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Die Bewältigung jurisdiktioneller Berufskonflikte: Die Anwaltschaft im Wettbewerb mit Legal Tech-Unternehmen auf dem deutschen Rechtsdienstleistungsmarkt
No full textThe recent rise of legal tech firms has led to significant changes in the German legal services market, challenging the quasi-monopoly of traditional lawyers. Our paper explores this evolving relationship between legal tech firms and traditional lawyers in Germany, focusing on how these groups compete, cooperate, and forge distinct professional identities. Drawing on Andrew Abbott’s theory of professions, we examine whether there is a jurisdictional conflict between them, i. e., whether they compete for the same work-related tasks. By conducting semi-structured interviews with individuals working in the field and a document analysis of relevant public statements and legal texts, we find that there is at least some degree of jurisdictional conflict, albeit limited to a specific segment of the legal services market, particularly tenancy law. In addition, legal tech firms have developed work practices that differ significantly from those of traditional lawyers, emphasizing automated workflows and largely eschewing in-person consultations. These novel practices have also led to the emergence of a new identity for legal tech entrepreneurs, one that emphasizes entrepreneurship and consumer advocacy. Despite the differences and conflicts, there currently appears to be a cooperative division between traditional lawyers and legal tech companies, suggesting functional interdependence in certain market segments.Der aktuelle Aufschwung von Legal Tech-Unternehmen hat zu erheblichen Umwälzungen auf dem deutschen Rechtsdienstleistungsmarkt geführt und stellt damit das Quasi-Monopol der Anwaltschaft in Frage. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Beziehung zwischen Legal-Tech-Firmen und konventionellen Anwält*innen in Deutschland und konzentriert sich dabei auf die Art und Weise, wie diese Gruppen miteinander konkurrieren, kooperieren und unterschiedliche berufliche Identitäten herausbilden. Auf der Grundlage von Andrew Abbotts Theorie der Berufe wird dabei analysiert, ob es zwischen diesen Gruppen einen sogenannten „jurisdiktionellen Konflikt“ gibt, das heißt ob sie um dieselben Arbeitsbereiche konkurrieren. Die Auswertung von semi-strukturierten Expert*inneninterviews mit Personen, die in diesem Bereich tätig sind, und einer Dokumentenanalyse relevanter öffentlicher Stellungnahmen und juristischer Text zeigen, dass es zumindest ein gewisses Maß an Jurisdiktionskonflikten gibt, wenn auch nur in einem begrenzten Segment des Rechtsdienstleistungsmarktes, insbesondere im Mietrecht. Darüber hinaus haben Legal Tech-Firmen Arbeitsmethoden entwickelt, die sich deutlich von denen herkömmlicher Anwält*innen unterscheiden, indem sie den Schwerpunkt auf automatisierte Arbeitsabläufe legen und persönliche Beratungsgespräche weitgehend vermeiden. Diese neuartigen Praktiken haben auch zur Entstehung einer neuen Identität für Legal Tech-Unternehmer*innen geführt, die das Unternehmertum und Verbraucherschutz in den Vordergrund stellt. Trotz der Unterschiede und Konflikte scheint es eine Arbeitsteilung zwischen traditionellen Anwält*innen und Legal-Tech-Unternehmen zu geben, was auf eine funktionale Interdependenz in bestimmten Marktsegmenten hindeutet
Parenting, Social Norms and Adolescent Risky Behaviors
No full textThis study investigates the association between childhood parenting styles and the emergence of risk-taking behaviors in young adulthood, a critical life course transition. Utilizing data on risk-taking behaviors among college students, alongside variables reflecting parent-child relationships in the family of origin, we derive classifications of parenting styles. The empirical findings reveal that individuals exposed to authoritarian parenting, and to a lesser extent, permissive parenting, demonstrate an increased propensity for engaging in diverse risk-taking behaviors, both in frequency and intensity. Conversely, authoritative parenting appears to exert a partial mitigating influence on these behaviors. Furthermore, by analyzing a sub-sample of students who migrated to a different province to enroll in a University degree, we explore the impact of parental social norms prevalent in their provinces of origin on these behaviors, observing a limited effect. These findings contribute to the understanding of how family and environmental influences during critical life stages shape health-related behaviors and potentially impact life-course and human capital trajectories
Preferences and the Puzzle of Female Labor Force Participation
No full textWomen's educational attainment has continuously increased across the Middle East, while fertility rates have declined substantially. Yet their labor force participation remains stubbornly low. To investigate this puzzle, I use a discrete choice experiment in Egypt that varies the gender composition of the work environment–a key but underexplored dimension. I find that men, who have final say over women's work decisions, demand 77% higher wages for their wives if the job is in a mixed-gender setting. Since few workplaces are all-female and men can veto women's employment, these findings help explain the persistently low female participation rate
Konjunkturschlaglicht: Kupfer als Frühindikator wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung in Deutschland?
No full textA Comment on "Gender Bias in Parental Attitude: An Experimental Approach" by Begum, Grossman and Islam (2018)
No full textBegum et al. (2018) study gender bias in parental attitudes using an experimental approach in rural Bangladesh. Households are reported as randomly assigned to treatment conditions in a lab-in-the-field allocation task. We show that the group assignment was inherited from Islam (2019), a previous non-randomized experiment conducted in the same region. The lack of randomization contradicts the design descriptions provided by the authors in Begum et al. (2018) and elsewhere, and raise concerns about the validity of comparisons across treatment groups. It also points to serious shortcomings in the reporting and transparency of the study design-issues that mirror those that led to the retraction of Islam (2019) from the European Economic Review
Politikevaluation als gesetzlicher Auftrag: Das Teilhabechancengesetz als Fallbeispiel
No full textIn ihrem Koalitionsvertrag haben sich CDU, CSU und SPD zur Vorlage eines Forschungsdatengesetzes noch in diesem Jahr bekannt. Dieses Gesetz sollte eigentlich schon in der letzten Legislaturperiode verabschiedet werden und ist weiterhin dringend notwendig, da existierende Daten in weitestmöglicher Form für eine evidenzbasierte Politikberatung bereit stehen sollten. Nur auf einer breiten Datengrundlage können Gesetze auf ihre Wirksamkeit hin analysiert und valide Bewertungen vorgenommen werden. Dabei bergen insbesondere Individualdatensätze, bei denen Befragungsdaten mit verschiedenen administrativen Datenquellen verknüpft werden, großes Potenzial. Am Beispiel von Forschung am Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung wird aufgezeigt, wie der Datenzugang zu Sozialdaten unter Wahrung des Datenschutzes geregelt wird und wie mit empirischen Analysen basierend auf verknüpften Datensätzen eine wichtige Politikreform - das Teilhabechancengesetz - begleitend evaluiert wird.In their coalition agreement, the governing parties in Germany have committed to presenting a research data law before the end of this year. This law should have been passed in the last legislative period and is still urgently needed, as evidence-based policy advice should be able to use existing data in the broadest possible form. Only laws based on a detailed data can be analysed and evaluated for their effectiveness. Individual data sets that contain survey data linked to various administrative data sources hold great potential. The example of research at the Institute for Employment Research shows how access to administrative social data is regulated in compliance with data protection and how empirical analyses based on linked datasets are used to evaluate an important policy reform, namely the Participation Opportunities Act
Access to electricity and gendered labor allocation: Insights from Ethiopia
No full textElectrification typically promotes economic development and enhances household wellbeing. However, how electrification affects the economic activities of different demographic groups is not yet sufficiently understood. Focusing only on aggregate household-level outcomes may overlook unequal effects on different individuals, which may potentially result in intra-household inequities. Here, we use panel data from Ethiopia to analyze the implications for different groups of individuals. Specifically, we analyze how electrification is associated with labor time allocation of male and female adults, children, and elderly household members. For adults, we find that electrification is positively associated with off-farm working hours and negatively associated with time spent on own farming activities and unpaid housework such as firewood and water fetching. For working-age women, the positive association with the time spent on off-farm activities is particularly large. For children, most of the associations are not statistically significant, even though electrification seems to increase boy's time allocation to own farming activities, possibly substituting for some of the reduced adult time spent on farming. Differentiating between sources of electricity, we find that the effects are typically larger for grid than for off-grid solar electricity. Our results suggest that electrification is economically beneficial and can promote more gender-equitable labor outcomes
Religion and the money laundering risk
No full textIn this paper, we investigate the impact of religion on the money laundering risk, focusing specifically on Protestantism compared to other religions. Protestantism is often associated with greater individual self-discipline and stronger institutional economic governance. Analysing data from 27 EU member states, we find that Protestant countries exhibit a lower risk of money laundering. Additionally, our findings indicate that Protestantism exerts a distinct influence that is separate from the overall religiosity levels of countries. Our results remain robust across various estimation models and when incorporating additional governance and cultural control variables. This study enhances our understanding of the significant role that religion plays in shaping individual behaviour toward financial fraud, particularly money laundering
Comment on "Telementoring and Homeschooling during School Closures: A Randomized Experiment in Rural Bangladesh" by Hassan et al.
No full textHassan et al. (2024) describe a randomized controlled trial conducted in Bangladesh during COVID-19. This comment identifies data irregularities from the original paper's replication package and notes its connection to other published papers. Critically, Hassan et al. (2024) andWang et al. (2024) have 132 individuals matched on CHILD_ID, VILLAGE_ID, and FAMILY_ID in both studies, suggesting contamination of the educational interventions of both studies. Although the endline tests were identical and occurred within weeks of each other, some individual scores and item responses vary considerably, while others have identical answers across all questions. Importantly, the sample that is both control in Hassan et al. (2024) and treated in Wang et al. (2024) appear to systematically score higher in the data of Wang et al. (2024). A statistical comparison of endline data across studies also reveals concerning discrepancies where anomalies in response patterns and total questions answered correctly are consistent with potential data integrity issues. Furthermore, we find that being assigned to treatment in Guo et al. (2024) has large, statistically significant effects in the opposite direction when using educational outcomes in Hassan et al. (2024). We further raise concerns about the connections to other studies, timeline inconsistencies and inexplicable changes of respondent demographics and reported grades
Reshaping the Economy? Local Reallocation Effects of Place-Based Policies
No full textWe study the effects of place-based policies on aggregate productivity using administrative data on projects co-financed by the EU in Italy linked to balance sheet data. We exploit quasi-experimental variation in funding for a large place-based policy stemming from measurement error in regional GDP estimates. Results show that the policy likely decreases productivity. Decompositions reveal that aggregate declines are driven by reallocation of labor to low-productivity firms. Mechanism analysis using firm-level event studies reveals that negative reallocation effects are caused by high-productivity firms taking up the funds and subsequently becoming more liquidity constrained, leading to slowdowns in employment growth