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Towards a consistent framework for analyzing behavioral design in smartphone apps
No full textDesign elements intended to influence the behavior of users are ubiquitous in smartphone apps. To date, there is no systematic framework that comprises the most common elements and their potential effects and risks to enable the analysis of behavioral design in smartphone apps. Building upon previous research, I compare different frameworks from research areas related to behavioral design. I collect and describe 91 common elements that are frequently used in smartphone apps in a synthesis framework that I call Behavioral Design Map. This framework is then exemplarily applied to analyze screenshots from six popular smartphone apps. I find that pre-existing frameworks are very heterogeneous in their scope, comprehensiveness and language. The perspective of the user and possible harmful side effects of certain legal elements are only sparsely covered. The analysis of smartphone apps using the Behavioral Design Map shows that the approach of the framework can be helpful in increasing the understanding of the application and effects of behavioral design in apps. Apps from entertainment categories appear to rely heavily on combinations of behavioral design elements based on reward mechanisms. Surprisingly, a fitness app designed for adopting a running routine applies behavioral design rather moderately.Designelemente, die das Verhalten von Nutzern beeinflussen sollen, sind in Smartphone-Apps allgegenwärtig. Bislang gibt es kein systematisches Framework, das die häufigsten Elemente sowie ihre möglichen Effekte und Risiken umfasst und so die Analyse von Behavioral Design in Smartphone-Apps ermöglicht. In diesem Papier vergleiche ich verschiedene Frameworks aus Forschungsbereichen mit Bezug zu Behavioral Design. Ich sammle und beschreibe 91 bekannte Elemente, die häufig in Smartphone-Apps verwendet werden, in einem Framework, das ich als Behavioral Design Map bezeichne. Anschließend wird das Framework beispielhaft angewendet, um Screenshots aus sechs populären Smartphone-Apps zu analysieren. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass bestehende Frameworks hinsichtlich Umfang, Vollständigkeit und Terminologie sehr heterogen sind. Die Perspektive der Nutzenden und potenzielle schädliche Nebeneffekte bestimmter legaler Elemente werden nur wenig berücksichtigt. Die Analyse von Smartphone-Apps mit der Behavioral Design Map zeigt, dass der Ansatz des Frameworks dabei hilfreich sein kann, das Verständnis der Nutzung und der Effekte von Behavioral Design in Apps zu verbessern. Apps aus Unterhaltungskategorien scheinen intensiv Kombinationen von Behavioral Design-Elementen einzusetzen, die auf Belohnungsmechanismen basieren. Überraschenderweise verwendet eine Fitness-App, die für das Entwickeln einer Laufroutine designt wurde, Behavioral Design eher in moderatem Umfang
Market Structure and College Access in the US
No full textState governments provide grants to students to subsidize college attendance. In response, colleges can adjust their tuition, aid policies, and admission standards, affecting equilibrium enrollment and pass-through of aid to students. To quantify demand- and supply-side responses, I develop a model that incorporates the geographic nature of the market and strategic competition between individual colleges. Simulations demonstrate that college responses are meaningful: when students receive $1,000 to attend in-state public colleges, these colleges absorb over 40% of the subsidy on average and raise admissions standards, reducing the enrollment effect of the policy. Close competitors see enrollment declines of 2-3%
A simple proof of second-order sufficient optimality conditions in nonlinear semidefinite optimization
Get PDFIn this note, we present an elementary proof for a well-known second-order sufficient optimality condition in nonlinear semidefinite optimization which does not rely on the enhanced theory of second-order tangents. Our approach builds on an explicit elementary computation of the so-called second subderivative of the indicator function associated with the semidefinite cone which recovers the best curvature term known in the literature
Editorial to the special issue on applications of complexity for resilient organizations, management and innovation systems
No full textWelcome to the Special Issue on Applications of Complexity for Resilient Organizations, Management, and Innovation Systems. This Special Issue includes six articles highlighting how complexity science and complex systems approaches can be employed to study resilient aspects in organizations, management and innovation systems. Nowadays, governments, policy-makers, managers, firms, and organizations are requested to face challenges with possible and unpredictable disruptive events always more and more interconnected. Complexity science and complex systems approaches applied to economic and managerial systems allow to model the endogenous dynamics of a system as a whole and composed of heterogeneous interacting agents from the bottom up. Such models open the opportunity for a dynamic and systemic approach to investigate and improve the resilience of organizations and innovation systems. It is crucial to remark that both scholars and decision-makers collaborated on the Special Issue to better understand the advantages of using a systemic approach (i.e., complexity science and complex systems approaches) in areas where such methodologies have not been considered so far, i.e., organization, innovation, and management. To aid in this endeavor, the papers included in the Special Issue investigate different conceptual and methodological aspects applied in different contexts and open a new vista on the opportunity offered by complexity science and complex systems approaches to face research and professional questions in the areas of organization, management, and innovation
International trade war: Spice Road against Silk Road
No full textPurpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyse the international political economy of Korea and its effects due to geopolitical tension between China and the USA. Design/methodology/approach - Economic war between China and the USA has prolonged longer than expected. Aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, reforming the supply chain has been the centre of economic tension between China and the USA. Quite recently, with the rapid expansion of Chinese e-commerce platforms, distribution channels come upon a new economic tension between the two. And now is the time to pivot its pattern of conflict from competition into cooperation. In this end, economic diplomacy could be a useful means to give a signal of cooperation. From the view of economic diplomacy, this paper tries to analyse the projected transition of economic war between China and the USA with its implication on the trade policy of Korea. Findings - As an implementation of economic diplomacy, China suggested the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), enhancing trade logistics among related countries to gain competitiveness. In 2023, the Biden administration suggested the India-Middle East and Europe Economic Corridor as a counter to BRI, which will be a threshold for changing trade policy from economic war into economic diplomacy. As a result, it is expected China and the USA will expand their economic diplomacy in a way to promote economic cooperation among allied states, while the distribution channel war would continue to accelerate the economic tension between China and the USA. Korea has to prepare for and provide measures handling this geopolitical location in its trade policy or economic diplomacy. Originality/value - This research contributes to the awareness and understanding of trade environments from the perspective of economic diplomacy
Konsumentenverhalten im E-Sport: Konsummotive von E-Sport-Zuschauern und Implikationen für das E-Sport-Management
No full textE-sports booms and elevates e-sports viewers to a central stakeholder of the value chain. This makes a sound understanding of the consumer behavior of e-sports spectators essential for corporate success. The aim of this paper is to identify possible consumption motives of esports viewers to derive promising implications for a consumer-oriented management of esports organizations. A popular method for researching consumption motives in spectator sports is the Motivation Scale for Sports Consumption (MSSC), which was instrumentalized in this work within a previously tested quantitative online survey (n = 248) and statistically analyzed with the help of group formations in order to answer the research question: "What are the central consumption motives of esports spectators worldwide who consume esports in early 2023, based on the MSSC model?" Based on the results, vicarious achievement, drama, escapism, knowledge acquisition, physical skills of players, enjoyment of aggression and novelty were identified as consumption motives of esports viewers worldwide who consumed esports in early 2023. This paper provides a deep insight into the esports industry, further data and insights about esports viewers. It also explains how esports organizations can gain economic advantages by aligning their business activities with consumption motives and addressing them in a targeted manner. However, the results indicate that consumption motives can differ greatly among esports viewers. Therefore, esports and esports viewers cannot be regarded as a homogenous group. Consequently, further research should be conducted in a more differentiated manner and with the help of specific esports models to increase the quality of results
[Rezension] Eich, Stefan (2023): Die Währung der Politik. Eine politische Ideengeschichte des Geldes. Aus dem Englischen von Felix Kurz
Get PDFHuman realignment: An empirical study of LLMs as legal decision-aids in moral dilemmas
Get PDFRecent advances in AI create possibilities for delegating legal decision-making to machines or enhancing human adjudication through AI assistance. Using classic normative conflicts - the trolley problem and similar moral dilemmas - as a proof of concept, we examine the alignment between AI legal reasoning and human judgment. In our baseline experiment, we find a pronounced mismatch between decisions made by GPT and those of human subjects. This misalignment raises substantive concerns for AI-powered legal decision-aids. We investigate whether explicit normative guidance can address this misalignment, with mixed results. GPT-3.5 is susceptible to such intervention, but frequently refuses to decide when faced with a moral dilemma. GPT-4 is outright utilitarian, and essentially ignores the instruction to decide on deontological grounds. GPT-o3-mini faithfully implements this instruction, but is unwilling to balance deontological and utilitarian concerns if instructed to do so. At least for the time being, explicit normative instructions are not fully able to realign AI advice with the normative convictions of the legislator
Start-ups als Innovationstreiber stärken
Get PDFDie Entwicklung von Unternehmensgründungen im Verarbeitende Gewerbe in Deutschland ist rückläufig. Anders sieht es bei technologieintensiven Dienstleistungen, insbesondere im Bereich Softwareentwicklung und Künstliche Intelligenz, aus. Dort steigen die Gründungszahlen deutlich. Verbesserter Zugang zu Wagniskapital sowie gezielte Förderprogramme konnten jüngst positive Impulse setzen. Allerdings berichten Gründerinnen und Gründer von Hemmnissen durch Bürokratie und fragmentierten Finanzierungs- und Förderstrukturen. Eine stärkere Fokussierung auf innovative, wachstumsorientierte Gründungen kann helfen, die Innovationskraft Deutschlands nachhaltig zu sichern
