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Tourism and the Border-Closure Effect in Azerbaijan: Post-Pandemic Recovery, Structural Constraints, and Regional Competitiveness
No full textThis study examines the evolution of Azerbaijan’s tourism sector in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the economic and policy consequences of prolonged land-border closures. Drawing on official statistics, international datasets, and comparative analysis with Georgia and Armenia, the paper investigates trends in inbound tourism, revenue generation, employment, and investment across 2016–2024. The findings reveal that while the sector has demonstrated signs of recovery—particularly through growth in higher-value and diversified visitor segments—Azerbaijan’s performance remains significantly below pre-pandemic levels and lags behind regional peers. The analysis identifies structural inefficiencies, methodological weaknesses in statistical reporting, and policy misalignments that constrain sectoral growth. It concludes that restrictive border and mobility policies are incompatible with Azerbaijan’s stated objectives of tourism-led diversification and sustainable development
Gender Norms and Female Labor Supply: Evidence from Export Shocks in Vietnam
No full textWe examine the relationship between economic development and female labor force participation, with a focus on the impact of gender norms. Analyzing quasi-random variation in provincial exports in reunified Vietnam from 2002 to 2018, we find that a positive economic shock led to a significant decline in women's labor market engagement, particularly among married women from wealthier households and those with husbands in more skilled occupations. This trend is more pronounced in the South (formerly capitalist) than in the North (always socialist), and among native Southerners compared to Northerners relocated to the South after the war. Our findings highlight the importance of gender role attitudes in shaping women's responses to rising incomes
Sensibilidad del desempleo por género al ciclo económico en las provincias españolas
No full textThis study offers new insights into how different regions in Spain respond to changes in the economic cycle, providing a fresh perspective using quarterly data desegregated by provincial level and gender. We aim to identify which regions are affected the most by the economic fluctuations, disentangling the differences between men and women. Our research highlights the importance of considering both regional and gender-specific factors when creating labor policies that aim to mitigate the effects of economic cycles. The data we use comes from the Spanish Active Population Survey (EPA) and consider quarterly regional unemployment rates by provinces from 2002 to 2023. We estimate a dynamic panel data model that considers all components of the disparities in regional unemployment rates following the Vega and Elhorst's dynamic panel data model. Our findings show that men and women experience different levels of sensitivity to economic changes, which vary depending on the province without a definite geographical pattern. This confirms that gender unemployment rates are affected differently by economic cycles and demonstrates that these differences depend on geographical and regional factors, which is in line with previous literature. We shed light on the complex dynamics of the labor market within each region, highlighting the need to recalibrate policies based on the specific gender and regional cyclical sensitivity. Our findings advocate for the continued adoption of gender labor policies while also stressing the importance of customizing policies at the provincial level. Thus, our research underscores the need to continue developing regional analysis to perform policies that help population groups effectively switch off the consequences of economic fluctuations.Este estudio ofrece nuevas perspectivas sobre cómo responden las diferentes regiones de España a los cambios en el ciclo económico, proporcionando un enfoque novedoso mediante el uso de datos trimestrales desagregados a nivel provincial y por género. Nuestro objetivo es identificar qué regiones se ven más afectadas por las fluctuaciones económicas, diferenciando los efectos entre hombres y mujeres. Nuestra investigación resalta la importancia de considerar tanto factores regionales como específicos de género al diseñar políticas laborales que busquen mitigar los efectos de los ciclos económicos. Los datos empleados provienen de la Encuesta de Población Activa (EPA) de España y consideran las tasas de desempleo regionales trimestrales a nivel provincial desde 2002 hasta 2023. Estimamos un modelo de datos de panel dinámico que incorpora todos los componentes de las disparidades en las tasas de desempleo regionales, siguiendo el enfoque del modelo de panel dinámico de Vega y Elhorst. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que hombres y mujeres experimentan distintos niveles de sensibilidad a los cambios económicos, variando según la provincia sin un patrón geográfico definido. Esto confirma que las tasas de desempleo por género se ven afectadas de manera diferenciada por los ciclos económicos y que dichas diferencias dependen de factores geográficos y regionales, en línea con la literatura previa. Arrojamos luz sobre la compleja dinámica del mercado laboral dentro de cada región, subrayando la necesidad de recalibrar las políticas en función de la sensibilidad cíclica específica de cada género y región. Nuestros resultados abogan por la continuidad en la implementación de políticas laborales con perspectiva de género, al mismo tiempo que enfatizan la importancia de personalizar las políticas a nivel provincial. Así, nuestra investigación subraya la necesidad de seguir desarrollando análisis regionales que permitan diseñar políticas efectivas para ayudar a los distintos grupos poblacionales a mitigar las consecuencias de las fluctuaciones económicas
The dark side of bottom-line thinking: How supervisors' bottom-line mentality stifles employee voice and innovative work behavior?
No full textThe existing research on bottom-line mentality has mainly focused on understanding why it leads employees to unethical behaviors. The current study aimed at understanding why, how, and when supervisor bottom-line mentality (SBLM) discourages positive employee behavior (e.g., voice, and innovative work behavior), which is an under-researched area. While doing so, this study utilized the tenets of conservation of resource theory to explain the impact of SBLM. The study also identified psychological safety as the underlying mechanism of SBLM-employee positive behavior relationship. In addition, grit has been proposed in this study as the boundary condition of this relationship, which has not yet been studied with SBLM. The data from 156 respondents were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and non-random sampling. The confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using AMOS 23, and hypotheses were tested through ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis using SPSS Process Macro. The results supported the study hypotheses by showing that SBLM significantly affected employee voice, innovative work behavior, and psychological safety in the proposed direction. In addition, the mediation of psychological safety and moderation of grit were also supported. The study also provides important theoretical contributions and implications for managers and policymakers
The effect of process monitoring on beyond‐the‐job process improvements
No full textAlthough it has always been important for firms that employees innovate predefined processes, the working environment in which employees implement these processes has significantly changed. Currently, the working environment is often characterized by employee surveillance; that is, the way in which employees conduct a process is monitored. In the current study, we present the results of an experiment examining the effect of process monitoring on process improvements by employees. Although previous accounting literature has reported negative effects of monitoring techniques on several organizational outcomes, we show that process monitoring can have a positive effect on employees' implementation of process improvements in the absence, but not in the presence, of a firm's error avoidance policy. Without an error avoidance policy, employees are motivated to create a favorable impression in front of management by implementing process improvements. This finding has important implications for business practice. From a broader perspective, we show that the influence of action controls depends on the parameters of a cultural control
The impact of weather shocks on food security in Uganda: a panel regression analysis
No full textClimate change endangers food security globally and in Uganda particularly. Our objective was the assessment of weather shocks' impact on the food security of smallholder households in Uganda. We used the Uganda National Panel Survey (UNPS) data. A multistage cluster sampling procedure had been employed to recruit respondents. We used the periods 2013/2014, 2015/2016 and 2019/2020 to construct an unbalanced panel with 3,935 observations. We employed Poisson and logit fixed effects panel regressions. Food security was measured as the number of meals consumed by a farming household each day or alternatively the likelihood of experiencing a food shortage. Our main result is that weather shocks unequivocally reduce households' food security. Furthermore, households that are large, female-headed, lack literacy or assets or reside in Northern Uganda or in rural areas tend to suffer from reduced food security. In contrast, non-agricultural (business) activities improve the food security of households. Households with low asset ownership or residing in the North are hit hardest by weather shocks in terms of the number of meals, while households with middle asset ownership are hit hardest regarding food shortages. For development policy, our results are in favour of region-specific support for climate adaptation and for non-agricultural (business) activities, the improvement of literacy via better education and support for building up assets or starting non-agricultural (business) activities
Das Versagen des NATO-Gipfels und die Zukunft des Friedens: Warum die Unterwürfigkeit Europas seine Sicherheit und das Völkerrecht untergräbt
No full textStrengthening the financing of state universities and colleges: Challenges and opportunities
No full textState universities and colleges serve as critical pillars of higher education, human capital development, and technological innovation in the Philippines. As publicly funded institutions, they play a vital role in addressing educational disparities, fostering inclusive growth, and advancing research that contributes to national development. This study examines the funding approaches employed by SUCs, assessing their viability amid growing economic pressures and evolving policy landscapes. Traditionally, SUCs rely on direct government appropriations, supplemented by internally generated income from tuition fees, auxiliary services, and entrepreneurial ventures. However, financial constraints, regulatory barriers, and inefficient fund utilization hinder their capacity to achieve long-term sustainability. Drawing insights from international experiences, particularly from OECD and Southeast Asian economies, this study explores higher education financing models as well as various approaches implemented by public higher education institutions to diversify funding sources. While performance-based funding mechanisms and diversification strategies have gained traction globally, SUCs in the Philippines continue to face challenges in revenue generation due to limited financial autonomy, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and disparities in resource allocation. Government appropriations for SUCs remain unevenly distributed, with significant disparities between institutions in budget allocation and development funding. Further, reliance on state subsidies and SUCs' inability to effectively pursue alternative financing strategies hamper infrastructure investment, research funding, and faculty development. To address these concerns, SUCs have implemented various initiatives, including the operation of income-generating projects, commercialization of intellectual property, and universityindustry collaborations. However, these efforts have encountered difficulties due to the lack of institutional expertise, regulatory complexities, and insufficient investment from private sector stakeholders. The study highlights how financial autonomy, leadership strategies, and institutional governance affect SUCs' capacity to optimize funding opportunities while pursuing academic excellence. Lessons drawn from Southeast Asian experiences, such as Singapore's model of funding public universities, Thailand's policy of higher education decentralization, and Malaysia's entrepreneurial university approach, offer valuable insights into strengthening SUC financing. Building on international trends and local challenges, this research outlines key policy recommendations for improving financial sustainability among Philippine SUCs. These include rationalizing tuition fees to create more equitable funding structures, expanding university-industry collaboration to boost external revenues, strengthening the commercialization of university-developed technologies, and reforming government budget allocation mechanisms to promote efficiency and innovation. Leveraging a more strategic approach to financing can enhance the competitiveness of SUCs, improve higher education quality, and contribute more effectively to national development. A nuanced policy framework is therefore necessary to balance state support with institutional self-sufficiency and foster a robust higher education sector capable of meeting the demands of the global knowledge economy
A real‐time decision support system to improve operations in electric bus networks
No full textElectrifying transit bus networks (TBNs) has recently become a challenging problem that many public transport operators around the world are facing. Due to the limited driving range of electric buses, electric TBNs are more sensitive to operational delays and uncertainties. Moreover, the impact on sustainability is most profound when the buses are powered by renewable energy resources, which are often subject to intermittency and uncertainty. In this work, we tackle the complicated problem of planning charging schedules amid these various sources of uncertainty. We develop a real‐time decision support system that uses real‐time data, predictions, and mathematical optimization to update the charging schedules and mitigate the impact of operational uncertainties. Our results show that the online strategy can maintain higher reliability and renewable energy utilization levels compared to other charging strategies. The study has been carried out in cooperation with the public transport operator in Rotterdam in the Netherlands to assist them in their TBN transition process