal and is implemented by stabilizing the aggregate inflation index that weights sectoral inflation according to the sector's roles as a supplier of inputs and a net exporter of products within the international production networks. To close the output gap, monetary policy should assign large weights to inflation in sectors with small direct or indirect (i.e., via the downstream sectors) import shares and failing to account for the cross-border production networks overemphasizes inflation in sectors that export intensively directly and indirectly (i.e., via the downstream sectors). We validate our theoretical results using the World Input-Output Database and show that the monetary policy that closes the output gap outperforms alternative policies that abstract from the openness of the economy or the input-output linkages